The Political and Military Influence of the Turks in the Second Abbasid Era (232-334 AH / 848-946 AD)

Abstract

The second Abbasid era shows a significant contrast compared to the first Abbasid era. While the first was characterized by the strength of the caliphs and their authoritarian rule, the second witnessed the rise of Turkish influence in both the political and military arenas. This era begins with the caliphate of Al-Mutawakkil in 222 AH / 847 AD and continues until 331 AH / 946 AD. It is characterized by the growth of the role of the Turks, who took over major positions, which weakened the caliphate and concentrated power in the hands of the military and increased the influence of the Turks. Since the time of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim, Turkish leaders have come to dominate the political conditions in the state. The ministry has become a heavy burden on the ministers, who have become fearful of violence from the Turkish officers. The period of Al-Wathiq, the son of Al-Mu'tasim, is considered a transitional phase. The Turkish influence continues while maintaining the form of the caliphate. During his reign, the Turks succeeded in establishing their grip, such as appointing "people" to high positions. As a result of the Turks being preoccupied with internal conflicts, the Islamic frontiers were subjected to several raids by the Byzantines. This matter led to the martyrdom of many leaders, exacerbating the state of tension in the Islamic community that the people in Baghdad and Samarra revolted against the Turks. The power struggle was reflected on the economic conditions. Prices have risen sharply, food supplies have declined, and there have been practices by the Turks that included the destruction of dams and roads, leading to the devastation of villages and cutting off livelihoods. This period was characterized by violence and conflict between various factions, which contributed to the worsening of social and economic crises.