Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies

The legal framework for tax exemption and its role In attracting foreign investment

Ariyan GHASSEMI — 2024-10-31

The legal framework for attracting foreign investment in Iraq is the effective Investment Law No. (13) of 2006, which includes important incentives such as tax exemptions. The use of tax exemptions is essential in efforts to attract foreign investors to Iraq, because it serves as an incentive for investment institutions to direct their resources. To the economy and to attract a greater number of foreign investments, and the influx of foreign investment is a major driver of economic expansion in Iraq, and it is necessary to carefully study these tax exemptions within the framework of investment laws and understand their profound impact on promoting foreign investment in the country, and to achieve the research goal of clarifying the role of tax exemptions In attracting foreign investment to Iraq, the study was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the concepts of tax, tax exemption, and foreign investment, as well as the relationship between tax exemption and foreign investment. The second section focused on tax exemption within the framework of Impact Investment Law No. 13 of 2006 and its tax incentives specifically designed for foreign investors. One of the important results of this research is that many developing countries, including Iraq, give priority to foreign investment because of its stability and its ability to enhance the host country’s revenues by taking advantage of advanced technology to enhance services and increase the production of goods. This type of investment is free of speculation, is accompanied by technological progress, and brings experience. Administrative. Moreover, the foreign investor prioritizes the potential return on investment over the tax breaks offered to him.

The other, between harmony and contradiction, is a reading in the letter of Malik ibn al-Rayb

Afrah Muwafaq Farag — 2024-10-31

Al- Akhar which means "the other" is the beginning of existential knowledge when humans acknowledged the existence of someone like him. The existence of one necessitates the existence of the other. The concept of the "other" has been a focal point of interest and contemplation since the very beginning and up to our current time. And discussing the "other" can be seen as a means of self-discovery and an exploration of the psychological, social, and cultural relationship between the self and the other. The nature of this relationship is reflected in creative literary works based on the duality of the "ego" and the "other" because the structural composition of poetic text represents the poet's stance and his visions of the other.

Hence, the study of the "other" in "Al-Yaiya", the poem that ends with E sound, of Malik ibnul Raib was necessary. In this study, we found an intensive presence of the "other." The study aimed to uncover the elements of the relationship between contrast and harmony at both the human and spatial levels, particularly concerning the poet's sense of estrangement and his psychological suffering, where death is intertwined with the pain of separation, longing, and yearning for his homeland and people.

The study began with an introduction that defined the concept of the "other." The first section delved into the "contrasting other," while the second section explored the "harmonious other." The study concluded with a summary of the key research findings.

Attention control and its relationship to mental skills among students of the Open Educational College

Qahtan Mohammed Al-Zaidi — 2024-10-31

“The current research aims to identify the relationship between attention control and mental skills among students of the Open Educational College, according to the gender variable (males - females), and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built a scale for the variable of attention control and adopted a scale (Al-Jubouri, 2018) mental skills and extracted honesty and stability, and applied the research to a sample of (100) male and female students, who were randomly selected from the students of the Open Educational College, and after collecting data and analyzing them statistically, the following statistical methods were used: Pearson's correlation coefficient and the T-test for one sample and the T-test for two independent samples equal in number and the T test for the significance of the correlation coefficient, and the research reached the following results: The students of the Educational College have attention control and have mental skills and there is no statistically significant difference according to the gender variable (males - females), and the results of the research found a high correlation between attention control and mental skills، The study came with recommendations 1- Paying attention to strategies that support selective attention and indicating their importance to the student in increasing his attention control. 2- Directing the professors of the Open Educational College to take care and attention to the mental skills of their students and encourage them to practice them when they are in dire need. And proposals 1- Conducting a study on attention control and its relationship with (psychological pressure, parental treatment, future anxiety, psychological quality) 2- Conducting a study on distinctive mental skills and their relationship .

The pickpocket and Embezzler: their Causes, Methods and Social and Financial Effects until the End of the Abbasid Era

Shaker Wadi Jaber — 2024-10-31

The different nature of man is always known from his behavior towards society and this nature may take from the fruitful work mainly in its success, and some may take a vice axis to live in life, and since the life of sin is different and is divided in performance, so the pickpocket and embezzler, who are people who have taken from the wrong behavior a leading light for them in the daily life in the Islamic era. They are lazy people who cannot do anything save stealing other people's money secretly, it means that they employ their ideas and their jurisprudence I stealing only. The current research focuses on this idea by which mentioning their roles in history and follow their actions and their criminal methods besides historical and jurisprudential analysis during the history of the Arab Islamic stateThe punishment for both of them varies in Islamic law, and jurists have differed on it, because if the robber puts his hand in the sleeve of the person he wants to rob, his hand is cut off because he broke into the safe, but if he cuts the sleeve and drops the money on the ground and steals it, his hand is not cut off because he did not break into the safe, as for the embezzler, he is an apparent pickpocket who does not break into the safe, so his hand does not require cutting off, but his punishment is flogging and imprisonment, according to what came in the historical events that we mentioned in this research. The historical events that the Arab Islamic state went through are what determine the widespread or hidden spread of these people. In cases of insecurity during the Abbasid rule, these people are widely observed in the streets, markets and mosques, which explains the poor security conditions that the Arab Islamic state went through, especially after the intervention of the Turks and the emergence of the Seljuks and the separation of the regions from the center and internal wars. However, in cases of state strength and security, these people disappear except individually for fear of the authority in power at that time.

The ideal city in the poetry of Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri

Arwa Younis Ahmed — 2024-10-31

Abu Al-Ala Al-Maarri, the philosopher and poet, was concerned with human life, and he turned to it sincerely with his mind and emotions, and wished that people were unharmed..., and he did not stop much at poetry of flirtation and praise, but rather dealt with thought, as his goal was to reform people by guiding people to the path of salvation in this world and the hereafter. It is the goal of Islam. Al-Ma'arri had a pride that refused to be humiliated and was keen on preserving his dignity, so he turned away from the world, which was his most prominent characteristic. Asceticism, chastity of soul, gentleness of heart, and intensity of mercy. These virtuous human qualities prompted him to adopt the project of the utopia in his literature in general and his poetry in particular. Virtuous cities aim to form a good society. This society was thought about by Plato and a group of Greek philosophers. Likewise, Al-Farabi wanted to establish his city in light of the principles of these philosophers, but in an Islamic spirit. Plato and Al-Farabi presented a written invitation, but Abu Al-Ala’s call was shouts in a valley that were echoed throughout the world. His poetry and prose, because Al-Maarri was surrounded by countries that targeted him, and he feared their oppression, so he resorted to what is known as the eloquence of the oppressed in his literary project, and he apparently believes that the issue of ideal republics is not possible as Plato and Al-Farabi after him imagined, or as they believed.

Evaluation of the qualitative characteristics of groundwater in Halabja District, northern Iraq

Bushra Ahmed Abbas Farhan — 2024-10-31

Interest in groundwater has increased recently due to the scarcity of rain, as well drilling operations have increased to secure the needs and requirements of the population for various water needs in Halabja district. Therefore, the research aims to know the qualitative characteristics and evaluate the degree of its suitability for use. The chemistry of groundwater was determined by withdrawing ten samples from ten wells distributed in the study area, and analyzing them in the laboratory of Kirkuk Water Directorate, focusing on the most important dissolved chemical elements in it, represented by ions, which are magnesium, calcium, sodium, sulfates, chlorine, and bicarbonates, in addition to some characteristics such as the temperature of well water, pH, electrical conductivity, and the percentage of dissolved salts.

The study showed that natural geographical factors greatly affect the quality and characteristics of well water in the study area. The study showed the possibility of using well water for drinking according to the values of all its elements according to the World Health Organization and Iraqi specifications, but the calcium element was higher than the values allowed in well water. Locally and internationally. The well water in the study area is considered suitable for animal consumption and irrigation operations according to the rate of sodium adsorption, and according to the electrical conductivity of the water, it is considered fresh and suitable for irrigation, with the exception of Well No. (8), whose water was classified as salty and is only suitable for watering crops that can tolerate salinity.

Drug abuse among young people: causes and effects

Hamid Younis Baktash — 2024-10-31

Drugs are considered one of the dangerous scourges that plague societies in general and Iraqi society in particular, as this problem is not limited to one type of drug, or to a specific country, or a specific class of society, but rather includes all types and classes. Drug users lose their dignity. As a result of his abuse or becoming a prisoner in the hands of drug traffickers, the biggest catastrophe is that most of the perpetrators are from the youth group, which is considered the productive group and which society relies on to push the development process forward. In light of this, this study came to show us many important facts about the prominent reasons that lead young people to abuse drugs, in addition to explaining the various effects resulting from this act by the user and its impact on the family and society. The results of the research showed that drug abuse is one of the biggest problems in our contemporary world that threatens societies and individuals, especially the youth group. The weakness of family control over its members, the weakness of the law, and the political, economic and social changes that occurred in our society were among the most important reasons that prompted young people to abuse different types of drugs. The growing phenomenon of drug abuse was the result of several factors, most notably the weakness of religious faith and the incorrect use of the Internet.

The Constitutional Regulation of the State ofEemergency in the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 AD and the Applied Reality

Omar Alaa Mohammed — 2024-10-31

Any country in the world is exposed to a number of emergencies that constitute exceptional circumstances that may be natural, such as floods, earthquakes, and epidemics, or artificial, such as civil wars and internal conflicts, which threaten the security and sovereignty of the state, and which the state cannot confront in light of the powers it enjoys under normal conditions. The intervention of the ruling authority calls for taking measures commensurate with the size of the exceptional circumstance, taking into account the principle of legality, with the submission of all individuals in society, including the ruling authority, to the rule and rule of law, in order to preserve the safety and security of the state, being the highest rank.All the Iraqi constitutions that were promulgated before the year 2003 AD, starting with the Iraqi Basic Law of 1925 AD, which was repealed during the royal era, the canceled Constitution of 1958 AD, the canceled Constitution of 1963 AD, the canceled Constitution of 1964 AD, the canceled Constitution of 1968 AD, and the 1970 AD Constitution canceled during the Republican era, in addition to Defense Order of National Safety No. 1 of 2004 AD. Therefore, it made the executive authority alone the competent authority to declare a state of emergency without referring to Parliament, unlike the effective constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 AD, which granted the legislative and executive authorities an important role in declaring a state of emergency. Through our study, we concluded that the applied reality of the state of emergency in Iraq was regulated according to the Defense of National Safety Order No. 1 of 2004 AD, which is currently in effect, despite the fact that the National Safety Law No. 4 of 1965 AD has not been canceled.The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq in force for the year 2005 AD regulated the declaration of a state of emergency in Iraq in its constitutional texts, but its provisions came in a different way from what was found and organized in Defense of National Safety Order No. 1 of 2004 AD in terms of the competent authority to declare a state of emergency and the duration of the state of emergency as well as the procedures for its extension And the powers of the Prime Minister and other matters, and the study came out with a number of important results and recommendations through which we hope to be taken by the competent and concerned authorities.

The poetic self is exaggerated in Jassim Al-Sahih’s poetry

Salam Salim Hussein — 2024-10-31

The most important thing that this research seeks is to reveal the exaggeration of the poetic self in the poetry of the Saudi poet (Jassem Al-Sahih), through a historical presentation of the system (the authority of poetry) that was produced by Arab masculinity to establish a high status for poetry, and a lofty sovereignty for the poet extending stylistically throughout history. It has appeared ( Al-Sahih) through many of his texts, declaring his dominance, cultural superiority, and moral superiority, in compliance with the cultural pattern extending from the pre-Islamic era to the present era. Poetry is still at the top of the cultural pyramid, and the poet is still proud of his transcendent ego. Because the masculine establishment is sharp and strict, and because the authoritarian pattern that masculinity made available to poetry and the poet is pervasive and effective in the culture, influencing the conscience, and dominating the collective unconscious. Ever since masculinity embraced poetry, it has been imbued with the character of exquisite sanctity and established prestige, which led to the marginalization of other creative products, because poetry serves tribal and social interests. Because it is the cultural support of Arab masculinity, which allowed the poet to feel his distinction, self-eminence, and uniqueness with his superior and transcendent moral energy.

This research objects to the veneration and superiority of poetry, and to the exaggeration of the poet’s systematic view. Because poetry is a creative substance in its essence, and it is far from being a transcendent authority, and for the poet to be lofty and prince of speech and action, and superior to cultural existence.

Munir Al-Ajlani and the tasks of ministerial work in Syrian governments 1942-1956 Historical study

Waseem Abdel Amir Wahib Mahdi Al-Hasnawi — 2024-10-31

Shedding light on active political figures is of great importance in understanding the history and history of a country, in addition to the importance of studying their role in modern and contemporary history to reveal many of the important aspects that contributed and participated in its formation and to demonstrate the most prominent achievements made by these figures during their management of important and prominent positions in the country and to clarify their status and role. The active politician, and from this standpoint came our study of the personality of Munir Al-Ajlani, as he is considered an active, prominent and influential political figure in modern and contemporary Syrian history because of his clear imprints, as he held many important political positions as a representative in the Syrian Parliament for many terms, a minister of many ministries in different governments, and the president of the university. Syrian and member of the Arabic Language Academy and other positions Which he imitated for his competence, high keenness, patriotic feeling of love for his country, and belief in the importance of the progress and development of government institutions Syrian Al-Ajlani joined the political parties opposing the French mandate policy and condemned France’s domination over Syria and attacked its hateful, unfair and unjust mandate policy and attacked the Syrian governments loyal to France. He did not give up or back down from defending his country’s legitimate rights to the unity of its lands, the end of the French mandate and complete independence because of his belief in his country’s cause and his love and loyalty to it.

Childhood in Contemporary Philosophy, Olvin Toffler as a Model

Furat Amin Majeed — 2024-10-31

This study attempted to shed light on one of the most prominent philosophers of contemporary American history, Alvin Toffler, in his theories, and we revealed the dangerous meanings and implications these theories contain for the lives of contemporary and future peoples.

There is an increasing sense of the rapidity of the stormy historical changes that the contemporary world is witnessing, and this is evident in the abundance of studies and continuous writings that attempt to describe the reality of the current historical scene.
Alvin Toffler is the voice expressing the desire and will of the new American liberalism, which recognizes its historical crisis, but sees in this crisis nothing but the harbingers of the birth of a new civilization.
Toffler tried to interpret history in a way that serves and justifies his hypothesis that he wishes to achieve, as he saw in all of human history only the flow of three basic waves of civilization, which are: the civilization of the agricultural wave, the civilization of the industrial wave, and the civilization of the cognitive wave, which is the civilization of the third wave.

Toffler brings back the conflicts and wars raging in our contemporary world today, to the crisis of the birth of third wave civilization and the desperate resistance it encounters from the remnants of the first and second waves.

Quality of life and its relationship to the guidance needs of middle school students

Abdullah Youssef Abdullah Al-Tayyar — 2024-10-31

The research aims to identify the level of quality of life and its relationship to the counseling needs of middle school students according to the gender variable (male and female), and its two academic branches (scientific/literary). The descriptive approach was adopted, and the research sample consisted of (60) male and female students from the fifth grades. The researcher prepared a quality of life scale (30) items, and adopted the Guidance Needs Scale (Al-Jubouri, 2011), which has a number of items (40). The two scales were applied after collecting the data and processing it using statistical methods.

The researcher reached the following most important results:

The level of quality of life is high among students.
Their level of guidance needs is high.
There is a correlation between quality of life and guidance needs among students in general.
There is a correlation between quality of life and guidance needs among students according to the gender variable (male and female). Recommendations:
- Holding periodic training courses for educational counselors by (the Ministry of Education and its directorates), to provide educational counselors with the necessary educational counseling competencies to enable them to meet the counseling needs of their students.
Providing school libraries with books on psychological and educational counseling that provide counselors with the most accurate information about educational counseling to develop their skills and abilities, and meet their various counseling needs.
Reducing stressful circumstances on students, whether from the family or society, and circumstances.

The Ottoman State Policy towards the Shammar Tribes during the Sheikhdom of Farhan Pasha (1846-1890)

Marwa Zuhair Al-Nahhas — 2024-10-31

Farhan bin Safouk Al-Jarba was the sheikh of the Shammar tribe in Iraq for the period (1846-1890). His sheikhdom lasted for more than 40 years. He was a beloved figure among his cousins, and was even nicknamed (Shahr Al-Batoul) for his good fortune and religion. He assumed the sheikhdom during the lifetime of his father (Safouk Al-Jarba) after the governor of Baghdad appointed him to the position on the condition that the leadership of Shammar be for his father Safouk. After his father was killed in November 1847, he officially assumed the position in 1850.

The beginning of his rule is considered the arrival of modernization to the sons of his tribe, especially during the reign of Governor Midhat Pasha (1869-1872), when Farhan Pasha responded to the governor’s call regarding the issue of settling the Arab tribes and was able to settle his tribe in Sharqat and support the Ottoman government and submit to its rule in the issue of paying taxes and protecting the trade caravan routes. The most prominent feature of Farhan Pasha’s rule was the process of unifying the Shammar tribes around him and standing by the Ottoman government in order to The suppression of the revolts of some Arab tribes in the Hindiya region and the Middle Euphrates regions. Shammar relations continued between tension and attraction until 1890, when Farhan Pasha faced the orders of his rule. The loyalty of part of the Shammar tribe shifted towards his brother (Faris), who emerged as a rival leader during this period, in addition to the return of the Shammar tribe to looting and plundering trade caravans. He was forced to pay fines to the government because of the actions of his tribe. Sheikh Farhan died in 1890, and the sheikhdom was divided among his sons. Shammar, Farhan Pasha, Safouk al-Jarba, Madhat Pasha, the Ottoman Empire.

The Role of Religious Authority in Elections

Davoud Mohebbi — 2024-10-31

Religious authorities have emphasized in multiple statements the importance of participation in elections, acknowledging that while this practice may not be flawless, it remains the safest and most secure option to guide the country towards safety and a better future. They warn against political isolation and chaos, advocating for a roadmap of reform and correction through the gateway of elections. This call aims to encourage many to participate, ensuring the scrutiny and examination of their representatives' choices to ensure correctness. The Shiite doctrine, characterized by the unique attention it grants to its scholars, who are considered representatives of the Imam, reserves certain functions exclusively for religious jurisprudence, such as issuing religious edicts, clarifying legal rulings, mediating disputes, and adjudication. Among the aspects the comprehensive jurisprudent attends to are political events and societal issues, deriving religious rulings relevant to politics according to place, time, and circumstances. The Iraqi religious authority has maintained a policy of non-interference in direct political activities, leaving the field open for politicians trusted by the Iraqi people. The authority confines itself to advising and guiding. Nevertheless, during each election cycle, it faces irresponsible criticisms, attributed to it roles beyond its core functions, such as selecting and endorsing the most suitable candidates. It also exposes corrupt individuals by naming them.

Healing and deliverance from torment between Islam and Christianity, a comparative study

Javad Ishaqian Daraja — 2024-10-31

Healing is always in the hands of God Almighty. He is the healer who is able to remove the disease by relieving man’s distress. He is the only one to whom we turn to remove the disease. Doctors and medicines are means that God gives us in order to erase the disease and grant the human body healing. Therefore, we turn to God to remove the disease. It erases the distress from a person, and advice to every sick person is to adhere to getting closer to God and to continue praying, supplicating, and reading the verses of the Holy Qur’an that God has described in order to seek recovery from him. Moreover, there are verses in the Qur’an in order to remove the disease. There is a surah that God has made a means in the hand of the servant to seek recovery from illness. A person must continue to read it and focus on it and its meanings. It is also possible for a sick person to read other verses from the Qur’an with the intention of seeking recovery. It is a very good thing for any patient to continue reading the Qur’an to seek recovery. Healing is from God, and one of the benefits of the Qur’an is to treat the patient’s soul and spirit and provide a way to cure illness. The Qur’an contains some recipes for medicine, such as recipes for honey, which contains healing for people, as mentioned in the Holy Qur’an. On the one hand, and on the other hand, the Lord - Glory be to Him - has explained the merit of some of His servants. Torment on the Day of Resurrection Either by immortality with torture and the infliction of the most severe punishments, or by torture according to the extent of the sin or disobedience. The Holy Qur’an has described to us other verses that indicate the torment of some peoples, such as the torment of the people of Noah (peace be upon him), the torment of the people of Hud (peace be upon him), and the torment of the people of Saleh (peace be upon him). ), and the torment of the people of Lot (peace be upon him), and how God Almighty took revenge and the severity of His torment for them, and our research came to shed light on (Healing and deliverance from torment between Islam and Christianity, a comparative study

Change in the areas of land planted with cereal crops for the period (2013 - 2023) in Babylon Governorate

Zainab Abbas Musa — 2024-10-01

This research studies the change in the areas of agricultural lands invested in the cultivation of grain crops in Babylon Governorate for the period (2013-2023) based on the equation of the percentage of change to show the variation in the percentages of change (positive or negative) between one crop and another, in addition to showing the spatial variation of this change between one administrative unit and another.

Change means the transformation from one state to another, and this transformation may be negative or positive. The study of changes in the areas of agricultural lands is one of the important studies in scientific research, as it is concerned with studying the important natural resources in human life, the most important of which is the agricultural land from which he obtains his food. Due to the large increase in the population size and the accompanying increase in urban expansion at the expense of agricultural lands, interest in studying the changes that occur in the areas of agricultural lands has become a necessity to preserve them and to confront the obstacles that lead to the reduction of agricultural land areas and to find solutions and alternatives to preserve agricultural land and invest it in the optimal way that ensures its sustainability.

This research dealt with the change in the areas of land planted with cereal crops in Babylon Governorate to identify the most important reasons that led to the change, whether negative or positive, and to find solutions to improve the reality of growing these important crops and to preserve these invested areas of land to ensure the preservation of agricultural land, the most important and indispensable natural resource. The governorate consists of sixteen administrative units that include four districts, namely Hillah District with its sub-districts (District Center, Abu Ghraq, and Al-Kifl), Al-Mahawil District with its sub-districts (District Center, Al-Mashrou', Al-Imam, and Al-Nil), Al-Musayyab District with its sub-districts (District Center, Alexandria, Al-Hindiya, and Jurf Al-Sakhr), and Al-Hashimiyah District with its sub-districts (District Center, Al-Qasim, Al-Shomali, Al-Tali'ah, and Al-Madhatiyah).

Combating tyranny and tyranny between the Holy Qur’an and the Bible, a comparative study

Javad Ishaqian Daraja — 2024-10-01

This research focused on the important topics dealt with in the Holy Qur’an, the topic of tyrants, tyranny, and tyranny, which were an important focus in the Book of God Almighty. It explains the concept of tyrants, the definition of tyrants and tyrants, their types and characteristics, the motives for tyranny and tyrants, their methods and destinies, and the Holy Qur’an throughout the history of Muslims has remained the source from which it derives. Muslims’ perceptions of it, and that was the source of their strength and pride, their source of cultural laziness, and their drive towards hypocrisy, and the infidels realized the danger of the Holy Qur’an Despite their disbelief and tyranny, they sought to fight it, so they called for meetings and seminars, many of which have been recorded in history, whose first and last goal was to find a solution to the war of the Holy Qur’an, but far from it, far far from it, for falsehood to extinguish the light that illuminates the lives of Muslims, so all their plans failed and their efforts vanished, and it became a regret for them. Then we find that the worst type of tyranny is when the minds that God created free are subject to the will of people devoid of any morals, competence, or humanity. When people become accustomed to this state, they become accustomed to it and it becomes as if it were normal nature. The individual considers this a great blessing for the tyrant to take half of his money and thank him Because he didn't take it all. In this case, people raise their children so that the tyrant drags them into his own wars, which increase his possessions, his audacity, and his foolishness. The tyrant exploits this submission and destroys the person from within, distorts his personality, and distances him from useful knowledge and anti-tyranny culture. Then the Qur’an greatly denounces injustice and the oppressors, and details the methods of tyrants. In enslaving people, so that Muslims can be wary of this human phenomenon and not allow tyrants to control their necks. Rather, they must resist tyranny because it corrupts human life intellectually, morally, and economically The story of Moses, peace be upon him, with Pharaoh is the most frequent Qur’anic story, and it contains an analysis of Pharaoh’s character and the connection between this political tyranny and financial tyranny when he mentioned the story of Qarun, because they cooperate to control peoples. This is what we see and the facts revealed in many Arab countries where billions and humble wealth were plundered, because The tyrant considers that the land and the people belong to him, and therefore the choice of research was (Combating tyranny and tyranny between the Holy Qur’an and the Bible, a comparative study

Linguistic interpretation of the verses about the predicative attributes and divine justice in Surah Al-Ma’idah according to the Ash’aris, Mu’tazilites, and Imamis

Adil Farhood Kadhim Al –Murshedi — 2024-10-01

This research aims to clarify the features of the linguistic interpretation of the verses of belief in Surah Al-Ma’idah, according to the imams of the important theological schools, especially the Ash’ari, Mu’tazila, and Imami. The predicative attributes related to the court of Al-Bari (Glory be to Him) and divine justice will be the focus of research and study.

From here, the research came to find out the most important features of the linguistic interpretation of the belief verses related to the foundations of religion, especially the predicative attributes related to the Great Creator (Glory be to Him) and to divine justice that is also related to His Almighty, in the shadows of the blessed Surah Al-Ma’idah, this Surah, which includes in its contents a large number of these universals that We mentioned it above, especially the building of predicative attributes and divine justice. We tried to seek the opinions of the scholars of three theological schools, which are the Ash’ari, Mu’tazila, and Imami, and the most important controversial issues regarding the attributes of Ahnab and divine justice. The importance of this topic is evident through clarifying the most important features of the linguistic interpretation of the verses of belief in these two topics, the predicative attributes and divine justice in Surat Al-Ma’idah, by examining the opinions of the Ash’ari, Mu’tazila and Imami scholars. In light of searching and searching for studies and research close to the title of my research, I did not find a study or research similar to the title of my research except Studies on the linguistic interpretation of the Holy Qur’an in general, and among these studies is the linguistic interpretation of the Holy Qur’an by Dr. Musaed Al-Tayyar.

The research required that it be an introduction to identifying the components of the title (graphic indicators) and two sections: the first: entitled (the linguistic interpretation of the verses (declarative adjectives) in Surat Al-Ma’idah), the second: the linguistic interpretation of the verses (divine justice). Then I concluded the research with a set of results that will be presented at the end of the research.

The feminization of language in the novels of Inaam Kachaji

Haneen Maitham Jawad — 2024-10-01

This study aims to Investigate the aesthetics of the feminist narrative language represented In the novels of Anam Kachaji, In terms of the nature of its treatment of topics related to women, and Its specificity in linguistic use compared to men’s narratives, which can be sought by noting the fundamental differences in their living experiencee, as men often He cannot write about experiencees he did not live, or describe them accurately and poignantly, and from here appears his Inability to express matters related to women, and thus his avoidance of delving Into these topics, or passing on them In a superficial, passing manner, including the topic of pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood. In addition to the specificity of feminist narration with regard to the topic of description, the woman novelist In general prefers a lot of description, according to her nature, which seeks to pay attention to details and pay attention to small matters. This Is reflected in her texts, as they are often deep in description combined with other narrative elements. When contemplating Its descriptions, the recipient feels that he Is watching what is described and not just reading about It. - Inaam Kachachi’s characters were mostly feminist, and her narrative texts were often told in feminine language, blending with the world of women and depicting what is related to their life affairs, such as love, pregnancy, childbirth, and raising children... in addition to the precise description of everything related to their field of interests, such as clothing, cosmetics, and home furnishings... which reveals the nature of women who seek precise observation and attention to detail, and this is what achieves for feminist narration in general, and Inaam’s narratives in particular, their linguistic and artistic specificity.

Optimism bias among university students

Hasan Wali Shayal Al-oboudi — 2024-10-01

mulakhas albahth yahdif albahth 'iilaa altahdid ala altahdid ealaa alainhiaz altafawul ladaa talibat kuliyat altarbiat lilbanati. waltaearuf ealaa ainhiaz altafawul aljamieat dhat shaebiat shaebiatin. wayk tahdid ealaa alainhiaz altafawul ladaa aljamieat hasab altakhasus altakhasusii aliens ( aldhukur mutable alienate ) kami wayuhadid albert earn euro Jamie at alshatrat lilhafalat almusiqia (2023_2024) daw' aihdaf albahth alhalii wamin khilal tatbiq alwasayil al'iihsayiyat tama altawasul mae alnatayij alatiniat : wujud furuq dalat aihisayiyana fi mustawaa alainhiaz altafawul ladaa aifrad aleayn bisurat eamat wakadhalik hunak furuq dhat dalalat 'iihsayiyat fi Mustafa alainhiaz altafawul tabaean limutaghayir altakhasus aleilmii aleilmiaat muqabil alainsaniaat walisalih aleilmiaat . wa'aydan hunak furuq dhat dalalat 'iihsayiyat fi mustawaa alainhiaz altafawul tabaeanutaghayir aljins dhukur muqabil alan In light of the objectives of the current research and through the application of statistical methods, the following results were reached: There are statistically significant differences in the level of optimistic bias among sample members in general. There are statistically significant differences in the level of optimistic bias according to the variable of academic specialization, sciences versus humanities, in favor of the science sample. There are statistically significant differences in the level of optimistic bias according to the variable of gender, males versus females.

An Investigation into Approaches to Language Skills Assessment at Universities in Kurdistan Region

Sangar Ismail Hamad — 2024-10-01

This study, an extract from a PhD dissertation, explores the effectiveness of assessment practices employed by EFL teachers from English departments at public universities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The primary aim is to determine whether the assessment practices align with Assessment for Learning (AfL) or Assessment of Learning (AoL). To address this, the study examines the assessment methods, purposes, and procedures used by teachers in language skills classes by employing a mixed-method approach, incorporating teacher questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The findings reveal a blend of AfL and AoL practices among Kurdish EFL teachers, with a stronger emphasis on AoL. The study concludes with recommendations for enhacing assessment practices to better support learning outcomes in Kurdish EFL classes. The teachers’ positive perspectives on the role of assessment in improving learning and the predominant use of AfL in areas such as having formative purposes, providing descriptive feedback, using collaborative activities and authentic tasks, and ensuring clarity and transparency in learning objectives suggests a commitment to supporting continuous learning and student engagement. This finding aligns with the results found in Ho (2015) in which Vietnamese teachers implemented AfL procedures to some extent through the use of questioning and feedback. However, it contracts with Ho (2015) in that observation and peer assessment were also used to enhance the potential effectiveness of AfL in improving student learning. On the contrary, some principles of AfL used by the teachers in the current study were more conceptual than actual and do not fully align with the AfL principles in theory, which is similar to the findings of Yılmazer and Özkan (2017).

Application of Cementitious and Epistemological Sciences to the Hadith of Hisham bin Al-Hakam

Hamid Reza Shariatmadari — 2024-10-01

This research deals with the study of the theory of semantic fields to search for the word application (mind) in the Holy Quran and monitor the lexical units that are semantically connected to it according to its Quranic context, then collect these units and arrange them in sub-semantic fields, to reveal the relationships and points of agreement and difference between those units, and their relationship to the main word, because the meaning of words and expressions does not appear except through some other words related to them semantically, and the interest in this topic is due to the importance of the mind as a tool of thinking and reason, because the Quranic text is full of verses that urge contemplation and the use of the mind, and the research attempts to answer a number of questions such as: What are the lexical units that express the components (components) of the mind? Is there a synonym between some words and the word (mind)? What are the lexical units that express the qualities of the mind? And what are the lexical units that express its diseases? To achieve these goals and answer these questions, it was necessary to use the method in them, and describe it numerically through tables to show the size of the semantic relationship between this word and other words, so that the research ends with a conclusion that includes the most important results that were reached.

Sufficient knowledge of the topic of discussion and sufficient mastery of the sources is a necessary part of the discussion, as there is a main difference between scientific debate to obtain correct knowledge and fallacy, the more correct and certain and clear the materials used in the argument, the more solid and stable the result.

Hisham Ibn Hakam always sees with his critical opinion or is a strong critic who sees the errors in the words of opponents and their claims and reveals the secret of their fallacies, in the eye of caring for the principles of scientific ethics and from the perspective of good without hostility and ignoring, determines the location of the error and reveals the truth to them. A word acquires a special meaning through its positioning in the context of the text, which qualifies it to enter a semantic field that accommodates this meaning, such as the word (sight) which came in multiple contexts to indicate the word (mind), while it can indicate in another context (the sense of sight), which confirms the possibility of the lexical unit entering through semantic transition into more than one semantic field according to the contexts if it is from the polysemy homonym, but if it is from the homonymy homonym, then each word will be treated in an independent semantic field.

The style in Omar bin Kulthum Al-Taghlabi’s will to his sons

Raed Kazem Sabr Al-Nafi — 2024-10-01

There is no particular school of thought or stylistic trend that dominates the texts of our ancient Arabic prose in general. Writers would sometimes diversify their levels of performance within a single text, according to the circumstances. It is known that the artistic value of prose texts varies. As the concept of artistry is relative, each text takes a measure of it, so the rulings tend to prevail and generalize, according to the prevailing trend, or the general trend. Methods vary depending on the species. Each literary genre has its own artistic and stylistic drawings and traditions, which must be adhered to, according to what the ancients expressed as “what the situation requires.” In addition, the artistic value of a style, or a particular rhetorical feature, is not absolute, but rather appears within the context in which it is mentioned, through the synergy and cohesion of the elements of the text, in form and content, in word and meaning, and the nature of the wills varies according to the status of the testator and the will that we consider to be a social will.

These are like the commandments related to marriage, money, friendship, caring for and honoring horses, and good morals such as refining the tongue, educating the soul, and urging honesty, generosity, and generosity.

The will revealed that the ignorant people were trying to embellish their style in the commandments so that it would have a beautiful effect, and this would be a factor that helped one listen to the will and then be affected by it. We see that the will adhered to assonance, and was concerned with duplication, antithesis, and alliteration. As for assonance, it is clear in the will.

In addition to that, the nature of the environment and society and its reflection on the writer, especially since the will in question is one of the distinguished pre-Islamic poets (Omar bin Kulthum Al-Taghlibi). The research deals with the poet’s style, not as a poet, but rather as a prose writer directed to his children through a will containing advice, direction and guidance.

The research was divided into dealing with the will by introducing something about the poet, and we did not overlook our realization that he was one of the pre-Islamic scholars and poets, then defining the will in general as a prose art, and clarifying the importance of the stylistic approach and introducing it. The research was divided into three levels according to the influence within the will, so the first level was phonetic, then the semantic level, then the syntactic level. With a conclusion of the research and a list of sources and References.

The Concept of Merriment (Al-Ons) in Patterns from the Ancient Arabic Literary Discourse

Reem Abdullah Suleiman Al-Mayman — 2024-10-01

Abstract: In this research, we want to approach a concept that is frequently present in patterns of ancient Arabic discourse, and by it we mean "companionship". We saw that this attempt should start from looking at the semantic field of this word in its linguistic field starting from the ancient Arabic cultural space, starting with linguistic dictionaries, turning to the Holy Quran, and stopping at its definition in Sufi terminology... This concept in Arab-Islamic thought, as is known, is formed through the worldly scene and the afterlife scene, so we will look at how this formation is formed by distinguishing between being and feeling to achieve companionship and then exploring how companionship is achieved through worldly gatherings, represented in particular in evening gatherings.

- Both the familiarity associated with being and the familiarity associated with feeling represent an aspect of familiarity in worldly life, although they take different paths. Feeling is associated with being, as a feeling cannot arise or feelings can be formed except with the presence of being that prepares the connection with the other and the closeness to him in order to form familiarity, intimacy and comfort. In contrast, the formation of feeling in the afterlife scene results from being without a being or being with another body, as this feeling of consolation, comfort and reassurance is the result of isolation from society and alienation from people to be a different entity from the entity associated with familiarity in worldly life.

- The value of familiarity emerges in evening gatherings through the achievement of fun, humor and playfulness in addition to some utilitarian values represented by the wisdom and sermons given in the gathering and the news that follows them that is circulated among the attendees of those gatherings.

- The position of storytelling, anecdote and conversation has proven the concepts of familiarity associated with familiarity, reassurance and joy in addition to other concepts related to familiarity such as inquiry, discovery and knowledge. Worldly gatherings are subject to specific rules for achieving companionship. It is, first and foremost, a human relationship that a person establishes with peers who are compatible with him in temperament and desire, as they are brought together by relationships of familiarity, compatibility and comfort, thus achieving reassurance, joy and happiness.

The symbolism of the terms of the security and social situation and their critical significance in the context of examples of Iraqi short stories from 2004 - 2013

Khaled Jamal Hussein Al-Issawi — 2024-11-01

The research aims to study examples of narrative achievement in a time period in which the storyteller shed light on the impact of war and political and social conflict on the country and its people, such as being forcibly uprooted from the motherland/homeland and living in the embrace of alienation, fear, loss and free death, and lack of control over the security situation, etc. The reason for the loss of people's lives and property, so many words referencing war and its remnants, words of violence, confiscation of human will, psychological crisis, alienation and nostalgia. On the social side, we find words that monitor social traditions and criticize living reality, such as the deprivation of women’s rights and the confiscation of children’s right to choose their life path. Therefore, the storyteller intended to interrogate the past and present and identify some of its features, in order to reflect through it symbolic and suggestive connotations through his narrative language. The study shows that words have symbols that have a critical significance for the living reality, politically and socially. The research adopted the historical and analytical method in tracking events, interrogating words, and analyzing their connotations and symbols. The symbol had a prominent presence in the context of Iraqi storytelling, and its sources varied between silent and spoken nature to express in an artistic and aesthetic way the various aspects of life with a critical dimension, with what it carries of ambiguity and suggestion, to delve into the depths of society and express its shortcomings.

The orientation of the Arabs to the letter Kaf in the Almighty’s saying “Have you seen” in the Holy Quran: An analytical study

Badeaa hasan Ali — 2024-10-01

Objectives: This analytical study aims to search for the truth of the Kaf first, is it a letter or a name, then it stands on the direction of the Kaf in the Almighty's saying "Ara'aytaka" in the Holy Quran secondly, to see the direction closest to the truth from these directions.

Methodology: This study relied on the statistical analytical method for the number of occurrences of "Ara'aytaka" in the Holy Quran. It collected the opinions of the sheikhs of the Basra and Kufa schools and discussed the disagreement in the desired issue.

Results: The analytical study indicated that the Kaf in (Ara'aytaka) has three directions, two of them for the Kufa school, the third for the Basra school and most scholars agree with it.

Abstract: The analytical study revealed that (Ara'aytukum) is a special formula whose original composition is: the second person singular (subject) taa', and the letters came after that to indicate numbers: Ara'aytukum for the one addressed, Ara'aytukum for the female addressed, Ara'aytukumum for the dual, Ara'aytukum for the masculine plural, Ara'aytukunum for the feminine plural, and in all of them the taa' came open. (Ara'aytukum) this with the damma of the taa became for the speaker, meaning did I see you? I did not inquire in this form and all of them came open with the taa', and this is what the imams of grammar relied on in directing the kaf. Keywords Introduction, directing the grammarians to the kaf, evidence for each team, responses, conclusion

Textual cohesion in Surat Maryam from the Holy Quran

Sabreen Attia Khairallah — 2024-10-01

Cohesion is a high feature among the specifications of the literary text. It is talked about by ancient rhetoricians and modern linguists, and they have put forward artistic theories framed around this principle of the main principles of the text. One of the most important theories in this field in the modern era is the theory of Halliday and Hassan, who talked about consistency and cohesion through three main levels: the grammatical level, the lexical level, and the semantic level. Halliday mentions many indicators at the grammatical level, such as reference, substitution, and connection. Each of them has different types and sections. The second level is the lexical level, which is divided into two main types: repetition and solidarity. The third level is the semantic level, which is divided into five principles, respectively: purpose, relationships, generalization, detail, and discourse. It should be noted that the Qur’an is one of the wonderful artistic texts that contain consistency in an extensive way, and studying consistency and understanding cohesion in its surahs is an important way among modern studies to uncover and understand the miracle of the Qur’an. Because the claim that the infidels have mentioned since the revelation of the Qur’an is that the holy heavenly book is devoid of coherence and order, and studying coherence is necessary to understand the consistency in the Qur’an and to deny the views of the infidels. If the ancient critics studied the issue of consistency in the Qur’an, as we find in the study of Abdul-Qahir al-Jurjani in his theory of order.

Spatial analysis of medium industries in Babylon Governorate for the period (2022-2024)

Ruqaya Fadel Abdullah Fairouz Al-Hassan — 2024-10-01

The study aims to shed light on the reality of medium-sized industrial establishments in Babil Governorate, and to draw a picture of the spatial distribution of medium-sized industries among administrative units. This study relied on the systematic approach to shed light on one phenomenon, which is the spatial analysis of the distribution of medium-sized industries in Babil Governorate for the period (2022-2024), in addition to using the quantitative analytical approach, based on several criteria (number of factories, number of workers, quantity of production, value of workers' wages, value of production requirements and added value), and to show the spatial relationships of the geographical distribution in the districts in which the industrial branches were concentrated (food industries, construction industries, chemical industries). The study concluded that the geographical distribution of medium-sized industrial establishments in Babil Governorate was determined according to the value-added criterion, which is one of the most important measures in diagnosing the achieved economic profitability, as the value-added in the food industries sector amounted to about (10,418,136) million dinars, at a rate of (74.8%) of the total value-added of medium-sized industries in Babil Governorate, while the value-added in the construction industries sector amounted to about (2,004,289) million dinars, representing (14.4%) of the total added value, while the added value in the chemical industries sector accounted for about (10.8%)

The semantic employment of the sense and mind in the Holy Qur’an

Mina Shamkhi — 2024-10-01

One cannot deny that Quranic faith is something more than just rational conviction and acceptance of the truths revealed to the Prophet of Mercy, since this conviction entails a position to which the whole being is committed. Faith grants salvation to the soul, keeps fear away from it, and grants patience, steadfastness, and the ability to endure humiliation and hardship in life. The path of God, humility, and the will to risk everything for the sake of God and to do good deeds, but this does not necessarily assume the presence of an irrational element in the process of acquiring that faith, and you will not find in the entire Qur’an any talk about faith that comes spontaneously, with an intuitive radiance that has no reason ,therefore, from the moment of birth, God equipped man with abilities so that he can achieve perfection worthy of his dignity by means of these abilities. As a perfect being, man tries to reach higher understanding by using his perceptive powers And it is due to the fact that the Holy Qur'an invites man to the direction of their creator through thinking in the cosmic verses and material nature. If man can use these powers and tools of knowledge that God has given him, he will reach true perfection and happiness. Man's humanity depends on his intellect, and if he uses his intellect correctly, his position will be higher than the angels and lower than the animals. Sense is also one of the important tools of knowledge by means of which man can distinguish the right from the wrong and bring himself to the reality and by means of that he can do the right action.

This report has been done by examining the verses of the Qur'an in order to discover the perspective of this heavenly book regarding the senses and intellect, the scope and territory of each one. The verses of the Qur'an introduce the external senses and the intellect as the means of acquiring knowledge in humans. Each tool provides a wide range of sensory and intellectual knowledge to humans and by having unique characteristics, it defines the scope of the knowledge obtained by itself.

Complaint in the poetry of ancient pre _ lslamic poets

بان سلام نصيف — 2024-10-01

Life in the Arabian Peninsula is a harsh life with many difficulties and troubles, such as people’s constant search for pasture and water in order to live. The Arab had to adapt to this life, so these conditions made him strong and capable of defending his family and his tribe from any attack from other tribes. It is known that It is known that the life of the Arabs in pre-Islamic times was based on raiding in order to obtain livelihoods, and the ancient poet, like other poets, defended his tribe. He was a knight, defender, and brave. However, the circumstances of his life created within him a certain complex in himself, especially after his long life, and reconstruction in language. It comes from age and age: life. It is said: his life has been long and his life, two eloquent languages. So if they swear and say: for your age, they swear and nothing else, and the plural is age.

The long-lived poet complained a lot, as he lamented the days of his youth, health, strength, and courage that had passed. Signs of old age appeared on him, and his psychological state worsened, which made him take complaints as an outlet through which to express his feelings and feelings and to protect himself from further deterioration. He is old. Fatigue and illness overtook him, so the long-lived poet complained of sickness, time, and long mourning, and he complained of the intensity of fatigue and his grief over his past youth. Therefore, Al-Muammar was a poet with a shaky psychological state, due to his prolonged longing and oppression over the days of his youth and youth. Then the situation changed and gray hair appeared after strength and intensity of valor. It was a reason for making... A person's psychology is vulnerable to crises, let alone the poet, who possesses sensitivity and the ability to express, so this expression was a vivid picture of reality at that time.

Poetics of place in the collection of hussar in praise of the sea by Mahmoud Darwish

Shaima Abdul Salam Hussein Al-Attar — 2024-10-01

The importance of place in modern narrative studies (poetry, prose) is no secret to anyone, as in addition to being one of the most important artistic elements, some have considered it the primary goal of artistic work, especially with regard to Palestinian resistance literature. Place and its problems of possession, loss, alienation, or even the feeling of threatened loss are considered the greatest concern that dominates their lives and thoughts, and thus appears strongly and specifically in their literary productions. Many types of places have emerged in our collection, the subject of study (The Siege of the Praises of the Sea), of which we have dealt with only three types: firstly: the historical cultural place, secondly: the legendary place, and thirdly: the religious place. These places carried broad, distinct and dense connotations, so they were important signs. To convey the idea that Darwish adopted and wanted to convey to his readers. The approach on which the research was based is the semiotic approach, as every place represents a semiotic sign, and it varied between being negative or positive places, and this is what will become clear to us through the investigations.

Narrative of place in the novels of the Iraqi writer Muhammad Mishal (Al-Sabari, Altaf, and Hajj Karbala are examples)

Ali Afzali — 2024-10-01

The place is the arena in which the events of the novel take place through transformations at the level of the characters’ actions and from the narrator’s vision. The place is the extent to which the narrator achieves his perceptions through the connection between the elements of the novel. The approach followed in the research will be the descriptive-analytical approach, accompanied by content analysis and deriving results through studying models extracted from the text of the novels. Through our study of the place in the novels of the writer Muhammad Mishal, we conclude that the familiar place is the most present, represented by the home and the holy places. This is due to the social nature of Iraqi society represented by family and ideological adherence. Likewise, the frightening place represented by the mass graves and the prison is depicted as an important aspect in explaining the extent of the injustice and persecution that is practiced. By a dictatorial government against a people who wanted to express their will and demand their freedom in a peaceful manner. The form of the open space was the largest share among the texts of the novels, represented by the road, the street, and the market, revealing the political and economic conditions and the suffering of the Iraqi people. The closed space does not differ from the open space in revealing the political situation and the intellectual transformation. It also expressed the crisis state of the Iraqi personality, through what was going on. In the café, the church, the date store, and the form of the mobile place whose events took place with a variety of means of transportation, including the passenger bus in Al-Sabari, the truck in Altaf, and the boat in Karbala’s Hajj. We also studied the functions of place: constructive, evocative, interpretive, and documentary in The three novels.

Analysis of Attitude and Engagement Markers in Academic Writing Context: A Cross-Disciplinary Study

Sattar J. Hashim — 2024-10-01

The current study aims to highlight the use of attitude and engagement markers by non-native postgraduates (Turkish context) in terms of frequency and type. This is a corpus-based study in which 20 PhD theses in hard (medical and engineering) and soft (humanities and social sciences) are analyzed. The data of the study are analyzed according to Hyland’s (2005) taxonomy of metadiscourse markers as it is considered the most suitable taxonomy to be used. The findings showed that attitude markers constituted the largest portion of soft domain theses with a percentage of (70.48). The high percentage of frequency in using attitude markers in the soft domain refers to the writers’ positions toward others’ prepositions and theories, and how they express their confidence or arguments, or doubts or even show certain attitudes toward others’ findings and prepositions. Attitude markers enable authors to present their points of view toward others’ works and productions. As for the engagement markers, it constituted the largest portion in the hard domain theses with a percentage of (74.70). This percentage refers to the fact that the researchers in hard domain disciplines communicate the facts they want through a diverse use of adjectives. The results can be employed by EFL learners to engage and direct readers in writing academically. It also suggests teaching the importance of teaching metadiscourse deeply due to its importance in effective learning.

The issue of revelation and Marshal Hodgson's position on it in his book The Adventure of Islam

Ahmed Fadhel Abdul Zaid Al-Shuraifi — 2024-10-01

The orientalists were interested in studying the revelation and prophecy of the Messenger of God Muhammad and assigned many accusations to him to make the issue of Islam nothing but a lie fabricated by Muhammad and there is no basis for revelation or connection with heaven, so they began writing books and publishing research to refute this issue, and there are many names that spent a lot of time in this matter The likes of Goldziher and others whose primary concern was to refute the revelation and cancel the prophecy. As for Marshal Hodgson, he did not follow in their footsteps, but rather had a view that was almost different from them. He deals with the issue of revelation with some fairness and moderation, away from attacks, accusations and allegations, but he dealt with it in an acceptable research manner within the framework of the usual research. With the presence of some inconsistencies and unsuccessful propositions, which we dealt with in our research The Adventure of Islam is a very important and new orientalist reference in the field of research. The opinions of the Marshal were characterized by moderation and lack of religious extremism. Most of the opinions of the Marshal were inspired by the books of the Muslims themselves, and he transferred and commented on them. Nothing came from him in the narrations. The issue of revelation occupied an important part of his book, which prompted us to study it. He did not address it in passing, but rather it occupied great importance in his book. He addressed the state of the Prophet when the revelation came down.

Evidence of confirmation and renewal between the nominal and actual sentence "A thorough study"

Mohammed Hamdan Abdullah Abbas — 2024-10-01

This research is based on the study of the evidences of evidence and renewal between nominal and actual, and trying to rooting for them in guiding the opinions of grammarians, rhetoric, and interpretation. As these two signs are related to the two sentences, and a group of them stands on the significance of each of them in their gifts, but rather connects the first with the nominal sentence, and the second with the actual sentence, and most of what was in the late and the modern, so this research tried to follow these two signs with the relevant scholars, And he showed a number of results, including: The advanced grammatists did not pay attention to the significance of the evidence and the renewal in the two sentences, as much as they paid attention to the structure that depends on their logical foundations, but the later ones - the scholars of the ninth century and beyond - and the modernists; They stood on these two signs, and saw them in both types. As for the rhetoric and the interpreters; They turned to their pillars in the guidance of the grammatical lesson, and their diagnosis of the meaning of the sentences according to their structures was not confused, nor did the utilitarian function of each type vanished.

Dubiousness about the shape and drawing of the Qur’an

Noor Ibrahim Jasim Al Mamouri — 2024-10-01

Among the striking issues in the Holy Qur’an that deserve to be studied and thought deeply about are those related to defending and defending it in order to prove its truthfulness and miraculousness, and to note the divine approach to this and its aspects. Ever since the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, was sent, doubts about what was revealed to him from the Qur’an have never ceased: “And those who disbelieve say, ‘This is nothing but a lie that he has fabricated, and other people have aided him in it. Indeed, they have committed injustice and injustice * And they say, “He wrote down the legends of the ancients, so they are dictated to him morning and evening.” [Al-Furqan :4-5]. But he challenged all of that, proving its facts until he was unable. God Almighty says, for example: “Do they not contemplate the Qur’an? Had it been from other than God, they would have found in it much disagreement” [An-Nisa: 82], and His saying: “Indeed, the Those who disbelieved in the Reminder when it came to them, and indeed it is a Mighty Book * to which falsehood does not come. From before Him, nor from behind Him, is a revelation from the Wise, the Praiseworthy” [Fussilat: 41-42], and God Almighty challenged anyone to be able to produce a complete book like it, saying: “Say, ‘Bring a book from Allah that is more fully guided Which of them will I follow, if you are truthful? (Al-Qasas: 49) And he said: “Say, ‘If mankind and the jinn gathered together to produce the like of this Qur’an, they would not produce the like of it, even if they were to help one another. (Al-Isra: 88). Or just ten surahs: “Or do they say, ‘He has fabricated it?’ Say, ‘Then produce ten forged surahs like it, and call upon whomever you can besides Allah, if you are truthful.’” [Hud: 13 ], or at least one surah: “And if you are in doubt concerning what We have sent down to Our servant, then produce a surah like it.” And call your witnesses besides Allah, if you are truthful” [Al-Baqarah: 23].

The Qur’an has continued to be attacked with various suspicions throughout history, and this has not stopped to this day. At the time of the revelation, God Almighty narrated the words of the polytheists: “And those who disbelieve say, ‘Do not listen to this Qur’an, but distort it in it so that you may overcome.’” [Fussilat: 26], “i.e : They spoke the words that There is no benefit in it, rather it is harmful, and do not, despite your ability, enable anyone to have authority over you to speak it and recite its words and meanings.”

Raising suspicions to challenge the Qur’an is such nonsense, an expression of a form of the struggle between truth and falsehood that never ends, the law of God that He has established and an ancient matter among people, and one of the laws upon which the human system was created[3], in confirmation of the Almighty’s saying: “Likewise. God strikes truth and falsehood (Al-Ra’ad: 17), which requires defense and defense in accordance with the following: “Repel with that which is the best of evil. We know best what they describe” (Al-Mu’minun: 96), and: “Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and beautiful instruction, and argue with them in a way that is best.” } [An-Nahl: 125], and: “Repel with what is best, and then he who is between you and him is enmity as if he were a close friend” [Fussilat: 34], and: “Say, ‘The truth has come, and it is not.’” He initiates falsehood and does not repeat it.” [Saba: 49] Defending with the strength of facts and evidence and with the best and wisest words is the safest and most victo.

Intentionalism in the poetry Muhammad bin Abd Al-Malik Al-Zayyat 233 H

Majida Ajeel Saleh — 2024-10-01

Sells the poet in the production of his literary monument not to express an emotional state) and a scene that affected himself, but sometimes he tries to make this text a part of his being and his personality, so he puts it while intending all its details, from psychological effects or external projections-so he proceeds with his text while gathering what he sees it as the first and the most prominent, and superimposes it on its text, the intention is a preparation and a psychological readiness to present the idea, his right to composition, and the harmony of the text and its coherence, so the monument comes out alive without revising the review, but the intention is still present in its details. Its details and intentions, after that comes the role of the recipient in his presence and dominance over the text as well, but in another way, in which intentional supporters become green and take the text according to its interpretation and realize what can be understood and assimilated from that text, which is hoarded with aesthetics and inspiration after collecting its elements and matching them according to what the creator arranged, and that text remains open between. Intentional creator interpretation of the reader.

Manifestations of graphic representation in the poetry of Ibn al-Labbanah- An analytical study Preparation

Saad Saber Namal — 2024-10-01

This research is an attempt to highlight the importance of graphic imagery in the poetry of one of the most prominent poets of Andalusia, whose poetry is characterized by ease of interpretation, simplicity of meaning, smoothness of expression, and exploration of the meanings sought by the mind, translating its human feelings and emotions. Ibn al-Labbanah was influenced by the artistry of those who preceded him, the ancients, the moderns, and the contemporary, so The graphic depiction in his poetry indicates an authentic and modern taste that derives from the Andalusian environment and himself as well. In addition to the writings of scholars in the modern era about Ibn al-Labbanah, they are few and did not intend to provide a critical or analytical study of the poet and his poetry. Therefore, Ibn al-Labbanah and his poetry remain in need of research and study that will help fill those gaps or reduce their size, especially with regard to his biography, and at the same time provide a description and analysis of his poetry in terms of purposes and related artistic aspects, and in terms of images and music, without distinction in this regard. Description and analysis of Ibn al-Labbanah’s stanzas and his vertical poetry. For this reason, I made Ibn al-Labbanah and his poetry the subject of my research.

Time and place in the novel Sanj Saboor by Sadiq Chopak

Thaer Fadhel Essa — 2024-10-01

The elements of time and place are among the most important narrative elements in novels and stories. These two elements are very necessary because they complement the events and link them together. By the way, there is no action without time or place, both of which are important elements in the novel. These basic elements are considered prominent features in any literary work. As these elements have a very effective presence in any type of writing or type of text, therefore, when the reader encounters a place or time, he must understand the more detailed aspects of the text, and connect these elements to the narrative events because these two elements constitute the daily life of a person, and they are the drivers. The two basic elements of all events within the narrative text. It can be said that space is a very broad term that includes components and concepts of text events and goes far beyond the geographical boundaries of place. For this reason, we chose the time and place in Sadiq Gobak’s novel Singh Saboor and discuss each element separately, because these elements are considered the essential part of the novel. Therefore, this research has examined the time and place of the aforementioned action, which depicts both the main and effective aspects of Sangh Saboor. By the way, the relationship between time and space seems to be strong and equal, and one cannot be separated from the other because they complement each other.

The impact of transportation and its mobility efficiency on accessibility to large and medium-sized construction industrial facilities in Babil Governorate for the year 2023

Ruqaya Fadel Abdullah Fairouz Al-Hassan — 2024-10-01

The movement of the transportation sector has diverse purposes and is mutual with economic activities. It is the main driving factor for all activities in meeting their important daily needs. Thus, it generates the movement of work and shopping, thus leaving a clear impact in most aspects of life. It aims to know the effects of land transportation methods and their mobility effectiveness on development. The spatial location of the industrial sector (large and medium-sized establishments) in Babil Governorate, as the analysis of the mutual influence between the economic sectors and their dynamic effectiveness is one of the complex studies that seeks to analyze the relationship between more than one variable, since the industrial sector cannot do without transportation, on the one hand. Finally, we find the inability of the industrial sector to dispense with manpower, raw materials, and energy sources. Here, the linking factor between the production process and its requirements is the land transportation sector, so there are multiple connections between them. It is worth noting that many geographical researchers focused in their studies on determining the efficiency of transportation methods. On the one hand, in choosing the appropriate location and managing the production process in the industrial sector, as the industry is moving towards locations where transportation services are concentrated, considering that transportation is one of the factors influencing the achievement of economic savings through the transportation of goods, raw raw materials, and energy sources, as well as the transportation of local labor. Cheap wages. We must also not forget that transportation in industry represents the relationship between the producer and the consumer at the same time. There is no doubt that transportation roads serve as a link between areas of consumption and production, and this explains the role of transportation in establishing industry.

Communication theory in teaching language skills - an applied linguistic study

Fatima bint Nasser Al-Mukhainiya — 2024-10-01

The research aims to highlight the role of communication theory in learning and teaching linguistic skills, and to realize the educational facts and experiences that this theory employs in order to organize the linguistic educational material in an integrated manner in the form of functional linguistic skills for learners, through integrated linguistic content. The researcher employed the descriptive approach from It highlighted the importance of this theory for the conduct of the educational process, and raised several questions that serve the purpose of the research. It was concluded that teaching language skills in light of communication theory allows overcoming the difficulties of the Arabic language, and helps its teachers and learners to master it. This is because language teaching according to communication theory ensures repeated linguistic treatments by repeatedly referring to the linguistic skill and studying it from its various aspects, and through repetition, the skill itself is confirmed and the linguistic processing is deepened.in learning and teaching language skills and recognizing the educational realities and experiences employed by this trend in order to organize the language teaching material in an integrated manner in the form of functional language skills for learners, Through an integrated language content, the researcher used the descriptive curriculum in terms of highlighting the importance of this trend for the educational process, He also raised several questions that served the purpose of the research. education of language skills in the light of the integrative curriculum allows for the overcoming of Arabic language difficulties and helps to master them by their teachers and learners; In teaching the language according to the integrative curriculum to ensure frequent language treatments by repeating the reference to linguistic skill, studying it in its various aspects, replicating the same skill, and deepening the language processing.

The role of preventive security in eliminating extremist thought

Alaa Awni Muhammad — 2024-10-01

Extremist thought is a type of thought characterized by extremism and radicalism in opinion and positions, and often results in extremist behaviors that are aggressive or violent. Extremist thought can be associated with political, religious or cultural groups, and result in terrorist acts or threats to security and social stability. Preventive security for extremist thought aims to prevent the spread of these ideas and their negative impact on society. The problem of the research lies in answering the main question: What are the tools of preventive security to eliminate extremist thought? After the world has witnessed a great openness in the technological field and what we see today from the abundance of websites, extremist groups have exploited these sites and used them to attract and recruit young people and work to organize them into extremist groups. Extremist thought has been confronted, which requires comprehensive efforts by the security services and society. Preventive security can achieve this through a set of measures, such as awareness and education: raising awareness of the harms of extremist thought and the risk to society and the individual, and providing alternative and convincing visions. Monitoring the Internet and Social Media: Monitoring suspicious digital activities and intervening when necessary to prevent the spread of extremist content. International Cooperation: Exchanging information and expertise with other countries to combat extremism and terrorism. Developing Legislation: Developing laws regulating the use of the Internet and social media to prevent the dissemination of extremist content and terrorist recruitment.

Contributions of the AL - Mana family to the intellectual movement during the sixth and seventh centuries AH

Abdulmnem Hamad Abd — 2024-10-01

Iraq was full of many scientific families that occupied a prominent position in society, through their scientific, political and administrative role. Scientific families are a unique phenomenon unique to the Arab Islamic civilization. These families contributed to the intellectual renaissance witnessed by the Islamic world. One of the most prominent features of this family was Civilization is the presence of scientific families that adopted the transmission of knowledge to their children and passed it down generation after generation, and among these families is the (AL - Man'ah) family, which is attributed to its great grandfather (Man'ah bin Malik) Al-Arbali Al-Mosili, which is one of the famous scientific families that emerged in the city of Mosul, which witnessed a boom in the movement. Intellectual development during the rule of the Atabeg state (521 - 660 AH / 1127 - 1262 AD) is an Arbilian family of Mosul origin, and when we study the intellectual history of the city of Mosul in the era of the Islamic State, we find that the (AL - Manaa) family is one of the scientific families that played an important role in the growth and development of the intellectual movement. And the administration in the city of Mosul and other Islamic cities, and this family left a clear scientific impact on the course of the intellectual movement not only in the city of Mosul, but in every city they settled in, especially Baghdad and Erbil, as its fame came through the classifications of its notables in the various sciences (translational and mental), which were added Which is our Arab-Islamic heritage and which contributed to the renaissance of Arab-Islamic civilization during the sixth and seventh centuries AH, in addition to teaching, fatwas, public speaking, and the administrative positions they held, such as the judiciary and the political delegation. Many historians have described the figures of this family with a high international status, as they were from the house of knowledge, jurisprudence, leadership, and virtue. Among the forerunners were Barbel, Mosul, and others, in addition to their status among some princes and kings. Its fame spread throughout most parts of the Islamic world, as many students of knowledge would come there to study at the hands of its notables, and a large group of scholars would graduate from them.

A graphic study of the sermons of the Two Holy Mosques Intellectual security speeches as an example

Abdul Rahman bin Hamidi Al-Maliki — 2024-10-01

This means that intellectual security is one of the most important matters that must be taken care of by the entire state, and maintaining intellectual security is not the responsibility of the security authorities, but rather all members of society participate in it, and this includes two honorable deprivations; Because of their important religious place in the hearts of Muslims, and because they are one of the most important social institutions that achieve their noble goals, they benefit the individual and society in general, by extending the inculcation of sound doctrine, correcting wrong concepts, and strengthening intellectual security, in a way that contributes to achieving the safety of society

The sermons of the Two Holy Mosques have influential functions as they are an act of thinking as opposed to a social nature, and hence; The preacher provides us with a solution to many problems in life, so we find that if he speaks about any intellectual or social issue, he gains influence and respect among the listeners. Anyone who follows the reality of Muslims will notice that the preacher has an influential role in the souls of the listeners, and this influence of the sermons stems from the fact that what is delivered in them, or is recited. Rather, it is the speech of God Almighty, and the hadith of His Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, or speech revolving around that, and this is the secret of the impact of sermons more than other sermons in other fields.

From this point; The research will address the role of the sermons of the Two Holy Mosques in enhancing intellectual security in a way that ensures the development of cultural and religious identity, and dealing with imported values.

Kitchen utensils in ancient Iraq

Siddiq Badr Mohan — 2024-10-01

Kitchen utensils are small hand tools used to prepare food and perform common kitchen tasks such as cutting food into specific sizes, heating food on a stove or stove, baking, grinding, mixing and measuring. There are different tools and important types, such as the chef's knife, for example, which is used for a variety of foods. Other kitchen utensils are highly specialized and may only be used in connection with the preparation of a particular type of food, such as an egg separator or apple peeler. Some specialized utensils are used for operations that we repeat several times, or when the cook has limited skill or ability. The number of utensils in the home kitchen varies over time depending on the method of cooking. Archaeological excavations conducted in many sites revealed a large collection of broken pottery vessels. The sources also indicate the presence of utensils made of bone and wood, which were not found as they are organic materials that quickly perish. The most available information about utensils is that they are made of pottery, metals and stone, which are materials resistant to the effects of time. Man continued to use stones for long periods in the manufacture of some of his tools, as metal tools were few and rare and their cost was high. The use of pottery utensils also spread in ancient Iraq, where Archaeological excavations confirm that the majority of utensils used to preserve food, prepare food, etc., are made of pottery. The discovery of pottery vessels helped in determining cultural roles, through the style and decoration of pottery. It also helped in knowing some aspects of human life, especially what is related to cooking food, and increased information about pottery vessels, as there were names and indications in the cuneiform texts regarding the process of preparing food and the method of presenting it. As well as scenes depicted on sculptures and cylinder seals

The importance of the license in documenting the manuscript

kasim Al-Aibi Musa — 2024-10-01

Ijaza is a phenomenon and is a part of the Islamic heritage, and it means the translation of the Sheikh in his narration, either with his pronunciation or his improvement. Rather, the hadith scholars were the first to use approval for a scientific purpose, and it benefits from preserving the chain of transmission of many works in various sciences. The oldest of these sciences is modern science, where the verb “guest” plays in Exposition of the hadith, and its three most important basic elements are 1- The name of the metaphor 2- The metaphor 3- The metaphor for it. The Ijaza also provides us with information about Al-Mujaiz, his sheikhs, and their scholarly centers. It also provides us with information about the biographies of some of his figures, geographical and historical information, the most important scientific centers, and the new Ijaza ceremony, or separate with various data that allude to the cultural, social, and scientific conditions that began in those eras The license simply means that the sheikh grants his student the right to narrate on his tongue in a specific or non-specific matter, but it is of great importance in indicating the culture of a certain category of the scholars of the Arab and Islamic heritage, and the early scholars lowered it to the level of an academic degree, where the student, after completing his education, would obtain a license from his sheikh, and this license may be specific to a book, part, or topic that allows him to teach or narrate it, or it may be general and comprehensive of everything he reads, so it means an academic degree. We can highlight the importance of licenses in the following points: - The license is one of the most important restrictions for Muslim scholars in Islamic manuscripts, and it is in itself a great indicator of the civilizational progress of Arabs in particular and Muslims in general. Academic licenses helped preserve the chain of transmission of many books in various sciences, and the oldest of these sciences is the science of hadith, as it played an important role in documenting the noble prophetic hadith.

Types of trade and its impact on the economic activity of Egypt in the Rashidun and Umayyad eras

Abdul Saleh Muhammad — 2024-10-01

Trade is a fundamental pillar of economic activity in all its aspects, and Egypt was one of the most active countries in the field of internal and external trade, and the reason for this is thanks to its strategic location and its possession of land and sea routes, which helped trade flourish in general, in addition to the establishment of large commercial cities that attracted merchants from all over the world, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the Arab Islamic conquest of Egypt played a major role in increasing commercial activity in it and the prosperity of its economic life thanks to the economic policy adopted by Arab Muslims in the economic fields and working to increase support for goods entering and leaving it, and organizing economic and commercial laws in it, which made room for increasing the participation of the merchant in the economic life of Egypt, and Egypt became one of the most active countries in this era, which resulted in the establishment of markets linked to this trade that played an effective role in commercial and economic activity, which made Egypt one of the most countries in its markets, and this is due to the establishment of a special system to monitor and organize the market after the Arab conquest.

The role of human resources management in career planning

Suham Abdullah Hussein — 2024-10-01

The current research aims to identify: -

First: The role of human resources management in planning the career path of employees of the General Directorate of Education in Diyala.

Second: Identifying the differences between the performance of male and female employees in the role of human resources management in planning the career path according to the gender variable (females – males).

The problem of the current research is that some employees are ignorant of the reality of the career path. There is a prevailing belief among some of them that the career path is linked to the employee's promotion to a higher position than his current job. This is a wrong belief, as the employee may find himself walking a successful career path without being promoted to higher job positions. Also, the career path is not limited to promotion in its common concept only, but includes the opportunities provided by different job alternatives and the employee's ability to choose and the experiences he acquires. Accordingly, the research problem is determined in the following research question: -

Q/ Does human resources management have a role in planning the career path?

The researcher adopted the scale (Al-Tarawneh, Ibrahim Ahmed) for the year (2010) and after verifying its psychometric properties, the researcher applied it to the research sample, which was chosen in a random stratified manner, where the research sample amounted to (100) male and female employees in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala, distributed according to gender (50) male and (50) male employees. The results of the research showed that human resources management has a role in developing employees' paths through effective planning of their career paths, which helps in providing them with job stability. The study also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the perceptions of sample members according to the gender variable about the role of human resources management in planning their career path. Through the results reached by the research, the researcher proposed a set of recommendations and suggestions

Family and Internet Addiction: Reality and Challenges An Analytical Study

Aveen Ahmed Qader — 2024-10-01

Internet addiction, which has become a global social problem, can generally be considered as a person’s inability to control the use of the Internet and defined in a way that entails negative consequences in the user’s daily life. Although only Internet gaming addiction is listed in the appendix to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it has long been argued that Internet addiction includes problematic use of other Internet applications It turns into a behavioral addiction. The aim of this article is to highlight the role and importance of the family in coping with Internet addiction. Obviously, to achieve the goal of the research, the analytical method was adopted based on the academic approach.

Weak love relationships and lack of feelings between family members affect the increase of Internet addiction. Creating a gap in love and parental indifference is a major reason for the increase in addiction. To fill the gap in feelings and love, the individual is forced to resort to using the Internet more. In this way, family members can easily find a person of the opposite sex and fill this feeling and love that they did not receive from their family outside the family and without their knowledge. We conclude in this study that the family has a major role in confronting the effects of Internet use, reducing them, and preventing addiction, because family intervention becomes part of solving individual problems, as the family can educate its members about addiction to reduce Internet addiction and facilitate their return to normal healthy family life.

Religious and Linguistic Backgrounds in Translating Multiple Meanings in the Noble Hadith: A Focus on Morals and Dealings

Heba Mohamed Ali Ahmed Mohamed Ali — 2024-10-01

Religious and Linguistic Backgrounds in Translating Multiple Meanings in the Noble Hadith: A Focus on Morals and Dealings

This research aimed to explore the role of religious and linguistic backgrounds in accurately translating the multiple meanings found in the noble hadith, with a focus on teachings related to morality and economic transactions. The study employed a mixed-methods design, combining qualitative analysis of existing hadith translations with empirical data collection from hadith translators, Islamic scholars, and linguistic experts across diverse backgrounds. The analysis highlighted how a translator's religious knowledge, familiarity with Islamic jurisprudence, and exposure to different schools of thought can significantly impact interpretations, potentially leading to divergent translations of concepts like "jihad" and "niyyah" (intentions). Linguistic proficiency in Arabic, including grasping nuances in terminology, rhetorical devices, and evolving linguistic conventions, was also shown to be crucial for conveying precise meanings, especially for terms related to finance like "riba" (usury). Prominent findings emphasized the need for translators to deeply understand the cultural, historical and social contexts embedded within the hadith teachings. Appreciating traditions like hospitality, collective responsibility, and spiritual/metaphysical concepts like "dhikr" (remembrance of God) and "barakah" (blessings) emerged as vital for accurate translations that preserve the authenticity of the sacred texts. The study recommends fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between translators, religious scholars, linguists and cultural experts to facilitate comprehensive understanding. Developing specialized training programs focused on religious translation was also proposed, along with creating databases/glossaries of key Islamic concepts to ensure consistency across translations. Ultimately, a nuanced, contextual grasp of the Arabic language, Islamic traditions, and underlying cultural milieus is emphasized as paramount for faithfully rendering the profound moral and commercial guidance contained within the noble hadith.

The effectiveness of the religious character in Ali Badr’s novels

Mohanad Noori Kzar — 2024-10-01

This research aims to explore the depiction of religious characters in Ali Badr's novels, focusing on how these characters are constructed, the roles they play in the progression of events, and their impact on moral and philosophical issues within the narrative. Through the analysis of a selection of texts that address various religious themes, this study highlights the ways in which authors utilize religious characters to explore both internal and external conflicts. The analysis reveals how religious characters in the novel reflect the complex relationship between religion and society, and how these characters affect readers' perceptions of religious issues. Moreover, this research delves into the symbolic functions of these characters within the text, including their representation of moral authority and religious belief in the narrative, as these elements are crucial in character development and the unfolding of events. Given the significance of religion in delineating character boundaries, revealing patterns, and meanings, and its coordination with other narrative elements, this study emerges from the importance of the social, cultural, religious, and political issues addressed by Ali Badr through his novels. It seeks to investigate the nature of character affiliations in the depths of these texts as a means to encapsulate character content, aiming for an approach that highlights two important dimensions in the human mind: personality and religious belief. Both are central to the author's vision in his novels, where the Iraqi novel stands as one of the most prominent literary mediums reflecting human experience with the religious aspect, a concept whose features have become complex in Iraq due to a long history of wars, political unrest, ethnic, and religious diversity. These challenges have directly influenced Iraqi literature, especially the novel, as writers have sought to explore and present diverse representations of the Iraqi religious character amid the political, social, and cultural transformations the country has undergone.

The position of religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq on the revolution of July 14, 1958 AD

Huda Riyad Joda Al-Zubaidi — 2024-10-01

God has blessed the land of Iraq with the presence of a diverse group of religious, ethnic and national sects among its inhabitants, who have lived on its land for hundreds of years as one group without discrimination between them, including Muslims, Christians, Jews, Yazidis, Kurds, Kakai, Turkmen, Baha'is, Faili Kurds, Shabaks and Zoroastrians.. Therefore, these minorities played a distinctive role in Iraq through their participation in various political, economic, social, cultural and intellectual fields that Iraq witnessed following the revolution of July 14, 1958. The position of minorities towards this revolution, which came to turn a bitter page in the pages of the struggle of the Iraqi people with its various components and to begin the page of the republican era with the government of Abdul Karim Qasim, which was welcomed by all components and minorities of the Iraqi people, and welcomed and supported the revolution and its leader, raising their demands to Abdul Karim Qasim in the hope of recognizing their rights and entities.

The religious and ethnic minorities in Iraq welcomed the government of Abdul Karim Qasim and considered it a glimmer of hope for obtaining their rights and recognition of their entities. The convoys of minorities rushed to offer congratulations and blessings to the government on the new era, and to present their demands to the leader of the revolution, Abdul Karim Qasim, to obtain their religious rights and recognition of their entities. During his rule, minorities lived in equality and freedom in practicing their religious beliefs, in addition to issuing many laws that serve the interests of minorities and serve them, including: official holiday laws that were granted to minorities, and the participation of some of them in important government jobs. The conditions of minorities in Iraq improved after the revolution, and all measures taken against them during the royal era were cancelled, including, but not limited to, the restrictions that oblige Jews who seek to leave Iraq to return to it within six months. This was considered a paragraph that contradicts the constitution and principles of the revolution and the natural rights granted to every citizen that cannot be taken away from him. Government universities also opened their doors to minorities. The July 14 Revolution was a glimmer of hope for a peaceful and prosperous life for minorities. Nothing prevented them from continuing their work and living their normal lives. Minorities were respected and appreciated by Abdul Karim Qasim.

Alternation between formulas according to Sindhi in his explanations

Sarah Nima Abbas Thabet — 2024-10-01

The research aims to reveal some of the efforts of Imam Abu al-Hasan Nur al-Din Muhammad ibn Abd al-Hadi al-Sindi (d. 1138 AH) in the field of showing the alternation between formulas through his explanations of the books of hadith, and I have chosen multiple examples of this.

The research began with a brief definition of the personality of Sindi and his writings, then dealt with the issues that occurred by alternation between different formulas, and concluded the research with a conclusion that showed the most prominent findings. The scientific status and prestigious position that distinguished Al-Sindi is that he combined the sciences of language and the sciences of Hadith, and the combination of them enabled him to explain several books on the Noble Prophetic Hadith, such as the Six Books and Musnad of Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal. His explanations of these books contained the sciences of language in general and the science of morphology in particular. Al-Sindi’s lack of attention to mentioning evidence, and few evidences were mentioned in his explanations of the books of Hadith, and his explanations were devoid of mentioning evidence of poetry with regard to the morphological aspect. Al-Sindi did not adhere to a specific morphological doctrine in his instructions, but rather he preferred what he saw as appropriate to the rule and stronger for the argument. The scientific value and importance of Al-Sindi’s six commentary books, which are explanations concerned with explaining the hadiths of the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace - and extracting the sciences of language from them. The hadiths of the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace - constitute a fertile field for studying the language in its various aspects, as they contain various morphological models.

The effectiveness of an educational design based on the theory of conscience in the achievement of students of basic education colleges in the subject of general teaching methods and their conciliatory thinking

Amal Sabah Radam Al-Tai — 2024-10-01

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of an educational design according to the theory of affect in the achievement of students in basic education colleges in the subject of general teaching methods and their reconciling thinking. The researcher adopted the experimental approach with an experimental design for two equal groups. The researcher chose, and the research community is represented, the basic education colleges in Iraq for the academic year (2023 AD). 2024 AD) in which the number of sections for third year students is not less than two sections, and for the purpose of determining the research sample from the original community that the researcher identified to conduct his study on, the researcher chose the University of Babylon/College of Education in great cooperation with the researcher, as the researcher chose section (A) randomly to represent the control group Which will teach the general teaching methods course according to the usual method.

An educational design according to the theory of affect, and section (B) to represent the experimental group that will study the same subject. An educational design according to the theory of affect. The total number of students in both groups reached (113) male and female students. There were (57) male and female students in the control group, and (56) male and female students in the experimental group. The researcher statistically rewarded the members of the two groups in the following variables: (chronological age calculated in months, previous information test, intelligence test, first course grades, and compromise thinking scale), and the researcher determined The study material includes topics from the General Teaching Methods course, then the researcher formulated behavioral objectives, the number of which reached (200). As for the research tool, the researcher deliberately built the achievement test, which consisted of (30) objective test items of the four-alternative multiple-choice type. According to (the specifications table), (10) essay questions, and the validity, discrimination coefficient, difficulty, effectiveness of alternatives, and stability were verified. Its stability was verified using the split-half method. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods to extract data, and the results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group.

Studying the role of nature in drawing the image of the arrogant other in the literature of resistance, a pictorial study; Arabic poems about the two martyrs as a model

Maryam Eshraqpour — 2024-10-01

The world was shocked in 2021 after hearing the shocking news of the assassination of two of the most prominent leaders of the resistance, the martyr Qassem Soleimani and the martyr Abu Mahdi Al-Muhandis. Everyone spoke and wrote about the news from different perspectives, so the poet of the resistance began to mourn and raise awareness to calm the feelings of anger that flared up in his chest. Through those poems, he drew various images of arrogance and the arrogant other, especially the American one, reflecting his vision of arrogance and the arrogant.

This research aims to study the images drawn by resistance poets from different countries about arrogance and its types and the features that each of them considered for this arrogant other, a comparative study of the assassination of the two martyrs, a comparative imageological study.

The research will present the most prominent sensory and material images of the arrogant American other in resistance poetry, showing the role of nature in manifesting the image of the arrogant American other, in addition to mentioning the features that lie behind those sensory images of the American other and the artistic images that poets employed in drawing those sensory images.

The study reached several results, the most prominent of which are:

The poet describes nature based on the nature of resistance and arrogance in order to define the duality of the resisting self and the arrogant other, so the images that the poets conjured from the belly of nature and its phenomena are positive and negative.

The poet benefits from the strongest vocabulary and material phenomena to be indicative of his perseverance in what he demands of revenge and retaliation. He adds in his poem suggestive phrases and vocabulary that indicate strength, vitality and determination stemming from anger and the demand for revenge.

The resistant poet tries to draw some material features in several graphic images, not to describe nature and what is related to it, but rather to establish moral concepts that lie behind those images, such as the concept of strength, weakness, failure, victory, death and life.

The most important concepts that the poets sought behind those sensory images are: the weakness of the enemy's forces and consolidating the extent of the weakness of the capabilities that arrogance relies on on the one hand, and the strength of the axis of resistance and its leaders and their destabilization of the entity of the unjust usurper and eliminating it or the promise of the dark future that awaits it on the other hand.

Constitutional methods of legislative authority’s oversight of the budget General provisions in the constitutions of the Republic of Iraq A comparative analytical study in the constitutions of the Republic of Iraq

Ariyan GHASSEMI — 2024-10-01

The Oversight of the public budget is a set of procedures and methods carried out by specialized agencies of the state, whether legislative or administrative, and its goal is to follow up the process of implementing the state’s general budget in accordance with the content of the authorization granted by the legislative authority, to ensure the soundness of its implementation by verifying the collection of public revenues and disbursement. Public expenditures were in accordance with the economic goals in the general budget , The "legislative authority" exercises the authority to monitor the general budget in the state through the legal framework, that is, the powers stipulated in the constitution, and the internal rules and regulations that regulate the work of Parliament. As oversight has come to play the main role in protecting the state’s economy, and protecting the state’s public finances from waste and administrative corruption, therefore oversight has taken multiple forms that are appropriate to the political system in every country and at every time, in addition to the different methods and methods of oversight granted to the regulatory authorities, and from the oversight authorities over the general budget. In Iraq, the “legislative authority” is considered the legislative authority that has the original jurisdiction to monitor the public budget. However, the role of the Parliament and the methods granted to it for oversight differ according to the constitutions and the political system in the country. What is meant by “constitutional oversight methods ” are the oversight tools granted to the legislative authority through which Through it, Parliament exercises its oversight over the state’s public budget, These methods are represented by the methods of “parliamentary question, request for discussion, interrogation and parliamentary investigation.” Given the importance of these constitutional methods of oversight, we decided to address the subject in research by explaining those methods of oversight in the previous constitutions of the Republic of Iraq, while comparing them to the effective Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005, and then we concluded the research with proposals. And recommendations on the topic.

An investigation of the Concept of Love in Ayn al-Qudat Hamadani School of Thought

Ramin Moharami — 2024-10-01

In Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani’ school of thought, the presence of love is conceived of as the cause life and the absence of this divine gift is tantamount to the complete destruction of existence. In this school of thought, divine love is construed as being inherent and instinct and, contrary to the opinion of some scholars who consider love as the result of seeing the beauty of beloved; Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani considers it as being intrinsic in the heart of human’s existence and believes that its outward reflection is manifested in the form of the beauty of the beloved. He considers human love for God as the only worthy way of being united with God, and one of the special points of his thinking, which is rooted in mystical studies, is the manifestation of this love in virtual love such that the lover can only exist with the presence of the beloved. The intellectual school of Ayn al-Quzat is based on love such that love is the beginning and end of everything. According to him, only through love, God seekers can find the real existence and understand the truth. The present study, using the descriptive-analytical method, attempts to investigate the concept of love in Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani’s school of thought.

The grammatical efforts of Al-Hattab Al-Ra’ini in his book Mawahib Al-Jalil to explain Khalil Al-Haruf's summary as an example

Mahmoud Khalaf Hamad Al-Sabhani — 2024-11-01

The study showed the grammatical efforts of Al-Hattab Al-Ra’ini in his book Mawahib Al-Jalil to explain Khalil Al-Haruf's summary as an example - which is a book on Maliki jurisprudence - but through it, I showed the author’s style and approach in presenting the grammatical issues related to the letters. I dealt with the issues after classifying them and presented the opinions of the ancient grammarians who had credit for setting the rules for grammar, like Sibawayh, the author of the book.

The research aimed to show the grammatical issues in Al-Hattab’s letters in his book, to explain the relationship between jurisprudence and grammar by reviewing the issues that Al-Hattab dealt with, how to explain them, and to find out their jurisprudential ruling with its aspects that differ according to the difference in controlling these issues.

The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach in the study, as he presented the issues and explained the opinions of the ancient grammarians in a manner that I considered to be characterized by objectivity. He also avoided adding or subtracting from the opinions he conveyed and expressed his opinion at the end of each question whenever this was required, citing Qur’anic evidence, prophetic hadiths, or verses. Poetics and Arab sayings for some of them.

It became clear to the researcher the results after studying Al-Hattab’s grammatical efforts in the letters that Al-Hattab’s jurisprudential culture and his interest in explaining what was lacking in explanation and detail among the imams who preceded him in explaining Khalil Al-Haruf's summary. He did not go beyond any of them, but on the contrary, he inferred from their sayings and took them whenever his need for that arose. This also became clear to the researcher. Al-Hattab reviewed his grammatical issues and sought help from the opinions of the oldest of them, such as Sibawayh. He did not neglect to mention what grammarians agreed with and disagreed with in his issues, and in some of them, he declared his agreement or rejection to whoever he saw fit.

The research was summarized in three sections, the first of which was on single letters, the second on double letters, and the third on three- and four-letter letters. This was sufficient to examine Al-Hattab’s review of his grammatical issues in the letters in his book, and I clarified Al-Hattab’s opinion after the opinions of the grammarians, indicating the jurisprudential and grammatical aspects of the issue so that the reader can understand the close relationship between grammar and jurisprudence through jurisprudential rule that is coupled with grammatical rule.

Sheikh Al-Khazaz Al-Qummi and his book Kifaya Al-Athar And its methodology and resources

Hussein Mohamed Ali Haddad Al-Aboudi — 2024-11-01

God Almighty said: Only those of His servants who fear God are scholars [Fatir: 28], and the more knowledge there is, the greater the fear of God and the greater the insight and knowledge And the more knowledge decreases And know ledge lack of thinking about God’s creation and His great status, and here we find great scholars ;He is Sheikh Ali Abu Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Ali Al-khazzaz Al-Razi Al- QummiHis star lit up He was born in Qom as a Qomist, And He is considered one of the leading scientists ,Fourth century AH.

Distinguished school Get up Of polarizationa lot of Students of religious sciences and what he did Apical trepanation From strengthening the relationship with Scientists Which allowed this school to be a destination for students of religious sciences, so scholars from all over the world visited it Iran And outside it, such as Jabil Amel and Medina And Iraq And others desire to learn from their scholars and tolerate transmitting hadith from them with permission; The Qom Seminary has always witnessed Holy In the context of its history ,Prominence Senior scholars Evacuation Who rose up against distortions and deviations with the weapon of the pen And the logic of science in This is amazing search

One of the scholars Get up And the modernists And the knowledgeable and the scholars And the jurists in city Qom is Ali bin Muhammad Khazzaz Qomi ;Live Al-Khazaz Around the second half of the fourth century and the beginning of the fifth century AH ;when His birth it's called on ;A name that tells of his family connection With love for the People of the House, peace be upon them, his nickname Abu Al-Qasim, whose famous nickname is Khazzaz, is attributed to Qomtheo pinion; Some of them called it a secret, but most of them are just a little writer;As one of the sheikhs of the era said, His birthplace was in Qom, but he went to Medina the Re to gain knowledge of hadith And various sciences And he settled there His narrations on the authority of Ahl al-Bait, peace be upon them, were reliable narrations and free of intrigue, especially his writing: (Enough impact) He died in the year 381 AH in Ray.

Interpretive dimensions of prohibition verses in the Holy Qur’an - an analytical study

Nancy Saki — 2024-10-01

Prohibition is often considered one of the legal rulings that carry the meaning of prohibition, as this meaning was the most frequently mentioned meaning in the various forms of prohibition. Scholars of rhetoric and interpretation have pointed out that the form of prohibition appeared widely and in multiple situations to lead to metaphorical meanings, the most prominent of which were the meanings of: advice and guidance. Entertaining, irritating, inflaming, reprimanding, and warning.

The style of prohibition in the Holy Qur’an carries many connotations, due to the multiplicity of linguistic contexts and emotional situations in which it appears. Thus, we can say that the prohibition sentence is flexible, which must be taken as a model in speech systems, away from grammatical and linguistic complexities of various kinds.

The contents of the prohibition have covered many topics, as those contents in the Holy Qur’an were widespread and with multilateral goals, and they also carried multifaceted messages in their speeches. Therefore, we can say that there is still an urgent need to continue studying the various methods of the Qur’an, so that it becomes a beacon in emulating it. Our linguistic heritage, and a guide to simplifying the various arts of speech.

This method is also included in special sentences and tools for occasions of speech, and for the speaker’s relationship with the addressee, and it is important that we pay attention to it, and show the efforts of ancient and recent linguists in this field, and look at it from a point of view that is concerned with the moral aspect, and points to what is behind the tools, words, and structures, and clarifies Its contents are not limited to what is meant by drawing letters in terms of linguistic methods.

We can say that the method of prohibition in the Arabic language in general, and the method of prohibition in the Holy Qur’an in particular, has not received an independent and extensive study from the studies of the ancients, but rather is distributed among books of interpretation, the sciences of the Qur’an, miracles, rhetoric, and language in an unsystematic manner.

Enthusiasm in Mahmoud Darwish’s poetry

Ammar Suleiman Youssef — 2024-10-01

This research was titled “Enthusiasm in the Poetry of Mahmoud Darwish,” a poet whose poetic texts often suited the purpose of his poems and were in harmony with his psychological positions. Almost no poem was devoid of enthusiastic passages that flowed onto his tongue, expressing that resistant, steadfast spirit that... It did not leave him, and it stood in the face of the angry Zionist entity, as he carried the cause of his country in his poetry, and infused enthusiasm in his multiplications, so this enthusiastic tone dominated his descriptions, his complaints, his flirtation, and his praise Mahmoud Darwish was able to embody the image of the Palestinian reality that is suffering under the injustice of the occupation through his poetry, so that his texts express the reality of suffering, displacement, alienation, and pain, but it is not devoid of a revolutionary sense that calls for resistance and steadfastness, by spreading enthusiasm in the souls of his people, demonstrating their courage, boasting of their heroism and great qualities, inciting revolution in order to regain their sovereignty and their usurped land. Mahmoud Darwish confirmed that he is the poet of the Palestinian resistance by employing enthusiasm that possessed an aesthetic value that cannot be ignored, so it interacted with the content of his poems to achieve the required meaning, and for his law to be a record of heroism and historical events that tell the story of the struggle of the Palestinian people, so this story remains in the collective memory throughout history..

The research included an introduction, two sections, a conclusion, and documented sources and references. As for the first section, we discussed the concept of enthusiasm in language and terminology, and the emergence and development of this type of poetry. As for the second section, we dealt with a brief overview of the poet Mahmoud Darwish, as well as the manifestation of enthusiasm in his poetry, following the descriptive and analytical approach. .

Sectarian identity and terrorism is an example of the novel, Maryam

Samer Fadel Al-Asadi — 2024-10-01

This research paper examines the identity of an essential component of Iraqi society in a dangerous historical stage of Iraq’s modern history, which is the stage after 2003, and what happened to this component of attacks, displacement and killing, and (Sinan Antoine) was able to reveal to us the hidden in his novel (Ya-Mariam) until in his novel, The identity became productive of meaning, rather it was what justified the movement of narration and the growth of the incidents and of the novel. The novel (Oh Mary) by the Iraqi novelist (Sinan Antoine) represents the theme of terrorism and killing that the Iraqis suffered from after 2003 and the American occupation. It can even be said that the theme of terrorism is the basic theme on which the novel is based. Through the people, events and time space we can infer this, and what happened to minorities in Iraq during that period of time. From here we will address this theme through the tongue of a novelist who belongs to these minorities. Before starting to reveal terrorism and sectarian violence, it is necessary to define the most important concepts included in the novel.

The study of the novel (Ya-Mariam) by the novelist and translator (Sinan Antoine) is based on the theme of religious identity.

Religious identity is what introduces us to the characters, dialogues, events and the narrative space of the text, but through it, we realized the dangerous transformations in the structure of the Iraqi fabric.

The image of the simile in war poetry before Islam

Ahmed Salem Abdel-Sada Al-Abdi — 2024-10-01

War poetry took its place in the Arabic poem, and its meanings expanded in its poetic framework, and its vocabulary was enriched through the poets’ use of the poetic vocabulary that moved in the circle of meanings, and its words were charged with the capabilities of the sturdy fighters who were enriching its generosity with their sacrifice, and kindling its flames with their storming, and they possessed the initiative with their rare audacity and unique heroism. . The poets who fought in battles recorded pictures of immortal feats and deeds whose echo continues to live in the hearts of men who remember them fondly, live them proudly, and emulate them.

The manifestations of heroism in pre-Islamic poetry were not limited to the aspect of courage or sacrifice, but rather extended to other moral qualities related to generosity and loyalty, and extending to boldness and boldness, because these characteristics represent the intrinsic ability that gives these aspects the quality of completeness, and brings them into the framework of social sensitivity, They leave their prominent traces in many great works because they are elements that highlight the phenomenon of heroism, and develop the human ability to retain it, complement its edges, and clarify its significance. The simile has great aesthetic value, as it helps enrich the literary text and make it more attractive and influential. The simile also has great rhetorical value, as it helps clarify the idea and make it clearer and simpler. War poets in the pre-Islamic era relied heavily on simile in building the poetic image, and employed it to enrich it with the vitality and movement resulting from making a comparison between the two sides of the simile, the likened and the likened. The simile is used in multiple forms in which the graphic design required to draw matches the image and the extent of its interaction with it.

Criminal protection of the right to human dignity: an analytical study

Mehdi Shidayian — 2024-10-01

Providing criminal protection for the right to human dignity is a vital part of the foundations and values of criminal justice. Therefore, this research aims to explore the importance of the right to human dignity and how it contributes to enhancing the positive interaction between justice and moral values in the legal system through the principle of equality, justice and freedom.

Criminal protection of the right to human dignity focuses on a set of legislation and laws that aim to protect human dignity from any attack through specific objective and procedural aspects. The objective aspects include criminalizing and punishing acts that directly or indirectly affect human dignity. These acts include crimes of torture and humiliation. Defamation, insults, human trafficking, slavery, forced labor, racial and religious discrimination, and sexual assault. As for the procedural aspects, they include legal mechanisms and means that ensure the effective implementation of these laws, such as judicial procedures for investigation and trial, guarantees of the rights of the accused, providing support and criminal protection for victims, as well as applying The penalties stipulated in the law are fair and equitable.

We have concluded that there is a difference between the principle of human dignity, which represents an ethical and philosophical concept, which refers to the value inherent in every human being by his mere existence, which is considered a basic principle of human rights, and the human right to dignity, and this right represents the individual who protects the full value of his human dignity, which is part of it. Human rights in international conventions and national laws include the rights not to be subjected to torture or to cruel and inhuman treatment and the right to receive equal and dignified treatment without discrimination. The principle of human dignity requires following ethical standards in dealing with others and ensuring their rights and human consideration.

Herbert Fisher and his political and intellectual role in Britain (1914-1940)

Ali Adnan Abdul Saad Al-Shamry — 2024-10-01

Political figures left an important impact on the history of peoples despite differences in opinions about those figures. Herbert Fisher is considered one of those important figures in English political and cultural history, especially during the most important period in modern and contemporary history on the European continent. This personality took on several roles in its political and cultural stages during his confrontation with political action in Britain, in addition to his intellectual and cultural activity and his assuming several political and legislative positions. He performed remarkable activity in a stage that is considered one of the most important stages of British history, extending from the end of the nineteenth century until the end of the first half of the twentieth century. During his university life and the beginnings of his cultural and intellectual formation, he took more than one direction and more than one side. At first, he wanted to study ancient history, then the Middle Ages, and after that, philosophy, but he backed down from it, especially since one of the philosophy professors advised him that whoever takes this path is either a thinker with his own philosophical theory, or a supporter of one of the philosophical doctrines and wants to spread that doctrine and thought, which made Herbert lean towards modern history and then dive into it and his studies. Herbert Fisher lived a long life, full of momentous events that Great Britain went through since the end of the nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth century. Fisher witnessed them, and they affected him, and this is what we found in studying his biography and the stages of its development. As a result of his extensive knowledge and culture, he became of interest to the British government, which led to his entry into political work and playing an important and pivotal role in addressing and diagnosing many laws, cases and circumstances that required intervention, especially in years that were important in British political history, represented by the outbreak of the First World War and what resulted from it inside Britain or on the international level, then the Second World War, which was more severe on the international reality.

“The Image of the Educated Woman in the Poetry of Rasmiya Mohibis Zayer”

Naeem Amouri — 2024-10-01

The image of the educated woman was manifested in the poems of the poet “Rasmia Muhibis Zayer” in the context of the poetic woman, the working woman, and the struggling woman. For all the images, the poet mentioned in her collections examples of women who practiced the profession of poetry, work, and struggle in service of the country, culture, and religion.

In several poems, the poet spoke about herself as a poet, her sufferings, and her frustrations in life. Poetry, work, and struggle are topics that the poet has dealt with in a new way, making herself a woman with special affairs, addressing her in the context of abstraction or one's own discourse.We found this type of rhetorical art in the collection of “Female Riot” and the collection of “Female Bullet” and the collection of “A Line of Memory of the Sea” and the collection of “Morning Music” and the collection of “Place Chaos”. And the educated woman who rose out of nowhere and challenged all circumstances, society, customs, traditions, and money in particular, because she was a poet who lived through the bitter poetic experience.

Most of the results indicate that the poetess was able to employ the image of the educated woman in her poetry with the utmost magnificence, accuracy and harmony, and then to represent most of the positive images of the educated woman, especially the image of the poetic woman, to express her condition and self, and her expressions were an uprising of vocabulary against that society, revealing the scenes of oppression in which she lived The poet woman, the working woman, and the militant woman, remembering examples such as “Jihan,” the Iranian doctor, “Emily,” the American poet, and Mrs. “Zainab” (PBUH) daughter of Ali (PBUH). In this regard, the poet employed the types of graphic and rhetorical arts, such as analogy, metaphor, metaphor, and metaphor, with the use of far-off and some paradoxes. Through the research, we tried to answer this question, which is how did the poet “Rasmiya Mohibis” employ the image of the educated woman in her poetry?

The Socio-Linguistic Analysis of Teacher's Speech with Pupils for Fifth Primary Class by Using Specific Linguistic Expressions (Words-Phrases)

Hikmat Jarjes Jumaa Al Enizi — 2024-10-01

This research has been written to determine the words and phrases used by teachers with their pupils regardless these words are positive or negative words which influence increasing or reducing the participants’ pupils in order to get better learning. This research aims determine the kind of words and phrases used by teachers as well as their regional articulation. As well as the relationship between the pupils self-esteem of pupils and their socio-demographic characteristics of age, gender, level of parent education, and occupation of parents. The using of suitable words and phrases is regarded the keyword of transformation of the ideas into actual positive habits. To know the words, phrases, and speech acts used by teachers we have recorded many recordings in chosen samples of schools in different parts of Nineveh governorate. The purpose of the research is to find out words, phrases, and speech act classification mostly used by an EFL teacher while teaching their pupils. The sample of study is five primary schools in Nineveh governorate. The study concludes that the choice of some words and phrases and speech acts classification determine the teaching approach and vice versa. English teachers wishing to help pupils achieve communicative competence by using more friendly, cooperative words and phrases with directive speech acts assist their self- confidence. This research determined some sociolinguistic features of a particular speech act (encouraging and threatening)which used by teachers in their teaching.

Philosophy of the grammatical factor

Narjus Abdul Husayn — 2024-10-01

The importance of the grammatical factor comes from the fact that it is the most frequent topic in grammarian studies, as it is the throes of thinking about the cause. Changing the phonetic endings of words in compositions was a reason to draw the attention of grammarians and researchers, ancient and modern, and was an incentive for them to search for the causes and reasons for this change.

The idea of the grammatical factor is one of the broad ideas. On the one hand, it is considered a philosophical idea that corresponds to the idea of the efficient cause according to Aristotle. On the other hand, it is a rational idea, as it is closely linked to the human mind in its contemplation of what is happening around it and surrounding it and its search for causes.

From this, grammarians noticed that the change that takes place in a word at the end of its construction is a secret that raises questions and contemplation, so they began searching for the reasons, and they arrived at the theory of the grammatical factor. With a lot of research, philosophizing in this theory increased as if it were the focus of the grammatical lesson, and then parsing became widespread in it. For grammarians, it becomes as if it were all grammar.

The contradiction of interrogation in the poetry of Ibn Hamdis (527) AH

Faten Taha Ahmed — 2024-10-01

This study comes within the rhetorical framework based on opposition in the poetry of Ibn Hamdis, due to the abundance of oppositions in his poetry. It has become clear through our research that most of his poetry is based on opposition, and in our research we seek to uncover a new type of opposition that has not been mentioned before by anyone, which is what we launched. It is called (interrogative opposition), that is, it is the opposition that exists in the context of the interrogative and that leads to a new meaning. This study explains this opposition that comes in different formulations, as in our explanation of the verses. The opposition may occur between the word and its opposite, or between the word and its negation, but it is included within the context of the interrogative that leads Suggestive meanings intended by the poet, and this type has formed a distinctive phenomenon in his poetry. Through our research in the poetry of the poet Ibn Hamdis, we found many opposites in his poetry, and most of his poetry is based on opposites. However, we found in his poetry a new type of opposite, which is the interrogative opposite, which was not known to anyone before. The interrogative opposite is a striking phenomenon in Ibn Hamdis' poetry, especially since he relies on interrogative tools in the opposite, which represent a distinctive poetic style. The interrogative style in his poetry enters into opposites, either between a word and its opposite, or between a word and the opposite of that word in negation. The interrogative style represents a semantic energy that gives a high poetic suggestion to the text, revealing the rhetorical technique present in the text. Sometimes, through it, the recipient notices the deep level of the text and is surprised by words that achieve a meaning different from the apparent.

Spatial and temporal variation of air pollution in Medhatiya City (2022)

Natiq Jaber Hussein Azab — 2024-10-01

This paper aims to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of pollutant gas concentrations of Almadhatiya city's air for the year 2022 and to know the reasons that cause higher concentrations of some pollutant gases in one area than others, with a statement of the impact of these gases on human health. Gas measuring devices have been used for this purpose and the temporal and spatial variation of the pollutant gas concentrations of the air in the city have been analysed. The study concluded that the high concentrations of pollutant gases of the air of Almadhatiya city is attributed to natural and human causes. Yet, the biggest influence is related to human factors represented by means of transportation, industrial workshops, and the increase in the population that lead to an increase of human activities which also lead to an increase of the trash they generate. All these factors contribute to the increase in air pollution, as well as pollutants that are transported by the air. Carbon dioxide concentrations revealed spatial and temporal variations in the air of the study area, but they all exceeded the environmental limits in the air with a slight increase during the winter compared to the summer. The study showed high levels of sulfur dioxide concentrations, especially during the winter, due to the weak dispersion factor resulting from low temperatures and slow wind speeds, which leads to an extension of the period of residence of this pollutant and an increase in its concentration in the air. Accordingly, it was found that all sites exceeded the permissible World Health Organization limits of (0.01/hour). Methane gas is lighter than air and evaporates at the top. The results of its measurement in the air of the study area revealed an increase in its concentrations during the summer compared to the winter, and its levels varied, as it exceeded the permissible World Health Organization limits of (0.24 PPM) for an exposure period of three hours during the two seasons. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the air of the study area revealed a significant increase, as its concentrations exceeded the permissible World Health Organization limits of (0.11 PPM) for one hour. During the two seasons in all locations, this indicates the presence of nitrogen dioxide pollution in the city of Madhatiya.

Aspects of maturity in the Zengid and Ayyubid states In the Levant and Egypt (521-648 AH/1127-1250 AD)

Osama Maarouf Nouri — 2024-10-01

The Levant and Egypt, like other Islamic countries, witnessed the establishment of several states and had a great impact on Islamic history. The Zengid and Ayyubid states that ruled the Levant and Egypt are considered among the most prominent states because they are two powerful, sprawling states with a wide geographical area. The Zengid and Ayyubid state was established on the basis of a reformist religious call. Especially since their slogan was enjoining good and forbidding evil. And applying God’s law that He commanded. And establishing justice among people. Its goal was to establish an Islamic state that would take Muslims back to the golden age, which was the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. And follow the path followed by the companions of the Prophet Muhammad. In applying the principle of justice among people. Asceticism and piety in this world. And fear God in their words and deeds. In addition to paying attention to urban aspects, which include mosques. And service facilities such as schools. And hospitals and others. The importance of the topic lies: In that it highlights the positive aspects of these two countries and the extent of their commitment to the provisions of Islamic Sharia and their adherence to following what the Prophet Muhammad did and companions. I have divided this research into two parts, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. It was first titled Aspects of Adulthood in the Zengid State. And secondly. It includes aspects of maturity in the Ayyubid state. Then, in the conclusion, we referred to the most important findings of the study.

The expiration of the obligation to substitute for fulfillment

Muslim Hassan Sabeeh — 2024-10-01

When we talk about the expiration of an obligation, we refer to the situation in which a person ceases to fulfill their commitments or promises. There could be several reasons leading to this.

One common reason is the inability to fulfill obligations, which may occur when there is significant pressure on the person due to other commitments or challenging circumstances. In such a case, the person may be unable to fulfill their promises and meet the commitment requirements.

Otherwise, there may be a lack of interest in personal commitments. For example, a person may no longer consider the commitment important and might ignore or bypass it without consideration.

The surrounding circumstances of an individual may change, rendering the commitment unattainable. This happens when there are changes in the person's economic, health, or social situation. In such a case, the person may find it impossible to fulfill their obligations due to the changes in their life.

It is important to note that the expiration of commitments can have a negative impact on personal and professional relationships. When a person fails to fulfill their commitments, they lose credibility and the trust of others, leading to deteriorating relationships and missed professional opportunities. Therefore, a person must be honest and committed to their promises to maintain good relationships and achieve success in life.

For the significance of this matter, I have written this brief research to understand how the expiration of commitments, serving as a surrogate for fulfillment, occurs.

The expiration of commitments, serving as a surrogate for fulfillment, means that the person has not fulfilled their commitments or promises. There could be several reasons for this, such as the inability to fulfill obligations, lack of interest in commitments, or changes in circumstances that make the commitment unattainable. In some cases, the expiration of commitments can have a negative impact on personal and professional relationships, as the person loses credibility and the trust of others. Therefore, the person should be honest and committed to their promises to maintain good relationships and succeed in life.

Upon fulfilling their right, the creditor's acceptance serves as a substitute for what is intended to compensate for all their entitlements and the deserving thing that practically serves this fulfillment.

There are two pillars to fulfilling in exchange. There must be an agreement between the creditor and the debtor to substitute the original place of fulfillment by transferring ownership of another thing from the debtor to the creditor.

Eligibility must be available to both parties, and the will of both parties must be free from defects without error, deceit, coercion, or exploitation. The agreement must have a cause, where the cause is the fulfillment of the original debt, and the substitute is the transfer of ownership of another thing from the debtor to the creditor. The agreement is proven by the fulfillment of the counterpart in accordance with the general rules of proof. Suppose the creditor proves that they accepted receiving something wrongfully without reservation. In that case, it is presumed, until proven otherwise, that they agreed for it to serve as a substitute for fulfillment.

Merely agreeing on the counterpart for fulfillment is insufficient; it must also be executed by the actual transfer of ownership from the debtor to the creditor. Consequently, fulfillment of the counterpart cannot be achieved through a will, where the debtor bequeaths money to fulfill the debt. This is because a will can permanently be revoked, and ownership of the bequeathed property does not transfer to the beneficiary during the testator's lifetime. Also, fulfillment is not achieved if the debtor retains the right to reclaim the property they surrendered for the debt.

Variation and the effectiveness of substitution (simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor)

Donia Hashem Ibrahim Mutlak — 2024-10-01

The title of the research (Contrast and the effectiveness of substitution (simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor)) is one of the important topics that deals with the issue of (Contrast). We explained its importance in the rhetorical arts to arrive at the most prominent results: The term Contradiction was not specific to the ancients, so it was discussed in detail. It is a form of dissent and departure from the original, but the hadith scholars were more precise in defining the term. Dissimilarity is the departure in the Arabic language from its rules agreed upon by language scholars Its purpose is an attempt to draw the attention of the recipient and attract the recipient or reader. For a new, extremely important meaning.The artistic value of the metaphorical image does not lie in its similes and metaphors only, but in its formation and the difference in its elements between the sensual and the moral, as well as its suggestiveness, density and strangeness, in order to be able to transcend the traditional frameworks that limit creative work. The artistic value of the metaphor does not lie only in its similes and metaphors, but in its formation and the variation of its elements between the sensual and the moral, in addition to its suggestiveness, density and strangeness in order to be able to transcend the traditional frameworks that limit creative work. Contrast is considered as a term that can summarize rhetorical terms with narrow boundaries that may overlap with each other, and some of which may perform more than one art at the same time, as is the case with the purpose of simile, as it performs an illusory change through exaggeration, as it performs a polarizing change.

Britain's position on the political turmoil in theOttoman Empire 1797 -1878

Marwa Mars Dakhil — 2024-10-01

The Eastern Question is one of the most prominent concepts that framed the European political scene throughout the nineteenth century. It was represented by the competition of the major powers (France, Britain, and Russia) to acquire the possessions of the Ottoman Empire due to its weakness. The positions of the countries varied according to their interests, and Britain was one of the most prominent countries that announced intersecting positions. With other European countries regarding the Ottoman Empire, and in order to understand those British trends, we tried to shed light on the political adoptions that pushed the British to take that position through our research entitled Britain and its political role in the Eastern Question. The research was divided into an introduction, three sections, and a conclusion. The introduction included a review of the topic and a statement of its importance, along with the structure of the research. As for the first section, we touched on the concept of the Eastern Question and the most prominent factors that led to its emergence, while the second section highlighted the most prominent positions taken by the British side regarding the Greek crisis, the Ottoman-Egyptian conflict, and its position during the Crimean War. The third section touched on the British role in the Balkan crisis that In the conclusion, we explained the most prominent results reached by the researcher in light of his review of those raging conflicts. I hope that I have reached some historical facts; at least they are relative to what is included in the subject of the tagged research.

Women's political, social and economic empowerment and gender equality in Africa as a model

Saddam Hussein Anoun — 2024-10-01

Violent conflicts are known to have a disproportionate impact on women and girls, exacerbating pre-existing gender inequalities and discrimination. Women are also effective factors in bringing peace to armed conflicts, but their roles as political players and agents of change and peace have not been sufficiently recognized. Acknowledging women's different understandings, experiences and potential and integrating these into all aspects of UN peacekeeping operations is essential to the success of UN peacekeeping efforts.

The importance of empowering women to lead and participate effectively in conflict prevention and resolution, confront the effects of sexual violence, encourage the development and use of measures and standards to monitor delegated powers towards women, peace and security, train and build the necessary capabilities to achieve gender equality and empower women, and emphasize integration with civil society. More comprehensively and with greater understanding of gender conflict dynamics, implementing the Women, Peace, Security and Empowerment priorities is a political commitment within the Secretary-General's initiative that reaffirms that the full, equal and meaningful participation of women in peace processes and in political solutions is essential for the success of women's role

Al-Sharif Al-Murtada (d. 436 AH) and the accusation of isolation and the response to them

Laith Abdul Zahra Imran — 2024-10-01

Sharif Al-Murtada is considered one of the most prominent Shiite scholars, eminent figures, and authorities who stood up to the position of authority and took it upon themselves to defend the sect against everyone who tried to harm it. He responded by writing, discussing, and scholarly debates with others, and his scientific legacy that he left for us is nothing but conclusive evidence of the great journey. Which Al-Murtada spent in order to provide the Shiite library with the various books and topics it needed and to display the knowledge of their imams, the Ahl al-Bayt, which various policies had tried to obscure and disappear. Al-Murtada took advantage of his ancient lineage and closeness to the state to pass on many books and hadiths reported from the Ahl al-Bayt (upon them). Peace be upon him), and he confronted a number of Islamic sects that tried to attack the Shiites, their imams, and scholars, including the Mu’tazilites. He was also accused of a number of false accusations in order to diminish the scholarly status he had attained and in order to weaken him. Among the most prominent of these accusations was his accusation of retirement despite His many debates and his response to the Mu'tazila, but they are accusations that those who intended to denigrate the person of Al-Murtada and reduce his status in the hearts of the Shiites, but they tried in vain. The words of Al-Murtada, his books, and the scholars who contemporaneous him attested to his religious and scientific precedence and testified to his good conduct and his following the approach of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon him) and nothing else , Al-Sharif Al-Murtada is one of the scholars who has received many studies at the level of scientific books, dissertations, university dissertations, and many researches. Some of them were exposed to the study of his religious books and his doctrinal discussions, and some of them undertook to study and analyze his poetry and explain the extent of his eloquence and his linguistic poetic culture.

THE DISCOURSE OF PREFACES IN NIZAR QABBANI’S WORKS

Bassem Bargaoui — 2024-10-01

This study explores the discourse found within the prefaces of the creative and critical works of the Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani. It employs a descriptive-analytical approach to reading and interpretation and follows a three-fold methodological framework. Initially, the study examines the terminologies that form the basis of numerous prefaces. It, then, offers insights into the discourse when Qabbani directs it towards himself, singing and expressing joy in a manner that oscillates between clarification, appraisal, and criticism. Subsequently, the study examines the discourse surrounding speech, particularly when explaining the reasons for composition, or presenting opinions that embody, in one way or another, the poetic theory embraced by Qabbani. The study findings unequivocally confirm that prefaces serve as a crucial entry point for reading Qabbani's creative and critical experience in its multiple aspects and interwoven dimensions. Through these prefaces, Qabbani has established the foundations for both creativity and criticism, offering a unique perspective that distinguishes his prefaces from previous works. In the first section, we stopped at three types of introductions: an explanatory introduction intended to "protect" the reader from error and misunderstanding, a laudatory introduction that praises him as a poet like no other in the era, and a critical introduction in which the discourse reached the level of satire and insult in response to those who made their criticism a means to attack and belittle him. Hence, the most mature images of the conflict between literature and its reception were revealed in these introductions. Perhaps they were, in one way or another, a reference to Hans Robert Jauss's saying, "Production and reception are the myth of the two enemy brothers." In the second section, we stopped at some aspects that formed, in one way or another, some critical positions closely connected to the components of the poetic theory that settled in Nizar Qabbani's prose works and came scattered throughout his poems, spreading throughout them. Perhaps the most important thing that these introductions revealed in their discussion of poetry - in addition to their poetic discourse, which requires independent research to reveal its laws and characteristics - is the connection between poetry and some of the fine arts, such as visual art, in which the previous did not replace the later.

The role of penal institutions in rehabilitating convicts in light of national legislation and international agreements (a comparative study)

Mehdi Khaghani Isfahani — 2024-10-01

The role of penal institutions in rehabilitation and reform is an important role, no less important than the role of any other social institution, whether educational, health, or educational. This importance stems from the fact that this institution represents the cornerstone through which the rehabilitation of misdemeanors and deviant members of society is accomplished. And returning him to his society as a healthy individual fit to live with its members, carrying this responsibility and with it the great burdens that this institution must bear in order to achieve what they aspire to, and in order for this to happen, these institutions must keep pace with the international community in terms of the extent of their harmony with its legislation, as these institutions sought Society is striving to provide guarantees of rehabilitation and reform, to mitigate as much as possible the disadvantages and drawbacks of deprivation of freedom in general and short-term punishments in particular, with the international community setting this as its goal, looking at punishment, which tried to expand its concept and which did not limit it to general deterrence and specific deterrence only, but rather added to it. The most important purpose is reform and refinement, which made it a flexible concept that can be developed according to developments in society and the necessities of life. The decision of the international community, represented by its international bodies and organizations, came to make that period that the prisoner spends behind the walls of the institution a period of development for the criminal’s self, while guaranteeing all the resulting rights. It is derived from the principle that the person subject to that punishment is a human being and it is not permissible to deprive him of his humanity, even if his freedom is deprived, and even if the punishment deprives a person of his freedom, it does not mean depriving him of his dignity as a human being. From here we find that the internal legislation has been approved in terms of its formulation and the way it deals with the rights of prisoners and their guarantees in accordance with International legislation, but in terms of practical application, we find that the reality of its penal institutions is still far from the level of ambition at the international level. Hence, our research came to define the concept of that institution, its goals, and the extent to which it keeps pace with international conventions and covenants and the guarantees of preserving a person’s humanity, even when he is asked for discipline for the mistake he commits during implementation. The punitive system, in addition to his other social rights, is his right to visitation and correspondence, his right to health care, whether preventive or curative, education and cultivation, which expands his awareness to bring him to know his mistake and avoid it in the future. The most important guarantee in punitive implementation is that work is available to all groups, which qualifies him. To find a job opportunity that suits what he learned within the institution, thus providing him with a source of honorable livelihood that keeps him away from criminal behavior. Finally, criminal policy in general and punitive policy in particular have tended to find alternative methods with greater rehabilitative benefit than freedom-depriving punishments, and for those means to be restrictive of freedom and outside Punitive institutions to mitigate the negative aspects of an individual’s presence behind prison walls and their negative repercussions on him, which has led the international legislator to adopt modern policies at the level of punitive implementation to bring us to a society free of violence and cruelty in which crime is reduced to the maximum extent.

The aesthetic of the correspondence of the senses in the poetry of Khalid bin Yazid the writer 262 AH) - an analytical and descriptive study

Uday Hassan Kazem — 2024-10-01

The follower of the old poetry finds that poets in general most resort to methods not intentionally, but on their character and taste and imagination fertile and this if it indicates something but indicates their ability to language and manipulation as dictated by the immediate experience of the poet or the situation that he is going through was one of these methods (correspondence senses) and through which the poet to mix and mix as well as does the painter when he mixes colors and produces new colors and the poet is not far from that It mixes between the senses according to the nature of each sense and as a result gets a sensory image stemming from the imagination of the poet image is not from reality, the poet has sensed and shaped in his imagination. The research dealt with the phenomenon of correspondence senses in Arabic poetry (Khaled poetry writer model) where it was noted that this phenomenon in the poet's poetry has been dyed with the artistic features of the Abbasid era in which the poet lived, it did not come out of the technical framework known for this era, which was the most important features suitable printing of the workmanship in terms of camouflage and concealment until drowning it to what looks like poetic inspiration and therefore overlooked by the eye of insight that the recipient of poetr.

Poetry of Al-Hakam bin Abdul Al-Asadi " Technical study "

Lwa`y Sammeer Al-Khalidy — 2024-10-01

The poet Al-Hakam bin Abdul-Asadi represents the trend of submissiveness and begging that emerged in Kufa society. One of the most important reasons that led me to choose this poet was the desire to learn about his writing style, the contents of his poetry, and the quality of his photography. The artistic structure in Ibn Abdel’s poetry was based on direct involvement in the main purpose. In addition, three structural patterns emerged for him: poems, pieces, and fragments. The poet Al-Hakam bin Abdul Al-Asadi is considered one of the most important poles of the poetry movement in Kufa; as he is the most prominent representative of the trend of submission and obedience. In addition to that, he relied on different poetic genres such as poetry of begging, humor, sarcasm, mockery, and others in order to obtain money. The books of biographies, biographies, and classes and others did not mention a specific date for his birth, as well as his death, except for what Al-Zarkali mentioned, especially in determining the year of his death as one hundred after the Hijra. It should be noted that Al-Zarkali is considered one of the scholars who came very late from the poet's era. The artistic structure in Ibn Abdul's poetry was based on direct entry into the main purpose. In addition, three structural styles emerged in him, represented by poems, fragments, and fragments. The poet employed humor, sarcasm, and mockery in his poetry, in order to gain money, and sometimes he used these methods to detract from others, as in his mockery of his sons. As for the most prominent styles that dominated his poetry, they were sarcasm and mockery of body parts

The poet used humor, sarcasm, and sarcasm in his poetry. Intentionally to gain money, and in some cases Sometimes he uses these methods to belittle others, as in his mockery of his children. The most prominent patterns that dominated his poetry are sarcasm and ridicule of body parts, as well as personal sarcasm. Likewise, the poet had a high sense of the value of graphic image patterns, such as simile, metaphor, and metonymy. Therefore, these patterns took their aesthetic place in shaping his poetic image.

Indicators of news coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian war on international satellite channels

Muthanna Ahmed Mohammed Al-Shammari — 2024-10-01

This research deals with the news coverage on the two international Arabic-language channels (the British BBC and the Russian RT) in their news bulletins related to the Russian-Ukrainian war. This research is considered descriptive research that uses the survey method and relies on content analysis of the news in the two channels’ news bulletins and what has been done. It was included in the news bulletins of the British BBC The (security and military aspect) category topped the category for the types of topics in the news bulletins, as well as the types of coverage used in the news bulletins, as it topped the (reporting or recording news coverage) category, and the (conflict frames) category topped the types of news treatment frames for the news bulletins. (Active Forces) in the news bulletins, and the British BBC channel topped the “Government” category in the main category (Active Forces)

in the news bulletins. It also showed us that the types of processing frames were headed by the category (conflict frames) which came in first place with (53) repetitions and a percentage of (46.08%). The analytical study also showed that the main news processing frames (British BBC) regarding the Russian-Ukrainian war, especially the category (conflict frames), as it became clear to us that the category ((Russian bombing of Ukrainian cities) came in first place on the (British BBC) channel, where it reached (11) repetitions and a percentage of (20.75%). It also became clear to us that the category (the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the global economy) came in first place with a repetition of (12) and a percentage of (35.29%).

The artistic construction of the Hebrew story My story “And the Crooked Becomes Straight, Tehillah” by the writer Shmuel Yosef Aknon is an example

Majid Abboud Rahima — 2024-10-01

This research focuses on the subject of the short story “Tehillah, and the crooked becomes straight” by one of the writers of Hebrew literature, who has the highest literary importance among Hebrew writers, and he is the writer (Shmuel Yosef Aknon - שמואל יוסף עגנון), who is considered one of the most capable contemporary Jewish authors in the field of writing. Short stories.

It is worth noting that during his first stay in Palestine, Aknon published his first most important stories, which played a major role in gaining his fame and raising his status among Hebrew readers. These stories are (עגונות - Abandoned Women, 1908) and (והיה העקוב למישור - And the crooked becomes straight, 1912). Aknoun's migration to Palestine and his beginning to publish his stories there represented the integration and maturity of his narrative style, which appeared at its best.

It is noticeable that, despite Aknoun's presence in an environment other than the one he lived in, he continued to depict his reality and his old world of his childhood and his city. However, he was able to depict in a number of his stories some Palestinian cities, especially the city of Jerusalem, as is the case in the story (תהלה - Tehillah), which It is considered one of Aknon's prominent Hasidic stories. Although the story focuses on the city of Jerusalem and its religious importance to the Jews on the one hand and on the one hand of symbolism, it is symbolic and clear on the other hand. However, it greatly highlights the value of the Hasidic man and his lack of underestimation, even by the Jews themselves.

However, each of Aknoun's stories is distinguished by its different artistic form. Despite this, these stories are united and integrated into one world, which is the world of Judaism. That world, which Aknoun depicts, is a world full of faith that illuminates the darkness of material need, and awakens confidence and hope that extinguish the stings of ills and alleviate suffering. Therefore, the heroes of Aknoun's stories are mostly religious and practice their religious rituals, and this is what we find in the story (And the crooked becomes straight). Its hero is a man who fell into the mire of sins and the struggles of fate. However, this character is filled with sparkling flashes of faith.

It seems that most of Aknoun's stories are dominated by the characteristic of popular Hasidic stories, which are dominated by the atmosphere of myths and legends, especially his story (והיה העקוב למישור - And the crooked becomes straight). It is essentially a popular story from its beginning to its end, as it was written in the form of popular stories for the pious and Hasidic people, and it is called Aknoun. Unleash the imagination of the hero of the story, Menashe Haim, who lost his wealth after he and his wife lived in ease, and in his wanderings in the world he lost his human identity after he descended to begging in order to return to his city. But the news of his death spread in his city, so his wife declared mourning for her husband, and after a while she married again, and when Haim returned, he found the truth before him, so he returned to where he came from and died with a broken heart. Here, Aknoun brought the Hasidic and popular sides together in a homogeneous manner.

Accordingly, I have shed light on the biography of the writer Aknoun, and I have also tried to shed light on the artistic construction of his stories in the subject of the research (תהלה - Tehillah) and (והיה העקוב למישור - And the crooked becomes straight) and the most important linguistic phenomena that distinguished his linguistic style. These stories represent a bright spot in the history of contemporary Hebrew narrative literature.

Hajj to Al-Hussein... from the specificity of its meaning to The argument of the West

Hawraa Abdel Nasser Al-Ramahi — 2024-10-01

This study seeks to highlight the Western writings in particular that used the term pilgrimage with reference to visiting the holy shrines and the shrine of Al-Hussein in particular. And the authoritativeness of the West using imports of what was mentioned in our Islamic heritage books and narratives of the importance of visiting Al-Hussein and equating it as a desirability of Hajj does not mean at all the abolition of the obligatory as much as our imams and scholars are accustomed to facilitating the performance of the obligatory duties, not complicating them, depending on the principle of ability.

The study entitled Hajj to Al-Hussein was divided from the specificity of the meaning to the authority of the West into two axes. Al-Hussein, the attempt was made as much as possible to get acquainted as much as possible with Western texts and Tabriz, where Westerners used the term Hajj in reference to the description of the visit to Al-Hussein or the rest of the pure imams, whether they saw it when they came to Iraq such as Lady Blunt or Donaldson, or based on the description of Western writings For that visit, and this was upon us in an attempt aimed at generalizing the use and removing the embarrassment that its use may impose in another place, and understanding the philosophy of pilgrimage or visiting and agreeing that the goal, the pursuit, the intent, and the visit is a pilgrimage to God and the saints of God.

The position of the Lebanese Parliament on economic issues 2005-2012

Firas Muhammad Hashem — 2024-10-01

This study came to shed light on the position of the Lebanese House of Representatives on economic issues between the years 2005-2012, and the political and security developments that accompanied the period that had a negative impact on the economic reality of Lebanon, represented by the assassination of Hariri and its repercussions on the economic situation, and the subsequent disruption and closure of the House that lasted. A year and a half, in addition to the political tensions during the formation of each government and the security events that accompanied the formation process, as the Council followed everything that concerned the Lebanese national economy. It gave the agricultural issue an important aspect as it is the basic pillar of economic life in Lebanon, during which it discussed the general conditions of farmers and the low level of agriculture. In Lebanon, due to the weakness of the general budget, and the accompanying problems, farmers were forced to migrate to the city, due to the lack of government support. In addition to paying attention to industry issues, encouraging industrial development and enacting the necessary laws to protect it, providing the main raw materials, the fuel crisis and its impact on the industry, and protecting it from external competition, by enacting laws and legislation to do so.

In the same context, the House of Representatives showed interest in trade and its affairs due to its fundamental role in supporting the Lebanese economy, and discussed ways to develop it, specifically paying attention to infrastructure. Tourism and its revitalization in Lebanon constituted an important resource for the Lebanese economy, despite its decline for some periods due to the political and security conditions that Lebanon experienced. The Council discussed methods to develop the tourism sector. As for unemployment and its negative impact on society, it was also one of the Council’s priorities, as a result of its great importance and its impact on Society, as the Council discussed the problem of unemployment and its negative effects on Lebanese society.

Elements of Narrative in Hebrew Story in Newspapers (Alex Avstein's short stories – For Example)

Hadeel Salwan Sami Al-Sadoon — 2024-10-01

The journalist story, it is a creative literary art, considered one of the modern influences of the art of literary narrative in the forms of writing. There are journalists and their literary works have a role in the development of journalistic writing, because they have found an effective way to appeal to their audience and publish their products, and there has been a mutual benefit between journalism and literature.

This research sheds light on the journalistic writing from a literary perspective, not from a journalistic perspective. this research is about elements literary most important in the press story. Which is the narrative the narrative is the backbone of the story in general and the journalist story in particular . The narrative is made up of elements (The action, subject, style, number, environment (time and place), and characters). There is a central role in the story of the journalist , sometimes he will be the main character in the story through the first person, and sometimes he will be the witness of events in the second or third person.

This research sheds deals with the narrative element in the stories of author (Alex Epstein), He is A Hebrew journalist Bullitt wrote the short story( short stories ) , And the research shows the most important elements of the narrative in his stories through view a Group of his works taken from the journal( Ynet ,and Haaretz newspaper) Published on his website.

The scientific contributions of Christians and Mozarabs to medicine, mathematics, physics, and chemistry in Andalusia

Nawfal Hamid Abdulrahman Al-Hiti — 2024-10-01

Islam entered the country of Andalusia after the Muslims conquered it in the year 92 AH / 711 AD, and it became part of the Islamic state, and the human groups “Christians and Jews” were subjected to Islamic rule, and the wise, legitimate Muslims cooperated with them as dhimmis and after being subjects they witnessed their rights that Islam had impoverished in. Frame of the "complex of liability". They allowed the Muslims, under the care of the Christians, to remain in their ancient religion with the freedom to practice their religious rituals in their churches and sell them, and when they forced anyone to convert to Islam, they also allowed them freedom to reside, move, and practice their daily activities. And to conduct their affairs according to their customs and laws, and to share with them their holidays and celebrations. The rulers in Andalusia were interested in the field of scientific movement in various sciences. In the field of medicine, mathematics, and physics, Muslim scholars and doctors also emerged among us. They were interested and tried to advance, which encouraged Christians and Arabs to be open to Islamic culture, traditions, and customs, and they had Their contribution and participation in building the Arab-Islamic civilization. The Christians and Arabists excelled in the field of medical sciences. Andalusia flourished and became famous in various sciences until the world came to it in order to gain from these sciences.

The hero in the novel (Orwat al-Zaman al-Bahi) by Abdul Rahman Munif: Critical study

Sami Jeraidi Althobaiti — 2024-10-01

This study aims to address the subject of the hero in the novel (The Blessing of the Blessed Time) (Earwat Alzaman Albahi), which is one of the novels of the writer Abdelrahman Munif. The novel characterized by its artistic language, narrative construction and drawing of the hero in an artistic way, the focus of the study.

The study included an introduction, a preface, three sections and a conclusion that includes the most important results, while the introduction: it was concerned with the concept of the hero language, the concept of the hero in the novel, the difference between the hero and the heroism, and then the difference between the hero and the central character, and the most prominent technical characteristics.

The study topics came as follows: The first section on dimensions and connotations: the dimensions of the hero and their connotations: the physical dimension, the psychological dimension, the social dimension, the mental dimension and the civilized dimension.

The second section contained: the description of the hero, and that were two parts: external description, and internal description, and what it contains of symbolism and connotations: symbolism of color, the significance of movement.

In the third topic: the hero and the elements of narrative formation deals with: construction and formation of the overall event, place, time.

The study asks several questions, including: What is the concept of the hero narratively? What is the concept of the hero according to the novelist? How did the writer describe the character of the hero in his work of fiction? What are the most prominent dimensions and features of the secret.

Biography of Military Leader (Ahmose son of Ibana) through inscriptions on his cemetery in city of Nukub

Muhammad Ali Abdul Karim Al-Matori — 2024-10-01

This research deals with the biography of the military commander, Ahmose Ibn Ebana, who was a contemporary of several Egyptian kings (Ahmose the First, Amenhotep the First, and Thutmose the First). The first contemporary document of the wars waged by the Egyptians to liberate their country from the Hyksos, and the inscriptions of this cemetery spoke about the companionship of the leader Ahmose bin Abana for both King Amenhotep the First and King Thutmose I in their wars that they fought in the east and south of the ancient Egyptian borders. These inscriptions gave us very important historical information about Contemporary to the wars of liberation waged by the Egyptians against the Hyksos, and about the history of Egypt, the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty. He began his military life during the reign of King Ahmose the First before he got married. Ahmose Ibn Abana talked about his heroics and the various battles he fought, where he mentioned that he fought the fighting and battles on land and sea and that he was among the royal guards of King Ahmose the First, as well as his work as a naval commander in those wars and he also talked about the siege The city of Avaris, as well as the end of the Hyksos and the siege of the fortress of Sharuhin. The research also talks about the participation of Ahmose bin Abana in the wars of King Amenhotep the First against the country of Nubia, and how he was subsequently honored with gold, lands and slaves for the courage he showed in fighting them. The research also talks about his role during the reign of King Thutmose I Who participated with him in a military campaign against the Nubians and also participated with him in his campaign on our two rivers up to the Euphrates River.

The effectiveness of imaging in metaphor diagnosis According to the poet Hayyan Muhammad Al-Hassan

Mahdi Yaqoub Farhani — 2024-10-01

This research is based on the limits of rhetorical studies in their metaphorical dimension by shedding light on this rhetorical style in the poetry of Hayyan Muhammad Al-Hassan to identify the most prominent figurative features in his poetry, trying through this to present his poetry from the angle of metaphorical imagery and its effectiveness in highlighting the poetic image of the poet who excelled. In a special way in poetry composition and the captivating poetic imagination, this study will attempt, through the descriptive and analytical approach, to shed light on new dimensions in the poet’s poems by studying them on multiple levels, and trying to provide new insights to the recipient, as this research is based on the study of imagery in metaphorical diagnosis in the poet’s poetry. And a statement of the effectiveness of the aesthetic imagery that it included, and this appears by focusing on the tools through which the metaphorical image was formed in its diagnostic dimension, and a statement of the effectiveness of the metaphorical anthropomorphic photography in highlighting the aesthetic image that the poet’s poetry included, by focusing on the artistic aspect of his poetry, and it appears This is done by focusing on the tools through which the image was formed. This necessitates the researcher to look at the poet’s method of poetic expression, which is based on the metaphorical image and the rhetorical images it contains of an aesthetic nature, based on the metaphorical diagnosis that constitutes the basic pillar of the poet’s poetic statement. The study showed that the poet's texts are very effective in metaphorical depiction in its diagnostic dimension, because of their expressive value that moves and activates the recipient's imagination, through the poet's use of anthropomorphic images in his poetry, as well as the overlapping and coexistence of expressive styles and his use of poetic contrast methods that attract the mind of the recipient and move them. He has imagination, and the researcher concluded that the poet excelled in the graphic and pictorial industries, as his language had a poetic nature that addresses the recipient’s imagination and motivates him to act out his imagination, which leads to the formation of metaphorical diagnosis in his poetry.

Textual Cohesion in the Poem "He Stood by Her" by the Poet Khalifa Al-Telisi

Mawj Akram Hassoun Al-Haddad — 2024-10-01

The poem "Waqafa 'alayha al-Hubb" by the poet Khalifa al-Talisi is considered a distinguished model of textual cohesion in contemporary Arabic poetry. This cohesion is manifested through several prominent elements in the structure of the poem.

First, the thematic unity: The entire poem revolves around a single, integrated theme of love and romance. The poet paints a comprehensive picture of his emotional experience with the beloved woman, starting from the moment of their encounter and standing before her, going through feelings of passion and infatuation, and reaching the separation and longing. This thematic unity lends an organic coherence to the text.

Secondly, linguistic coherence: The poet uses a unified language and consistent grammatical structure throughout the poem. The words and constructions are consistent and harmonious, imparting an integrated aesthetic form to the text. This linguistic coherence is evident in the recurrent use of certain words and phrases, such as the repetition of the words "love," "lips," and "tears," which emphasizes the central idea of the poem.

Thirdly, referential cohesion: The various referential relations (personal, spatial, and temporal) interconnect to form a coherent fabric that binds the parts of the poem together. The pronouns and demonstrative pronouns refer back to previous elements, and the spatial and temporal references define the contextual setting of the successive events.

Fourthly, intertextuality: The poet evokes and utilizes previous poetic texts, which infuses the poem with semantic depth and integrates it with its new context. There are clear references to classical poetic texts, such as the Mu'allaqat and Andalusian Muwashshah, and this intertextuality enriches the poem and connects it to the Arabic poetic tradition.

Thus, an organic unity is achieved in the poem, making it a cohesive and interconnected text on various levels, whether thematic, linguistic, referential, or intertextual. This textual cohesion imbues the poem with a strong structural integrity and distinctive artistic aesthetics.

The Dark Traits in the Personality of Judicially Convicted Prisoners in Kurdistan Region Prisons

Yousif Hama Salih — 2024-10-01

The researchers in the current study aim to identify the levels of dark personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy) among a sample of convicted individuals in prisons in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, as well as the implications of differences in dark personality traits according to demographic variables (geographical location of the correctional facility, age, duration of stay). The researchers utilized a descriptive survey method, with a sample of 600 judicially convicted individuals selected from three correctional facilities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, who were administered the final version of the Dark Personality Traits Scale consisting of 27 items. The validity and reliability of the scale were verified. Following data analysis using SPSS, the results indicated that convicted individuals in the three facilities (Sulaymaniyah, Erbil, Duhok) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq exhibited significant levels of dark personality traits. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the dark personality traits variable based on the following variables: geographical location of the correctional facility in favor of Erbil, age in favor of the age groups (20-30) and (31-40) years, and duration of stay in favor of (5.2-7.2) and (7.3 years and above). There was a significant positive relationship between all dimensions of dark personality traits. Accordingly, a set of recommendations was presented for relevant authorities and some suggestions for future research.

Ambiguity and complexity, effects and dimensions on the reception of the poetic text A Study in ancient Arabic criticism

Adnan Mishal Rasheed — 2024-10-01

The ancient critics and rhetoricians paid great attention to the words and meanings of the poets. They identified many problems and issues for them, and they established them and gave them various conventional names, including a problem, or the issue of ambiguity and complexity. No matter how much I study and research this issue, there is still room for dialogue and discussion. After reading poetic texts in criticism books, reviewing the opinions of critics, and linking them to events, horizons opened up for me and the opportunity was created to add useful things. Therefore, I continued writing this research, as I was convinced and believed seriously. This issue, and I found that critics and recipients want the meanings to be clear and uncovered, not covered by a veil, or a refrain that hinders perception. The poet often resorts to using intellectual supplies with a hidden relationship, and to metaphors that make it difficult to understand what is meant by the poetic text. Complexity and ambiguity in general make us tired of thinking, but some of it benefits us and represents a positive value for us, while others represent a negative value as it prevents us from meaning. Perhaps the distinction between the two types may be hidden to the ordinary reader, and some of the words should be familiar and not strange, because strangeness It places a barrier between the poet and the recipient of his text, causing a kind of ambiguity and complexity, and it must not carry more than one meaning, and it must not violate the rules of grammar and its principles, and it must be well-woven, harmonious and cohesive in the poetic verse and in the entire poem.

Syria's internal conditions and external relations During the era of Hosni al-Zaim from (March 30, 1949 - August 14, 1949)

Mohammed Waleed Abed Saleh — 2024-10-01

Syria is one of the first Arab countries to gain its independence from the French occupation in 1946, during which its people suffered a lot of persecution and suffering. After independence, Shukri al-Quwatli was chosen as President of the Syrian Republic. It lived in unstable conditions in all economic, social, political and military aspects, and as a result of that The conditions experienced by the Syrian people in general and its army and its leader in particular, especially after the Arab-Zionist war in 1948. Because of it, in addition to many reasons, the army and its commander, Hosni al-Zaim, were accused of many accusations, which led them to carry out their military coup in 1949, which led to al-Zaim’s control of power, which lasted from March 30 to August 14, 1949, during which he ruled Syria for approximately 137 days. During which he carried out several important internal and external works, some of which continued for several years despite the short period of his rule. In our research, we discussed the political situation since the French withdrawal from Syria and the formation of the Syrian Republic and the election of Shukri al-Quwatli as its president. However, this government failed in a bitter experience that befell Syria, namely the Palestinian Nakba of 1948, and the subsequent deteriorating conditions in the economic and social aspects that the Syrian people suffered from, as well as in the military aspect, as the army needed to update its weapons, training, and other things. The army was shocked by the position of the authorities, as a number of them were referred to retirement and described as the cause of the Palestinian Nakba, for their failure to perform their duties, in addition to the accusations directed at the army commander of conspiring against him, as a result of the ghee scandal and other accusations directed at them, especially by Faisal al-Asali.

Neuroscience, and Free Will: Legal and Educational Lessons

Abdullah M. Almutairi — 2024-10-01

Recent developments in the sciences such as neuroscience raise questions about the social experience. This paper is concerned with the consequences related to the realm of the legal system and the educational system. To this purpose, in this paper I discuss Joshua Green and Jonathan Cohen's 2004 paper “For the Law, Neuroscience Changes Nothing and Everything”. After presenting their argument, I cast some doubts on some of its main premises then, I raise two objections. First, I show that their assumptions about folks’ understanding of free will are misleading. Second, I argue that their argument fails to recognize the difference between constituting the law on consequentialist calculations and applying the law in particular cases. This failure causes them to advocate an account that allows punishing innocent people. I conclude with educational lessons. Green and Cohen’s argument fails to ground the effect they claim neuroscience will have on the law. It seems that their assumptions about folks’ intuitions about free will are misleading. They raised the bar too high for free will which makes it incompatible with any kind of causality. That presentation does not reflect what people think about free will according to the data we get from recent studies. Also, their argument fails to recognize the difference between constituting the law on consequentialist calculations and applying the law in particular cases. This failure causes them to advocate an account that allows punishing innocent people. Educational lessons include a discussion of what we real mean by education: a system of interactions where causality determines the results, or a field of interactions open to different, new, and surprising future.

Cartographic representation of the levels of visual Pollution Manifestations in the Left Side of the city of mosul "

Saja Jamal Salem Kamil Al-Hamdani — 2024-10-01

This research addresses the study of visual pollution in the left side of Mosul city, for which humans are the direct cause. This is due to the industrial, technological, cultural, and civilizational development, especially in the modern era, which has directly affected the lives of residents. The resulting visual pollution in the city center is due to urban expansion, diversity in building materials, and a lack of awareness among most residents about the dangers of this type of pollution. Additionally, the increase in the city’s population has contributed to visual pollution. To achieve the objectives of this study scientifically, it relied on fieldwork by creating a questionnaire, distributing it to a sample of 400 participants, and documenting observations and photos. The study showed a clear variation in the levels and manifestations of pollution in the neighborhoods of the left side of Mosul city. Higher pollution levels were found in less affluent neighborhoods compared to more upscale areas.

Based on the results of the study sample, the research identified three levels of pollution. The first level (high visual pollution) was found in the Salam sector with a pollution rate of 37%, specifically in the neighborhoods of Hayy Al-Wahda, Hayy Sumer, and Hayy Al-Shimaya. The second level (moderate visual pollution) was in the Narkal and Zohour sectors, and part of the Tahrir sector, with a pollution rate of approximately 32%, represented by the neighborhoods of Hayy Al-Tahrir, Hayy Al-Ikhaa, and Hayy Al-Moharibeen. The third and final level (low visual pollution) was in the Hadbaa sector with a pollution rate of about 31%, which included the neighborhoods of Hayy Al-Sadeeq, Hayy Al-Arabi, and Hayy Al-Andalus.

A theoretical vision to activate the role of educational institutions in reducing the spread of drug abuse Topic review article

Mustafa Ali Adnan — 2024-10-01

The phenomenon of drug abuse is considered a dangerous phenomenon that threatens individuals and groups. This phenomenon has penetrated all countries of the world, and the degree of its spread and danger varies from one country to another. The danger of drugs is evident in their religious, health, psychological, social and economic harm. On the one hand, it causes religious harm, as its use is considered a violation of the teachings of sacred law. In addition, there are many health harms resulting from drug abuse, including: disturbances in mental functions and weakness of sensory functions. And gland disorder. Respiratory system cancers and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to immunodeficiency, etc., diseases Drug abuse and addiction also lead to the disintegration of families, the disintegration of the values and background standards of addicts, in addition to the spread of deviance and crime in society. Drug crimes in Iraq have varied between abuse, trafficking, transportation, promotion, possession, smuggling, agriculture, and manufacturing. Or in terms of committing a rate of (50.26%) of the total types of drug crimes committed in Iraq, and from the above, and since education in its broad sense is every effort made to bring about the desired change in the behavior of members of society, as the sound education methods to which the individual is exposed constitute a bulwark. To protect him from falling into the clutches of various social diseases, such as drug abuse, Therefore, the researcher believes that in order for educational institutions to play their role in reducing the spread of the phenomenon of drug abuse, a number of mechanisms and methods within educational institutions must be taken into account. Which the researcher proposed in this article as a type of preventive education to reduce the phenomenon of drug abuse in educational institutions.

Methodology of interpreting strange hadiths

Ali Ahmed Naseh — 2024-10-01

Explanation of the strange words of the hadith is an essential field for understanding the prophetic hadiths correctly. Due to time and linguistic differences, some words and phrases in the hadiths may be unclear or have multiple meanings. Scholars of interpretation of the strange words of the hadith seek to clarify these words and phrases. The method of interpretation is also an important branch of the sciences of the noble prophetic hadith, which aims to explain and interpret the ambiguous or difficult-to-understand words and phrases in the prophetic hadiths. This method focuses on analyzing the language, grammatical structures, and linguistic meanings of words that may be unfamiliar to the contemporary reader or whose meaning has changed over time. Clarifying linguistic meanings

Explaining ambiguous words: Helps in understanding unfamiliar words or words that have changed their meaning over time.
Determining precise meanings: Clarifies the precise meanings of words in their correct context, which helps in avoiding misunderstandings.

Improving general understanding of hadiths

Comprehensive understanding: Contributes to providing a comprehensive understanding of hadiths, which enhances the understanding of religious texts.
Avoiding misinterpretations: Helps in avoiding misinterpretations that may arise due to not understanding words correctly.

Supporting jurisprudential studies

Providing linguistic foundations: Provides linguistic foundations for a more accurate understanding of religious texts, which contributes to correct jurisprudential ijtihad.
Clarifying jurisprudential texts: Facilitates the understanding of jurisprudential texts related to prophetic hadiths by jurists and mujtahids.

Semantic transformations in the terms of time in the Holy Quran

Aram Yassin Nouri — 2024-10-01

This study aims to explore and analyze the semantic transformations in the terms of time in the Holy Quran, and to shed light on the changing connotations of these terms over time. The contexts, linguistic structures, and concepts associated with each term of time in the various surahs and verses will be analyzed, and an attempt will be made to interpret these semantic transformations based on the approved linguistic and interpretative references. This research is expected to contribute to shedding light on the development of temporal concepts in the Holy Quran and understanding them more deeply. It can also contribute to clarifying the relationship between language, time, and culture in the Holy Quran, and how the meaning of temporal terms is affected by changes in time, place, and social circumstances. - The meanings of the word (the hour) in the Holy Quran: (absolute time - the resurrection - the moment - a part of the parts of the night and day).

- The meanings of the word (the day) in the Holy Quran: (the time - the days of the week - the number - the present time - the assumption: - the error in the world - the appointment - the victory and the state - the division - the time of the battle - the punishments - the events - the announcement and the priority - the absolute time - the famine - the number of months - the relative time - the days of creation - the creation of the sun from the west - the resurrection)

- The word (month) was not used in the Holy Quran except in its true sense.

Florence Kelly And Her Social Role In The United States Of America (1859-1932)

Intisar Abd Aoun Mohsen — 2024-10-01

Florence Kelly was an American social and political reformer who fought for government regulation to protect working women and children. She identified child labor in the United States of America and was the first female factory inspector in the United States of America. Her efforts contributed greatly to the establishment of the American Children’s Bureau in 1912.

She devoted her life to social reform in the United States of America. She worked to end many social problems, including child labor and racial discrimination. Her efforts against child sweatshops and for minimum wages, the eight-hour workday, children's rights, and women's right to vote. Her vision and energy contributed much to reformulating government responsibility for... Human welfare in the United States of America during that period influenced many social movements in the United States of America.

This paper takes a look at the early life of Florence Kelly, before she became a social activist for progressive reform. Her experience sheds light on social agency within specific discourses and specific social positions. In the long history of the struggle against child labor in the United States of America, she was the person who made the most consistent and effective contribution starting from the premise that children belong in schools, not in factories, mills, and mines. She devoted most of her life to an ongoing struggle for legislation prohibiting the employment of children under the age of sixteen, and for compulsory education until that age.

The concept of Gestalt insight and its role in the process of plastic artistic creativity (the pointillist school as a model)

Abbas Turky Muhisen — 2024-10-01

The topic of the current research focuses on stimulating the mental awareness represented by artistic creativity through insightful knowledge, which pushes the individual into the field of comprehensive knowledge in general and artistic awareness in particular. It provokes an emotional response in the soul. We explore its problem by asking: What is gestalt insight and its role in the process of plastic creativity? While the research gained its importance by stimulating conscious visual perception on the one hand and using it to achieve arousal on the other hand. Then the goal of the research centered on identifying gestalt insight and its role in the process of artistic creativity. The current research also included defining the terms that included the procedural definition and the topics contained in the second chapter, which included the theoretical framework. The first topic is the concept of gestalt and its laws: 1-Gestalt 2-Structure or composition 3-Balance 4 - Cognitive reorganization, the second topic: clairvoyance and speciation, its laws, and applicationsThe third section included the creative process. The third chapter dealt with the research procedures, which is the research methodology that followed the descriptive analytical approach. The research community relied on a community framework of approximately 50 paintings. The research sample included three models that were chosen intentionally to achieve the goal of the research, while the research tool included indicators of the theoretical framework and then Analyzing the sample models that resulted from the research results in Chapter Four, we will mention some of them

1- Reduction and simplification appeared with a high degree of suspicion

2- The overall direction of movement in one direction, or what is known as the movement pattern, towards a specific point on the painting appeared in the three models of the sample. Then conclusions and recommendations.

The Denotation of the Adjective (Structured by Non-derivational Noun) of the Proper Noun in the Glorious Qur’an A syntactic- semantic study

Muna Fadhil Ismaeel Al-Halawachy — 2024-10-01

The current paper tackles the denotation of adjective structured by non- dervational noun of the proper noun . The adjective is considered one of altawabi’ in Arabic for which all Arab grammarians devoted a particular section among other syntactic sections in both classical and modern Arabic references on syntax .Basically , the adjective should be derivational but sometimes it could be non-derivational .So , this study was conducted to investigate the adjective (structured by non-derivational noun) of the proper noun , in particular , which is mentioned in the Glorious Qur’an . The study aims at deducing this type of adjective and its typology .The source of the data was the Glorious Qur’an as it is distinguished from any other common source in Arabic which, in turn , motivates the researcher to come up with a distinguished study added to the literature on Qur’anic studies .The researcher adopted inductive and analytical approaches in the sense that the researcher started with the former approach to select the qur’anic verses that include this sort of adjective with its types . The latter approach was followed to analyse the data making use of the linguistic elements that support the researcher to unearth the meaning of each adjective structure under investigation in accordance with the context .The study design includes an introduction where the keywords of the title were explained. Tow sections were included ; the first one covered the denotation of adjective in relation to (alismu almawsool wasilatihi) whereas the second section discussed the denotation of adjective in relation to ( thoo)and its types .The paper ended up with a conclusion summarizing the main results the researcher came up with.

Treatment frameworks for writing news headlines on the Dijlah news website : An analytical study

Safa Abdel Salam Ahmed — 2024-10-01

The research is concerned with the treatment frameworks for writing news headlines on the Dijlah News website within a specific period starting from 1/1/2023 - 7/1/2023, and the research problem starts from diagnosing the frameworks adopted in writing news headlines on the Dijlah News website. The research topic acquires great importance, for considerations Many lies in the scientific results that come out that provide a service to those working in news editing to reconsider the mechanisms of formulating news headlines in accordance with the customs and traditions of the public’s exposure to news sites. This research aims at a set of goals that work to achieve the results of the research and aims to answer the question posed in the problem. This research aims to determine the frameworks for writing news headlines on the Dijlah News website. The research is classified within descriptive studies that work on trying to reach accurate and detailed knowledge of the elements of the existing problem or phenomenon with the aim of reaching a better and more accurate understanding and arriving at valid scientific results that can be adopted, and it must be The researcher is keen to describe the current situation of the phenomenon by monitoring and understanding its content and diagnosing its accurate and detailed information to answer the questions that he put in the research problem. The researcher tends to use the analytical survey approach to describe the applied and practical reality of the research variables, as well as adopting the method of analyzing the content after which the appropriate management To describe and analyze the content and its various connotations and connections, as well as using the questionnaire method to determine the identification of news headlines on local news sites and their relationship to the levels of readership among users.

The research reached results represented by the fact that the frameworks that were employed in formulating local news headlines on the Dijlah electronic news website varied, as the strategic framework came at the forefront of the frameworks used because it is seen in its strategic context affecting the security of the state and focuses on values such as the principle of influence and power, its sources and persons, and presenting Huge achievements or failures and major criticisms.

The verb in terms of the correctness and incorrectness of its letters in Surat Yusuf

Raghad Jassim Mohammed Kazim Al-Subaihawi — 2024-10-01

Linguistic and morphological studies occupied the attention of linguists and grammarians, and received a wide area of focus and attention. This study is based on a review of the correct verb and the defective verb in the Holy Qur’an, and Surat Yusuf was a model in our study. This study consists of three basic sections after the introduction. And the introduction and the research method. The first section is concerned with studying theoretical terms in the research, such as talking about the correct verb and its definition as well as its divisions, and talking about the defective verb and its definition as well as its types. As for the second section, it is based on introducing Surat Yusuf upon it and explaining the reasons for naming it. The stages of revelation and the reasons for which the Surah was revealed. As for the third section, it is the applied study of the correct verb and the defective verb in Surat Yusuf. The researcher studies the models and the two verbs and conducts an analysis of the morphological structure of these verbs. This analytical study is accompanied by a table showing the distribution of verbs in Surat Yusuf according to each type separately, and it concludes. The study includes the results we obtained, and the sources and references we relied on in our study .

Dr. Mahdi Al-Makhzoumi's grammatical efforts (An approach to concepts and procedures)

Ali Tarkhan kharbat — 2024-10-01

Al-Makhzoumi’s efforts received the attention of researchers, but these efforts did not concern himself with studying the relationship between the concepts he presented and the applications he made in their light. What researchers and scholars dealt with was facilitating and renewing grammar, and how scholars presented it implicitly with the efforts of others. It was stated in the grammatical dispute that (facilitation) and (renewal) and (modification) and (approximation) and (simplification) and other terms that have become common at the present time, but contemporaries did not agree on all of them , and the comprehensiveness of these terms according to contemporaries is determined by the fact that they all mean “reconsidering Grammatical rules, which were enacted by the ancients, and an attempt to classify grammatical rules within the framework of the ancients’ description of them with their terminology and divisions”. As for facilitation, its proponents differed in its concept. Some of them see it as “choosing the easiest from the opinions of the ancients”, and others see that facilitation is not an abbreviation, nor Deleting the explanations and comments, but it is a new presentation of grammar topics and facilitating them for young people, and the facilitation will not be sufficient in this unless it is preceded by a comprehensive reform of the lesson curriculum and its topics, principles and issues , which is something that prompted me in this research to try to shed light on the concepts and procedures between his two books (in Arabic grammar). Criticism and Guidance) and (In Arabic Grammar, Rules and Application), and the first book, which is (Criticism and Guidance in Arabic Grammar), appears as a scientific book concerned with concepts, and explains the modern principles that the science of grammar needs in its modern development, and the second book appears (On Grammar Al-Arabi: Grammar and Application), which is concerned with the procedure and application of the rules that he intended to highlight, and Mustafa Al-Saqqa presented it by saying: “Al-Makhzoumi’s books, in general, theoretical and applied, are distinguished by the depth of research, the clarity of the method, the ease of arrangement, the reliance on the opinions of the imams of grammar, and the extraction of the most important elements and opinions that are valid.” To establish a modern grammar edifice based on scientific principles free from influence by philosophy and logic.

The legality of imprisonment for fulfilling an obligation

Muhannad Othman Khudair Al -Mousawi — 2024-10-01

The basis of the right to detain is the idea of justice and good faith required by legal transactions between individuals, which requires that contracting parties carry out their obligations stipulated under the contract, without resorting to any legal procedure, To force them to do so, but if the debtor refrains from voluntarily implementing the obligation, then the creditor may resort to legal means to enforce that obligation, including withholding the fulfillment of the obligation. It is not logical and fair to A debtor demands that his creditor pay him what he has committed to before he fulfills his debt. The right to imprisonment is one of the legitimate and legal means to ensure the fulfillment of corresponding financial rights, and it is addressed in Iraqi Civil Law No. 40 of the year 1951, the effective rate as one of the guarantees for preserving the rights of creditors, and thus the right of imprisonment is established for every person who is both a creditor and a debtor who refrains from fulfilling his obligation to return the money he has that belongs to his debtor as long as this He is obligated to fulfill what he owes, which means that the right to imprisonment assumes the existence of two obligations, each of which results from and is linked to the other. The right of confiscation applies not only to the thing itself, but also to accessories and fruits of the thing However, the garnishee does not have a lien on the seized item, since the garnishee creditor does not take precedence over other creditors in recovering his right from his debtor.

The right of withholding is extinguished either in a consequential manner as a result of the expiry of the debt guaranteed by it, or in an original manner, in which case the extinguishment occurs independently of the debt with which it is withheld, so the right of withholding is extinguished and the debt guaranteed by it remains in existence in the event that insurance is provided. Sufficient to fulfill the right guaranteed by the imprisonment, or the holder waives his right to imprisonment, or the holder does not commit to preserving the imprisoned thing, or the destruction of the impounded thing.

Models for Portraying Women in Shakespeare's Plays: Ophelia, Lady Macbeth and Cleopatra

RIHAB ARIF ABDULSAHIB — 2024-10-01

The subject of this study is the image of women in three of Shakespeare's plays—Hamlet's Ophelia, Macbeth's Lady Macbeth, and Antony and Cleopatra's Cleopatra—. The study explores these women's positions, goals, and means of challenging social norms as it explores their characterizations. It looks at how Shakespeare's portrayal of these female characters speaks to the power systems and gender roles of his day. The study also examines how these women prototypes have affected how women are perceived now and how they are portrayed in literature. The study's overall goal is to offer a thorough grasp of the intricate and varied representations of women throughout Shakespeare's works. Ophelia, from "Hamlet," represents innocence and tragic vulnerability. Her character highlights the constraints and expectations placed upon women in the patriarchal society of the time. Ophelia's descent into madness serves as a powerful commentary on the impact of oppressive societal norms on women's mental health. Cleopatra, as depicted in "Antony and Cleopatra," emerges as a multifaceted character encompassing passion, resilience, and political acumen. Her portrayal transcends simplistic stereotypes, portraying a woman capable of wielding considerable influence and captivating those around her with her charisma. Cleopatra's complex nature challenges conventional notions of femininity, illustrating the depth and diversity of women's roles and identities.

The role of technology in raising the level of academic achievement among fifth grade students in geography / Kirkuk

Rania Ahmed Abboud — 2024-10-01

This study aimed to determine the role of technology in improving the academic performance levels of geography students in the fifth literary grade (Kirkuk).To achieve this, the descriptive analytical approach was used. The questionnaire was adopted as a research tool, consisting of (40) items that express the research topic and its basic variables. The original group of male and female preparatory stage teachers for the subject was identified, and a sample of (100) teachers was identified. To answer the survey questions. The validity and reliability of the tool was confirmed through appropriate statistical methods.

The results of the study showed that reliance on technology played a positive role in raising the level of academic achievement for fifth grade students to a high degree, and that the use of electronic books and smart boards played a positive role in raising the academic level of fifth grade students to a moderate degree, and reliance on interactive video also played a positive role. In raising the scientific level to a high degree, noting that there are many obstacles in terms of equipment, infrastructure, teachers and learners to using technology in the difficulties of teaching with a high rating. The results also showed that there are no statistically significant differences between the responses of the sample members depending on the variable of the training courses.

The excessive use of digital technology and its repercussions on children A field study of a sample of parents of primary school students

Ayad Hilal Hammadi — 2024-10-01

Objectives: The research aims to identify the excessive use of digital technology on children in primary school from the standpoint of parents.

Methods: In order to achieve research objectives the researcher used survey approach, which belongs to the kind of descriptive research. The research sample consisted of 153 selected parents' samples from the teachers at the center of Ramadi city in Anbar governorate, and who had children who use the digital technology and whose age ranged between (7-12) years old and who were enrolled in primary schools in the city of Ramadi. A questionnaire form was applied, which included five main areas: the first one concerned demographic data for parents and children enrolled in primary school; the second one involved patterns and habits of exposure to digital technology; and the third one contained negative consequences of the child ' s relationship with digital technology. The forth one included the positive effects of children using digital technology. The fifth one involved censorship of digital content and freedom of use .

Results: One of the most important results: The most prominent type of digital technology that children prefer to use is mobile broadcasting.

The results of the study also showed that the time taken by children to use digital technology exceeded three hours or more and it also showed that children's use of digital technology has many negative aspects in terms of health, social, behavioral, psychological, mental, pedagogical and educational aspects. It also has many positives for developing innovative digital skills, such as programming, access to information, educational resources, and joy.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the excessive use of digital technology from the point of view of the parents of children has many negative and positive implications at the same time.

LANGUAGE ATTRITION IN MOSULI DIALECT

Ayad Mohammed Saleh — 2024-10-01

This study discusses the phenomenon of language attrition in the context of the Mosuli dialect, a distinct form of Arabic spoken in the city of Mosul, Iraq. Language attrition refers to the gradual loss of a person's ability to use their native language due to lack of practice or exposure. Various factors contribute to language attrition in the Mosuli dialect, including migration, urbanization, and the influence of dominant languages.

The ongoing conflicts and displacement in the region have led many speakers of the Mosuli dialect to leave their homes and settle in different areas, where they may be exposed to other languages and cultures. This can lead to a decline in the use and preservation of the Mosuli dialect as speakers gradually shift towards using the dominant language of their new environment.

Urbanization and modernization also contribute to language attrition in the Mosuli dialect. As Mosul develops and becomes more integrated into global networks, there is increased exposure to media, education, and communication in languages other than the Mosuli dialect, leading to a decrease in its use and transmission across generations.

The influence of dominant languages, such as Modern Standard Arabic or English, further impacts the use of the Mosuli dialect. Interaction with individuals from different linguistic backgrounds may cause speakers to adapt their speech patterns and vocabulary to align with the dominant language, resulting in a gradual erosion of the distinct features of the Mosuli dialect.

Efforts to preserve and revitalize the Mosuli dialect may involve community-based initiatives, education programs, and cultural advocacy to ensure its continued use and transmission across generations. Understanding and addressing language attrition in the Mosuli dialect is crucial for maintaining its unique linguistic heritage and cultural identity.

A picture of Ali bin Abi Talib in the civil period of the Prophet’s era According to Al-Maqrizi (d: 845 A.H)

Riyadh Abd Al-hussain Albadrawi — 2024-10-01

the research came under the title(photo of Ali bin Abi Talib at the Civil stage of prophetic covenant at al- maqrizi (d: 845 A.H) a work that highlights the vision mamluk historical school represented by its most prominent magnates al- maqrizi for a milestone in the history of Islam is Ali bin Abi Talib and the research in its content focused on answering a number of methodological questions the most important of which is how did al- maqrizi see the image of Ali bin Abi Talib as belonging to a doctrine contrary to the alawite doctrine, and with monarchical tendencies how was this vision in light of the heated conflict between the mamluks as representatives of the Sunnis and embrace the Abbasid house ,and Mongols ,who claim to protect the rights of the people of the house from the usurped alawites and did he manage to get out of the net of sectarian and political whims under those circumstances and what historical evidence was based on in drawing that picture and the research concluded with many results ,the most important of which are Ali bin Abi Talib was one of the prominent men of Islamic at that stage of the life of the message and he appared as a fierce fighter ,driven by an enthusiasm that was unparalleled, and a unique sacrifice he showed blind abedience through out his companion shop with the noble messenger,and he had the merit of calming the Muslims fears in more than one incident rather al -maqrizi found him to be the first warrior in Islam who was able to implement the word of God on earth and in history with his extraordinary strength, and he was the solider who advance the ranks carrying the banner of Islam thus al maqrizi was not in this aspect of the lofty image he had been captured sectarianism and political orientation

the research consist of an introduction in which described ali bin abi Talib as one of the unforgettable men of Islam ,then I touched on four stations in his life ,which distinguish him by carrying the banner of Muslims and their flags and Ali bin Abi Talib, the messengers envoy on missions the difficult ,and Ali bin Abi Talib, the conqueror of enemies and their annihilator and Ali the one with decisive positions in the history of the message and these stations embodied the presence of Ali bin Abi Talib in the Civil stage of the life of the Islamic message a clear and evident presence with its connotations in fluential not only in the past and present ,but even in the future and no one can deny that Islam has two halves :the other half is Ali bin Abi Talib, then the condusion which included the most important results of the research .after that we discussed the footnotes and the list of sources and references.

Water consumption of grape trees in Al-Qasim district and its impact on agricultural production

Noor Al-Huda Falah Mansour — 2024-10-01

The research aims to study and determine the water needs of grape trees planted in Al-Qasim district and its environs affiliated to Babil Governorate, which is considered one of the agricultural governorates of Iraq and some neighboring governorates depend on its agricultural production. ‏

The arable area in the study area for the year (2022) was about (255,967 dunums), of which the area of land cultivated with agricultural crops was about (143,228 dunums), while the area of uncultivated land was about (76,233) dunums.

In order to rationalize water consumption and exploit it in cultivating the largest arable area in the study area, it is necessary to analyze the factors that led to the variation in water needs in the study area, and to know the amount of water deficit, the size of the surplus, and the amount of water budget, as well as the value of evaporation - transpiration through knowing the needs water according to the Pliny Criddell equation, which represents an equation with high accuracy and more suitable for Iraq's weather conditions.

The study relied on two sources for collecting information and statistical indicators, which are library sources that include books, theses, university dissertations, research, geographic and non-geographical periodicals, as well as published and unpublished data available in libraries and official departments, as well as the field study represented by observation, direct field observation, and interviews. personality.

The research consists of the theoretical framework, which dealt with a summary in both Arabic and English, an introduction, a problem, a hypothesis, the importance of research, and a methodology, as well as three sections. The second topic studied the measurement of evaporation - latent transpiration and the water balance and the calculation of water consumption for grape trees in the study area, while the third topic dealt with an introduction study on grape trees, the geographical distribution of grape trees and the cultivated areas according to the administrative units in the district as well as the quantities of production distributed According to the administrative units, the research concluded with conclusions, recommendations, footnotes, and a list of Arab and foreign sources.

The narrative contract in my novel The Murder of the Bookseller by Muhammad Rahim and the novel Her Eyes by Bozuruk Alawi

Sayed Hussein Sidi — 2024-10-01

A contract of transfer, a long term terminological contract, including part (contract and narration), the first part, a contract of the contract, and the language used in it: "Aqd: covenant and plural of contracts of the contract " and the expression "shaddah ast. " Reassured, you see a covenant and a pledge, but the most important thing is: I am sure that I am in love with you, and I am saying that I am in love with you, and I am not sure of it. I am restricted as a Kurdish person. Confirmation and contract: A covenant and a contract as a covenant as a Kurd. And Mardam is the contract of Kardand: agreement of Kardand and in the Holy Qur’an Amdah Ast: "O you who have believed and fulfilled contracts " (Ibn Manzur, p. 296) meaning the covenant and Qardad Ast. There is an agreement between the two parties for a private matter, between the two parties, there is an agreement between them, and it is divided into two narrations (narrations) "a narration of reading and a call, it is said that it has the form of a narration, that is, a story about it. " -Farhidi, 1382, p. 235). In the resource "narration decision ", "compatibility between "narrator " and "narrator ", narrator and addressee, as to the existence of "narration " as confirmation of this type and the form of it as a specific type. This is a contract of transfer, an exchange of benefits between two parties, as long as there is an agreement between the two parties, either on the other hand, or on the other hand.

This is the place where there is no source for reading anything. You can write a novel in a very clear language and write a book with clarity in the texts of the text for this reason. You can kill the book of writing in the book. Type. Appearance between Pirmard Haftad Saleh and Majid Al-Baghdadi for the explanation of Zindji Mahmoud Al-Marzouq. Hingami as an original narrator, Majid Al-Baghdadi, due to a marked phone call. Bray Nushtin Kitabi Dar Mawred Mahmoud Al -Marzouq is killed, Der Mourm Rumman Jashmish (Gash Haysh) Mai Bennid Beth Between Nahban, his teacher and Kahraman Rumman, Franks, the decision of the form of the form of Mayaard, with a policeman with him or Bouwid. There is a dispute between the two parties, or if there is a mediation between the two parties, there is an agreement between the two parties.

The Role of Hilla Parliaments for the Problems of Reforming Agricultural Lands (Saltiness) and Immigration from Countryside to City Centers in Iraqi Parliament Council through the Royal Era (1939-1958)

Fuad Tariq Kadhim Al-Ameedi — 2024-10-01

The Agricultural aspects is one of the most important economical aspects in Iraq through the Royal Era (1921-1958), because the State depends on it in providing what people need from foods, tools, materials involved in trading and industry. In addition, the state benefits from it in sawing financial incomes, which result from exporting such things abroad.

Some agricultural problems in the country arise, such as the saltiness of lands and immigration of farmers. These problems attract the parliaments, including Hilla parliaments, who try to identify these problems, investigate them, and solve them. Their views and proposals inside the Iraqi Parliamentary Council are important and achieve in this respect. They also aim to improve the Iraqi Country.

Hilla parliaments investigate these two problems carefully. They found that farmers did not use the land correctly; such lands affected by flood every year. There are no enough dam on rivers nor resources waters nor partial streams to get the water of floods. The modern mechanical agricultural vehicles are not used due to weakness of the resources, in addition to capitalism which controls most of agricultural lands and prevents farmers from getting agricultural lands. Moreover, there are other reasons, which force the farmer to leave the work in country leaving to the city centers, especially Baghdad in accordance with some interests in the centers, such as getting an opportunity of work and housing, in contrast with the country.

Hilla parliaments were able to find some essential solutions for such problems and to prevent them in the Iraqi parliamentary government, including the distribution of agricultural lands on farmers even if they are fewer, the distribution of seeds among them, presenting financial helps for farmers, setting the resources of water to get rid of the problems of saltiness and flood, in addition to reforming the social aspects in providing the social services, such as hospitals, schools, houses and distributing them on people and as such they end on put an end for the problems of immigration of farmers to the city centers, to improve their lands.

The effect of using the rapid learning strategy on the achievement of the Social Studies subject - History for seventh grade students

Farhad Khaled Mustafa — 2024-10-01

The current research aims at finding out the effects of using the accelerated learning strategies on the achievement of social sciences and history among seventh-grade students. The study sample consists of (67) seventh-grade students and was divided into two groups, one of which was experimental, consisting of (35) students studying using learning. The rapid test, and the control group, consisted of (32) students taught using the usual method. An achievement test in social studies and history was prepared by the researcher and applied to the two groups afterward to determine the significance of the difference between the average grades of the experimental and control groups. The results of the study can be applied to the students in the experimental group who studied, using accelerated learning on control group students who studied in the usual way. The study found a significant impact of using accelerated learning on achievement in social studies and history. The suitability of the accelerated learning strategy for seventh grade students showed that there was an improvement in the level of academic achievement for this subject compared to the previous one for the experimental group that studied according to the accelerated learning strategy. As for the reasons for the decline of the traditional method in the achievement test in front of the accelerated learning strategy, this is because the strategy that was applied attracts the attention of the students, as the students were not accustomed to or did not get used to this modern method in a modern teaching method. This does not mean that the traditional method has no effect, but the modernity of this strategy and their interaction with it gave positive results that called for its noticeable superiority in front of the traditional method followed in teaching the subjects of social studies - history.

Agreements and idiosyncrasies according to the two imams Abu al-Fath al-Dailami and Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi in frequent readings through their books “Al-Burhan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an” and “Jokes and Eyes,” Surah “Al-Baqarah” as an example

Sameera Ahmed Saad Al-Raimi — 2024-10-01

This research aims to introduce Imam Al-Dailami (d. 444 AH) and Al-Mawardi (d. 450 AH) and to explain the importance of their books. In this, the researcher followed the historical inductive approach when introducing the two imams. The research also dealt with explaining the agreements and uniqueness of the two imams in the frequent recitations of Surat Al-Baqarah. Through their interpretations, the researcher followed the descriptive approach in explaining the frequent readings, and their method of presenting and guiding them. The researcher divided this research into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The first section included: introducing the two imams Abu al-Fath al-Dailami and al-Mawardi, and their books, and the second section: agreements and idiosyncrasies. According to the two imams in presenting and directing frequent recitations. One of the most prominent findings reached by the researcher was that Imam Al-Dailami and Al-Mawardi were interested in mentioning the frequent recitations in their interpretations, but Imam Al-Dailami did not attribute them to their readers except rarely, while Imam Al-Mawardi used to state the name of the reciter, and he rarely mentioned the name of the reciter, and he mentioned the reading of the seven frequent recitations. It is not attributed to the three that complement the ten except rarely, as they directed the frequent Qur’anic readings, through aphorisms, grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and the speech of the Arabs. The researcher recommended singling out the agreements and discrepancies of Imams Al-Dailami and Al-Mawardi in the irregular readings and directing them through their interpretations. Finally, the researcher appended this research with a list of sources and references, arranged alphabetically, and printed in both Arabic and English.

On the semiotics of culture (triple space): The novel (The White Shadow - An Experience in Enlightenment( By Adel Khuzam

Ali Rafea Younis Al-Khader — 2024-10-01

This research aims to shed light on the semiotics of culture, taking Adel Khuzam's novel "White Shadow - An Experiment in Enlightenment" as a sample. It's a journey that blends the physical and meta-physical worlds, attempting to uncover cultural influences in the work by answering questions distributed throughout the research paragraphs. These questions include: What is the semiotics of culture, and what are its origins? What are the stages of the semiotics' journey to reach culture and depart from structuralism? What's the relationship between cultural criticism and cultural semiotics? What are the foundations of cultural semiotics according to Yuri Lotman, and what is the triadic space? How did the triadic space contribute to the development of the main character? Utilizing the corners of this space to answer the aforementioned questions through drawing a triangular figure with its sides being the inside, the outside, and the boundaries.

The research concludes several points: Firstly, cultural semiotics has undergone structural transformations parallel to the development of critical research methods. Secondly, the research delineates the philosophical, linguistic, and anthropological stages of this evolution. Thirdly, it points out the results of this development, illustrating the cultural impacts on literary work. Fourthly, the research conducts a comprehensive survey of the topic of cultural semiotics and its procedural tools, focusing on the triadic space (inside/outside/boundaries). Fifthly, it demonstrates the contribution of this technique to the main character, showcasing the cultural influences on them through the study of binary self/other positions and the characteristics of the inside and outside environment and the boundaries through which the character transitions.

The appearance of the form in Quranic sermons An analytical study in civil transfer

Waseem Abbas Kadhim — 2024-10-01

The research addresses the issue of the form of discourse in the Medinan revelation of the Quran. As a central aspect of the revelation and another foundational element, the Quranic text navigated through somewhat distinct characteristics and environments. This situation caused the discourse to align with the concurrent transitional phase. This, in itself, constituted a point of focus and inquiry among scholars and others; the complexity increased due to its relative divergence when compared to the previous revelation (Meccan). The research aims to track the most prominent features (length and brevity, verse endings, repetition, and oaths), considering them as the main pillars in this revelation and exploring the diversity in the discourse. The research thus moves to analyze these phenomena in the discourse and highlight their core elements, providing an explanation that we believe offers convincing answers to the posed questions. 1- The researcher monitored the short and long places in the verses of the civil discourse, and it became clear that the phenomenon moves with three pillars (the subject, the case, and the nature of the addressees), and the latter, although it has a slight effect on the scope of the discourse, contributes indirectly to making the discourse longer. The matter became clear when the research reviewed the long places, and found that they require elaboration for the purpose of detail. 2- The researcher stopped at the models of the commas in its civil revelation and determined the form and nature therein, and it became clear that it constitutes an important axis in the verse. The grammatical structure indicates that it is an almost independent sentence at the end of the verse, which made its diversity come from the length of the Qur’anic discourse in this revelation. The short part of the speech in its Medinan revelation, such as Surah (Al-Nasr), for example, resembles the breaks of the Meccan revelation in terms of form.

3- The axis of repetition in the Medinan revelation formed a relatively smaller circle than the Meccan speech; this is due to the issues for which the repetition is held, and the circle of this revelation is smaller if compared to the Meccan revelation. As for the repetition of the story in this revelation, it came in a way that serves the repeated goal. The repetition of the story of Moses is determined by the desired purpose.

4- The section came in a different way in this revelation and was held around issues that the speech seeks to emphasize and raise the level of certainty in them. The researcher monitored models of the Medinan revelation and found that they are consistent with the details that appeared in the Islamic call in its Medinan revelation.

Social networking activities and their role in acquiring social skills in the university environment (a field study of students of Imam Al-Kadhim College (peace be upon him) / Babylon departments / Media Department)

Hatem Badawy Obaid — 2024-10-01

The study aimed to determine the role of social networking sites in acquiring social skills for students/Department of Mass Communication/University of Babylon. Based on the highest requirements of the field study, the researcher chose a community of subjects from the university community, given that they possess information and deal with it, and that they are students and have aspirations and general culture. The research sample was identified (40) male and female students from the Department of Media / Departments of Babylon / Imam Al-Kadhim College (peace be upon him), and a questionnaire form was distributed on a scale that included (19) questions and included a number of variables (social gender, and the role of communication networks in acquiring skills (affirmative). , 'Emotional, communication, and self-management. The study found that both genders use social networking sites in their daily lives in varying proportions. Males also use social networking sites more than females. It appeared that there is a major role for social networking platforms in students’ acquisition of skills (affirmative, emotional, communication, and self-management) as a result of the development The skills of its users and there are common interests in exchanging There is a relationship between social networking sites and the acquisition of social skills through arithmetic averages that ranged from (2.35 - 2.02). This convergence indicates that students who are not affected by (sectarian and national differences and objections to just causes and have the ability to make many friends on the network and start talking with others) are more able to defend their rights against those who try to violate them and express their opinions in agreement or disagreement. knowledge through audio, images, text messages or videos).

الإطار المفاهيمي, جرائم, فساد, مكافحة

Qusay Ali Abbas — 2024-10-01

The conceptual framework of corruption crimes usually includes concepts and standards that define illegal and unethical behavior associated with corruption. This framework includes the definition of corruption, in addition to the legal structure and ethical rules associated with these crimes. It also includes distinguishing corruption crimes from other crimes and the negative effects of corruption on society and the economy, in addition to the means of combating it and the legal procedures related to it.

Corruption crimes are an additional compound of two words, one of which is (crimes) and the other is (corruption), so defining it linguistically requires defining its vocabulary, i.e. stating the meaning of each of these two words in the language. There are several definitions of corruption crimes, but in general, crimes as well as corruption can be defined linguistically, technically and legally, which we will discuss in the first section and its branches of this study. While we will discuss the characteristics of corruption crimes from other similar crimes in the second section and its branches in the same section Corruption crimes include a wide range of illegal acts that aim to exploit power or public resources to obtain personal benefits or for the benefit of a specific party in illegal ways, such as bribery, embezzlement, forgery of documents, money laundering and other illegal activities that negatively affect integrity and honesty in government work, companies and other institutions. We conclude from what was mentioned above that the term and meanings of corruption crimes are linguistically used to refer to the state of imbalance and loss of balance that affects material and moral things, as the term corruption refers to the imbalance that occurs in all administrative systems or part of them.

The role of the International Committee of The Red Cross in Preventing The dangers of anti-Personnel mines

Gholam Ali Qasimi — 2024-10-01

Anti-personnel mines are among the most severe challenges faced by countries affected by armed conflict. They pose a real danger to the lives of individuals and cause massive human losses. Therefore, the International Committee of the Red Cross is an active player in reducing the dangers of these mines. It works hard to enhance public awareness and education about the danger of these mines and how to deal with them appropriately at all times. It also plays an important role in training field teams and providing them with the necessary skills to effectively deal with mines and apply the necessary security and safety measures to protect against this deadly danger. In addition, the International Committee of the Red Cross provides the necessary technical support and technical advice to those concerned with monitoring anti-personnel mines, with the aim of improving their organizational capabilities and strengthening their strength in confronting this continuing threat. The role of the International Committee of the Red Cross in preventing the dangers of anti-personnel mines and the importance of its work in this field is highlighted. Its role is remarkable and vital in confronting this widespread global problem, as it proudly contributes to raising awareness and educating local communities about these serious mine-related dangers. In addition, the Committee actively trains local individuals and teaches them effective skills to deal with these deadly conditions, and provides the necessary medical and psychological assistance to the victims who survived and were affected by the effects of these horrific mines, which reflects its strong commitment to caring for the humanitarian aspect and alleviating the psychological and physical effects of the atrocities resulting from wars and armed conflicts. Not only that, but it also conducts a comprehensive assessment of the damage caused by these mines and carries out clearance operations with its wisdom and extensive knowledge, which enhances international cooperation in this field and improves techniques.

Limits of the influence of social networking sites in shaping the culture of talking to others

Azim Kamel Zarzeb — 2024-10-01

The study aims to show the limits of the influence of social networking sites in shaping the culture of talking to others, and to reveal the differences between the answers of the respondents indicating the limits of their influence in general.

In particular, according to the variables of gender, marital status, favorite topics, locations, and arts, as well as determining levels of compatibility between gender and the following variables: (favorite journalistic arts, topics of the culture of talking to others, favorite websites, and between preference Exposure For websites communication Social And a preference Exposure For topics culture Speaking) , and between preference Exposure For type Journalistic art And sites communication Social.

The study used a survey method, a questionnaire tool, and a scale that targeted a sample of 126 respondents interested in developing a culture of talking to others.

The study reached a set of results, most notably:

- Instagram ranked first and Facebook ranked second among the respondents’ preferences for social networking sites. Because of its multiple communication features, and its quest for innovation compared to other social networking sites.

- The topics related to the style of speaking with others ranked first among the respondents’ preferences, while the rest of the items (foreign vocabulary, the language of the eyes, and common local vocabulary) ranked second among the respondents’ preferences.

- The majority of respondents are interested in following up on topics of developing the culture of talking to others. Because of their desire to increase their knowledge and use verbal and non-verbal language in communicating with others.

- Video clips ranked first, while (news) ranked second, while specialized programs ranked third among respondents’ preferences for journalistic arts.

- The true average value of the research sample answers is greater From the hypothesized average value of the scale of the role of social networking sites in shaping the culture of talking to others.

- significant and non-significant differences at the level ( 0.05 ) Among the respondents' answers about the limits of the influence of social networking sites in shaping the culture of talking to others, according to preferred sites, social gender, income level, type of journalistic art, and the nature of their favorite topics.

- There is a weak agreement between preferences Exposure For websites communication Social And a preference Exposure For topics culture Speaking..

- There is a weak correspondence between gender and the preferred journalistic arts, the preference for exposure to topics of talking to others, and the preference for social networking sites for exposure to topics for talking to others.

The effectiveness of the emotional dimensions and psychological balance program in receiving violent content as a result of controlling smart technologies

Noor Ali Mukhtadh — 2024-10-01

With the entry of super-smart technologies into the line of manipulating psychological and emotional balance, and the acceleration of marketing the ego and targeted targeting, through political and economic wills, and through soft warfare and multiple stimuli, a group of digital behaviors (with multiple objectives) entered the line of (digital pollution) that reinforced communication chaos, whether through news, documents, images, statements, or at the level of smart audio-visuals, due to the psychological, societal and political disturbance it causes and its effects on the structure of society, and its security and emotional balance, but the matter began to accumulate, and even developed into the details of letters, words, images, and parts of content that turn the content upside down, and make it inciting, dangerous, or frightening. The researcher identified the main objective of the research, by extracting the relationship between the axes of awareness and restoring psychological balance as a result of receiving violent content via smart technologies, and identified the sample (female university students exclusively) and between the escalation or stability of emotion and psychological balance as a result of exposure to the stimulus and the stimulus (here violent and fabricated posts with digital content) via the (Facebook) platform for female users (female university students) by denying and accepting the research hypotheses, and the researcher strengthened the nature of the procedures by applying the pre-test, then directing the stimuli (the instructions and axes that were carefully prepared according to the survey questions and group interviews conducted by the researcher among female university students) and then applying the experimental measurement through lectures and displaying models of electronic content to transmit news and participation of all members of the sample in the analysis and interpretation of different models of violent and fabricated content of a digital nature) After that, the final test was conducted and the researcher used statistical transactions to extract the results.

Media coverage of Iraqi issues in international news sites and its repercussions on the Iraqi public A field analytical study of news bulletins on Al-Hurra and Russia Today

Nihad Salem Habib Jabr — 2024-10-01

Based on the importance of the role played by the two sites in dealing with Iraqi issues and the resulting change in the attitudes of countries towards Iraqi issues, the researcher found that the necessity requires the preparation of a scientific research entitled (Media Handling of Iraqi Issues in International News Sites and its Implications for the Iraqi Public: A Field Analytical Study of News in Al-Hurra and Russia Today websites), which is by its nature a survey study in which the researcher uses the survey method, both descriptive and analytical, in determining the research community, and the use of the questionnaire form And distribute it to a sample of the research community to collect data and information, as well as relying on the content analysis form to analyze the media messages of the two channels sites. The study came to a number of conclusions, such as:

1-It has been shown that the online news platforms of Russia Today and the American Alhurra channel play a significant role in shaping the public’s perception of political issues in Iraq. This influence is attributed to the extensive following these news websites have among the Iraqi audience.

2-The results revealed a significant level of public engagement on news websites during political events in Iraq. This indicates the public’s keen interest in political affairs and current events in Iraq, as the political factor is considered crucial in Iraqi life, influencing various aspects of it.

3-The study demonstrated that interactivity on news websites helps shape specific public attitudes towards political issues occurring in Iraq.”

A value for the anatomy of the human aesthetic body according to the Greeks

Mahdi Abdel Amir Ismail Al-Tufaili — 2024-10-01

section into four chapters, the first chapter dealt with the problem and the importance and the need to research and target to reveal the aesthetic values of the anatomy of the human body when the Greeks, as well as the identification of research and define the most important terms contained therein, and was the second chapter has dealt with three first admonishing them Me concept of beauty when the Greeks and the second has meant to mankind things like the creation and secondary philosophically as well as the anatomical structure of the human being, while the third section, had confirmed on art in the Greek civilization and take human theme basic to the most important artistic productions, while the third chapter devoted to the procedures, the fourth chapter findings and conclusions, suggestions and recommendations of the research.

Greek art is manifested in the art of sculpture, which is based on the logic of beauty, natural values, realism, grace, precision, and balance, with little attention to the emotional aspect. The Greek artist is faithful to achieving beauty and natural values, and is keen to represent realism, grace, precision, navigation, and balance, with little exaggeration in the emotional aspect. The details and movements varied greatly, in keeping with the flexibility of the human skeletal system in the round hands, the bent arms, the legs that were aligned at times and open at other times, and the symmetry, harmony, and erection. The sculptor did not mind the idea of imitating human reality and preserving the anatomical and aesthetic proportions that the Greek individual had envisioned.

The linguistic approach to interpretation by Dr. Muhammad Hussein Al-Saghir (d. 1444 AH)

Mithaq Abbas Hadi Al-Hilli — 2024-10-01

Dr. Muhammad Hussein Al-Sagheer went to the necessity of the interpreter's use of different levels of language, especially in analytical and comparative interpretation; to extract the meanings of the Holy Quran; because it is one of the aspects of linguistic miracle.

Dr. Al-Sagheer believes that Al-Raghib Al-Isfahani (d. 502 AH) is the first founder of the lexical interpretation of the vocabulary of the words of the Holy Quran.

Al-Sagheer believes that the linguist’s statement in interpretation remains within the realm of conjectural evidence, and it may be definitive if it is a text in the evidence as in some of the noble verses. In this, he tends towards the fundamentalists in saying that the linguist’s statement is not authoritative except in the manner of conjecture. As for his consideration, it is because he is one of the people of specialization, so his statement is something that generates reassurance for the interpreter if there is no difference, and with its existence, he needs the evidence that gives weight to adopting one of them. It appears that Dr. Al-Sagheer believes that the history of the emergence of the linguistic approach to interpretation began in the second century AH and was at its peak in the fourth century AH, until this approach became the apparent characteristic in these two centuries. What appears from Dr. Al-Sagheer is his preference for the views of the Kufa School over others, and his distancing himself from scientific interpretation, as is evident in some of his lectures.

Unexamined artistic discoveries from the city of Dilbat

Haider Oraibi Al- Almamori — 2024-10-01

This article presents a descriptive and analytical study of a variety of artistic archaeological objects discovered in the city of Dilbat (Tell al-Deylam) during the second and third excavation seasons (2018-2019), which together represented part of a large group of discoveries and diverse archaeological materials such as pottery, metal and stone objects, and are results from the excavation project conducted by the Department of Archaeology, College of Arts, University of Babylon, as most of them were found within the area of the city’s main temple, which was dedicated to the worship of the city’s main god, Urash, one of the gods of fertility and agriculture in Mesopotamia. The nature of these discoveries reflects the importance of this city, as well as the social and religious status, ability, and artistic mastery of the residents of the city of Dilbat, which together encourage the importance and necessity of continuing excavation work there. Despite the few artistic models selected for study, it is clear that the city of Delbat may have formed its own artistic school, especially with regard to the method of engraving seal scenes, as we noticed a difference in the way some details of the scene elements were represented, such as the formation of the beards of the gods (Figure 5), as we did not find any evidence for them in other sites, in addition to the similarity in the clothing of the characters despite the difference in their role and religious status in the scene in a way that we find in other seal scenes (Figure 4). At the same time, we find artistic models such as sculptures and pottery panels (Figure 7-8) that fall within the general artistic style followed in their implementation in most sites and cities of Mesopotamia.

The principles, purposes and objectives of the surahs in the interpretation of “Al-Furqan in Interpretation of the Qur’an by the Qur’an and the Sunnah” An analytical study

Muhammad Taheri — 2024-10-01

The acceptance of the purposeful arrangement of verses in the chapters of the Holy Quran is one of the characteristics of contemporary interpretative approaches that assist the interpreter in achieving the main goal and objective of a chapter. Certainly, with the attainment of this goal and objective, the interpreter will provide a relevant and purposeful interpretation of a chapter by looking comprehensively at the collection of verses within it, leading to results such as the demonstration of the miraculous nature of the Quranic style and addressing the doubts regarding the scattered verses. Ayatollah Dr. Sadeqi Tehrani is among the interpreters who emphasize the objectives and purposefulness of the chapters, and with this perspective, he has elaborated on the objectives of the chapters in various instances. What are presented in this writing are the foundations of his viewpoint regarding the objectives of the chapters, which include the predetermined arrangement of verses and chapters, the placement of Quranic verses within a collection known as a chapter, the necessity of coherence, the miraculous nature of expression, and spiritual correspondence. The discovery of these objectives has been carried out by utilizing the principle of "context" and the "connection of the initial and final verses." in the paper, we have briefly addressed the method of discovering these objectives and the consequences of this approach.

Cairo University and its position on national issues 1908-1952 (1919 Revolution - 1935 Uprising - 1946 Uprising - July 1952 Revolution)

Noor Mohammed Suleiman — 2024-10-01

The research, which is a research extracted from the doctoral thesis (Cairo University 1953-1981, a historical study), discussed that Cairo University is considered one of the most prestigious universities in the Arab world, and an academic institution that has played a prominent role in shaping national awareness and directing public opinion historically, as the university was a beacon of free thought and progress, and was always at the forefront of defending national and nationalist issues. Cairo University was not far from the events of the Egyptian street, as the student movement played a major role in the national movement aimed at achieving complete independence and resisting the palace. If it indicates anything, it indicates the extent to which students were aware of political events during this period, and that there was indeed cultural and political growth on the part of students at this time, which reached the point of their contact with other classes of people, workers and intellectuals, in order to stand together to demand their single goal, which is evacuation and the unity of the Nile Valley.. Thus, the university contributed on the political level by participating in the political events that took place in Egypt between 1908-1952, as students participated in changing the course of political events and achieving Egypt’s demands sometimes through demonstrations and strikes, or supporting national demands for liberation and complete independence from the British occupation. Despite some failures that occurred due to the economic conditions, especially during the First World War, this did not prevent the university and its board of directors from overcoming those crises in the ways they saw fit and leading the university to safety and success.

The influence of Turkish language and culture on teaching foreign languages (A review of language teaching materials and methods)

Ghufran Mohammed Obaid — 2024-10-01

Throughout the history of foreign language teaching, it has been always debating how to teach a foreign language. Therefore several different methods were developed and used.In order to carry out these methods effectively in teaching process. In language teaching method is a teaching element which lets students have aims of education reliably and quickly. These methods have been developed to make up other methods’ deficiencies or inadequacies that in use. However, it is frankly understood that there is no perfect method. It is necessary to know about basic principles, boundaries, features and imperfections of the methods. Because of the places where these methods were improved are abroad and knowledge related to the methods is obtained from foreign language sources, it is unavoidable to use second/third references. Besides, the knowledge which can be only acquired in execution environment of methods doesn’t exist adequately in published sources in Turkish language. In these sources, different, less or conflictive information exist related to the focused point of this study “basic principles and usage features of methods”. In this study, it is aimed to detect conflicts, deficiencies and differences on concerned topics and make them up, later on to gather that knowledge under the same study.

The image of women is a cross between East and West in the novel “Season of Migration to the North” by Tayeb Salih, a cultural critical study

Hiam Nomas Othman — 2024-10-01

The study aims to reveal the image of women and their models and the human, social, cultural and civilizational issues and manifestations that this image raises in a great writer and novelist who witnessed the experience of belonging to the East and read the event of alienation in the West. He is considered one of the most important novelists of the twentieth century, namely “Tayeb Salih”, through his significant novel model represented in his famous novel “Season of Migration to the North” by presenting two female models, each of which belongs to two different cultures: the sadistic wife represented by the character of “Jane Winifred Morris” from Western culture, and the defiant widow represented by the character of “Hasna bint Mahmoud” from Eastern culture. The study used the cultural criticism approach to trace the most important cultural signs included in the image of women within the text, and to link those signs to their cultural connotations outside the text. One of the most prominent results reached by the study is the difference in the human contents presented by the female model in both cultures, according to the difference in the social, cultural and political values from which both female models draw, as each one raised issues, pains, disappointments, strengths and weaknesses that differed from the other.

Developments in American oil policy in the Arabian Gulf region (Kuwait, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia as a model until 1956 AD)

Hilal Kazem Himiri — 2024-10-01

The Arab Mashreq (East) holds a global significance in the eyes of intellectuals and researchers due to its strategic location, rich cultural history, and oversight of important waterways, which have been navigated by commercial ships both in ancient and modern times. It serves as a crossroads for trade routes and is home to some of the oldest civilizations. Its location, bridging the three continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa, coupled with its vast human resources and the largest oil reserves in the world, enhances its economic importance among major world powers, including the United States, especially during the period between the two World Wars. The region's significance in the eyes of American governments increased as they worked to diminish British and French influence in the Arab Mashreq, turning these countries into economically and politically weakened states after being exhausted by numerous colonies and wars. The United States played a role in undermining the colonial structures established by these countries in pursuit of monopolizing the region and filling the void before filled by others. This intention was manifested by President Harry Truman's warning when he stated, "The Arab Mashreq and the lower regions possess immense resources and include the easiest means of land, sea, and air communication. Therefore, they could become a focal point of conflict and competition among various competing foreign powers.

During this period, the world witnessed many political events and developments that had a direct impact on the Arab Mashreq region. Among the most prominent changes were revolutions and uprisings that transformed the ruling systems in these countries, leading to their freedom and independence. In addition, some armed movements emerged in certain countries with the aim of changing the ruling regimes or acquiring specific rights and privileges, turning their areas into military arenas for the intervention of various countries. These events had significant repercussions on the region's states.

The Jewish house is one of the styles of civil architecture in the city of Thula Architectural archaeological study

Randa Khamis Ahmed Al-Moaidi — 2024-10-01

Civil architecture, especially residential facilities, is the main product expressing the people, and represents the pillar in the establishment of the city, and the multiplicity of styles of its houses and their continuity. If the residential facilities are of such importance for civilized studies when they are maintained to be affected by their originality and the continuation of the old architectural style of the facilities as it is in the city of Thala, it would have been more useful to seek to study and preserve them because they reflect the images of the social life of the people, and by delving into the details of the facilities, and the diversity of house styles in the city of Thula between tower houses consisting of six floors on average, or Turkish houses consisting of four floors, and Jewish houses with a specific height not exceeding three floors, it will become clear One of the architectural indications of the house under study is the type of architectural style, and whether its construction was affected by special social factors related to the choice of its location, and by the detailed study of the architectural elements that make up the house, it will be seen to what extent the residential architecture style is affected by religious beliefs and whether the presence of some architectural elements has to do with rituals and religious beliefs. Through field visits and following the descriptive and analytical approach to the details of the architectural configuration of the house under study, which will give us evidence to understand the factors that affected its architectural composition and clarify an architectural style that existed since ancient times in the city and continued for centuries after the advent of Islam.

" Scholars' journeys from Baghdad to the Levant and Egypt since the end of the Abbasid Caliphate until the Safavid rule "656 - 930 AH"

Wali al-Din Burst — 2024-10-01

From the end of the Abbasid Caliphate to the Safavid rule in the period between 656 and 930 AH, the city of Baghdad witnessed significant transformations in the field of migration of scholars and thinkers. During the Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad was a thriving cultural and scientific center where scholars and philosophers from all over the Islamic world gathered to exchange knowledge and culture.

With the decline of the influence of the Abbasid Caliphate and the emergence of the Safavid rule, the migration movement of scholars from Baghdad began to be affected. Political tensions and social unrest increased in the region, prompting many scholars and thinkers to leave Baghdad for other areas that provided them with a more stable environment and freedom of thought and innovation.

The society of Baghdad was greatly affected by the departure of scholars, as the intellectual and scientific movement that was considered a gateway to innovation and development declined. Despite this, the contributions of scholars who left Baghdad continued to spread knowledge and culture in the areas where they settled, which contributed to the spread of science and philosophy in new areas and the exchange of thought and knowledge between different cultures.

The research sought to shed light on an important historical fact from the history of the city of Baghdad, where we worked in this research to highlight the real reasons and motives that led to the migration of many scholars and sheikhs in various fields of arts and sciences from the Baghdadi society after the elite and the general public were seeking and traveling to it.

However, the circumstances witnessed by the city since the end of the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate at the hands of the Mongols Ilkhan in the year "656" AH and after them the rule of the Jalayirid and Turkmen in terms of political, social and economic conditions that were characterized by calm, conflicts, wars and sieges that affected security stability and stagnation of economic life.

This is in addition to the high prices and natural disasters, as well as the difference in the language of dialogue between Arab scholars and the Turkmen sultans who ruled the city of Baghdad for two and a half centuries. This is in addition to another important aspect, which is that some of the scholars sought to highlight their worthiness and qualifications in those cities in which they settled and obtained a distinguished position with their rulers and members of society.

اثر طريقة المناقشة الجماعية في تصحيح المفاهيم المغلوطة في قواعد اللغة العربية لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية

Imad Ismail Hilal — 2024-10-01

To achieve this, the researchers adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is the design of (the experimental group with a control group) and a post-test. The sample included (45) fourth-grade science students in (Al-Zawraa) Secondary School for Girls, affiliated with the Anbar Education Directorate, and they were randomly distributed into two groups. There were (22) female students in the experimental group, and (23) female students in the control group. The experimental group was studied using group discussion, and the control group was studied without using this method. The researchers rewarded the female students of the two research groups in a pre-test of false Arabic grammar concepts. The researchers selected the scientific material from the grammar book to be taught, which numbered (5) topics divided into (16) concepts, and in order to identify the degree of correcting the misconceptions among the students of the two research groups, the researchers prepared an objective achievement test consisting of (16) items of the type of choice from multiple, and make sure of its truthfulness and stability, Using the chi-square, the result was: There is a statistically significant difference between the two groups in misconceptions of grammar, in favor of the group in whose teaching group discussion was used.

The reaction of Iranian scholars and resident scholars to the Wahhabi attacks on the holy cities

AHMEED ALSHIHMANI — 2024-10-01

The gathering of the graves of the Imams (peace be upon them) in Iraq has increased the religious importance of this blessed land for the Shiites. The Wahhabi attack on Iraq, especially on the holy shrines, caused many reactions among various segments of society in the Iranian and Ottoman countries, and had a major impact at various levels. Both the rulers of Iran and the Ottoman Empire took action depending on their power and influence. This research aims to investigate the advocacy, cultural and political actions of religious scholars residing in Iran and religious scholars in Iran in response to the Wahhabi attack on the holy shrines, relying on library studies and descriptive analytical methods. The research results show that the first reaction in Iran came from religious scholars residing in Iran and scholars of the holy places, both of whom were directly and indirectly involved in defending the holy places. Accordingly, it can be said that they were the focus of the actions of the common people and a reason for the incitement of the students and the Qajar and Ottoman governments to defend the holy places. Because they made their homes a base for resistance and struggle against the Wahhabis, and through cultural, religious and civil initiatives, they revived the spiritual centers of Iraq, and even with their strategic efforts, they obtained the support of the people and the ruling authorities. Prominent scholars undertook the great task of accelerating the reconstruction of the Atabat shrine by mobilizing Government officials and wealthy individuals from different cities, with the aim of securing funds.

Types of criminal penalties for public office crimes in Iraqi and Syrian

Ruhollah Akrami — 2024-10-01

Crimes of public office have received the attention of the criminal legislator due to their great importance in affecting public interests, as they directly affect the interests of the state and society, and social damages are often serious, threatening the entity and interests of the state, both internal and external, and political stability, and affecting public confidence in its administrative and economic institutions. As a result of the widespread prevalence of crimes of public office, criminal legislation has sought to legislate laws that guarantee legal protection for public interests, by legislating appropriate penalties that are commensurate with each crime of public office crimes and ensuring the necessary protection of the public office, and following a punitive policy that is consistent with the seriousness of these crimes. Criminal penalties have varied with the variety of crimes, taking into account the legal and judicial circumstances in cases of aggravation and mitigation in penalties that affect the legislator's goal of providing adequate protection for the public office.

The matter that prompted us to choose this topic for our study is the types of criminal penalties in public office crimes in Iraq and Syria. It is clear from the title of the research that it talks about the types of criminal penalties in public office crimes, so we will explain these different types of criminal penalties that are imposed on the perpetrator of this crime. Public employees and those charged with public service.

The plan of this study consists of one topic under the title: Types of criminal penalties for public office crimes in Iraqi and Syrian criminal legislation. The study is divided into three requirements: the first, concepts and terminology. The second requirement: Types of criminal penalties for public office crimes in Iraqi criminal legislation, and the third requirement: Types of criminal penalties for public office crimes in Syrian criminal legislation, and finally we go back to the most important results and recommendations.

Public opinion trends regarding the work of women in the media and their relationship to their performance from the point of view of female media professionals (A survey of a sample of Iraqi female media professionals)

Oyoun Saad Jumaa Kathum — 2024-10-01

The research aims to determine the extent to which public opinion trends regarding women’s media work influence their job performance, Public opinion regarding women’s work in media in their job performance, revealing the impact of prevailing public opinion trends on women’s work in media institutions from their point of view, and studying the obstacles they face while performing their media tasks, The researcher adopted a sample of (406) respondents for the questionnaire tool for women media professionals, and the researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that public opinion trends regarding women’s work in media institutions tend to be negative from the point of view of media professionals, as society so far does not prefer women’s work in this field. Among the reasons for these negative trends are the prevailing customs and traditions, and society’s rejection of women going out to work, traveling, and dealing with others according to the working conditions that are necessary for them, as well as some incorrect behaviors on the part of some media professionals, which reflected a negative image of their presence in this field, Many obstacles have also emerged that women media professionals face and affect their job performance at work, the most prominent of which are the customs and traditions prevailing in society and working hours. The study also found that negative trends significantly affect women’s performance in media work, and have also pushed some media professionals to leave the profession and move towards... Another profession.

Violence against women in Habbaniya district

Rawasi Sabah Nashmi — 2024-10-01

The study aims to find out the causes of violence and its form in al-habbaniya distrct the study population consist of women who are exposed to violence the study sample consist of a set of question form which include set of question direct ti women who have been subject to violence in the urban and rural areas of al-habbaniya distract in order to determmin the number of women who are exposed to violence in its various form the percentagas varied btween the hightes and the lowest and theis is a result of different and natural of each environment and thire customs as well as the different in their culture and educational level it has been show that one of the most important reason behind violence in rulal of the tradition commn among them in addition to dominance of mahes and the interference of the husband family in the prived live and violence today has become an issue that all countries seek to redus its severity and enact laws and legislation that regect violens against women in its various form women in the study area are exposed to different and diverse from of violence such as physical violence which is the oldest physical violence psychological violence , psychological violence resulting from hurtful speech and verbal violence that include bad expressions.

The right of a foreigner to resort to the regular judiciary (a comparative study between Iraqi law and Iranian law)

Muhammad Mahdi Aziz Allahi — 2024-10-01

The right to litigation is one of the rights necessary for the life of a foreigner on national territory. If it is established that international law requires the state to give the foreigner a degree of the rights necessary for his life, then it is logical that this foreigner has the right to resort to the national judiciary by requesting judicial protection. In the event of an attack on the substantive rights legally established for him in the territory of the state in which he resides, the right without judicial protection is practically useless, and it results in depriving the foreigner of resort to the national judiciary of the state, a denial of justice, which requires the state to be held accountable for its negligent error. Before international courts. Here, it is assumed that the foreigner is treated with dignity before the national judiciary and that he is guaranteed all the procedural rights that are guaranteed to the national litigant. In other words, the foreign character must not be a reason for discrimination against that foreigner because this situation violates the rules of public international law.

In addition, the laws of both countries do not exclude recognition of the right of foreigners residing legally on their territories to enjoy the same rights approved by international and regional agreements that are part of their national law, since these rights have become part of the common heritage of humanity and therefore it is not permissible to stipulate otherwise. Therefore, its practice may not be restricted by arbitrary restrictions.

Civil liability of midwives as a result of their professional activity (a comparative study)

Reza Hossein Gandemkar — 2024-10-01

The midwife assumes a number of vital tasks and duties that lead to the provision of comprehensive health care for women who seek her services. These duties include conducting routine examinations on women, providing psychological support to the pregnant mother, performing simple paramedical procedures, contributing to educating pregnant women about the need for constant health monitoring and ways to care for their health and their fetuses, adhering to the highest standards of midwifery ethics, fully respecting the privacy of women, providing health data in an understandable and simplified manner, and should be aware of the latest developments in the scope of her profession and keen to develop her profession. The midwife is civilly liable for all damages that may be inflicted on women as a result of her negligence or failure to perform her duties. Whether these damages are caused by direct fault or by failure to provide the necessary care. The midwife has a special relationship with the woman who needs her help during pregnancy and childbirth. Determining the pattern of civil liability of a midwife is a delicate legal issue that requires a wise and detailed study of each individual case. In general, it can be said that the midwife's liability is both contractual and tort liability in Iraqi and Iranian legislation, and the courts should balance the interest of pregnant women in receiving fair compensation and the midwife's interest in protection from malicious litigation and malicious claims. Generally speaking, it can be argued that the midwife's obligation of care is a duty of care, not an obligation to achieve a particular end. This is the most correct statement due to the nature of the midwifery profession and the factors that affect the final outcome. However, there are some exceptions that may make a qualified midwife obligated to achieve a particular outcome. The burden of proof in the matter of civil liability is a delicate matter. The burden of proof falls on the beneficiary of the midwife's services, with the exception of the existence of a contract that obligates the midwife to achieve a certain outcome. Through this research, we sought to clarify the judgment of the Iraqi and Iranian legislators on the civil liability of the midwife, relying on the descriptive, analytical and comparative approach, and the most prominent finding of the research is that the origin of the midwife's obligation is an obligation to exert the care of the usual person, and an exception is her obligation to achieve a certain result. The midwife assumes a number of vital tasks and duties that lead to the provision of comprehensive health care for women who seek her services, and these duties include conducting routine examinations on women, providing psychological support to the expectant mother, performing simple semi-medical procedures, contributing to educating pregnant women about the need for constant health monitoring and ways to care for their health and their fetuses, adhering to the highest standards of midwifery ethics, fully respecting the privacy of women, presenting health data in an understandable and simplified manner, and she should be informed of the latest developments in the scope of her profession and keen to develop her profession. The midwife is civilly liable for all damages that may be inflicted on women as a result of her negligence or failure to perform her duties. Whether these damages are caused by direct fault or by failure to provide the necessary care. The midwife has a special relationship with the woman who needs her help during pregnancy and childbirth. Determining the pattern of civil liability of a midwife is a delicate legal issue that requires a wise and detailed study of each individual case. In general, it can be said that the midwife's liability is both contractual and tort liability in Iraqi and Iranian legislation, and the courts should balance the interest of pregnant women in obtaining fair compensation and the midwife's interest in protection from malicious litigation and malicious suits. Generally speaking, it can be argued that the midwife's obligation of care is a duty of care, not an obligation to achieve a particular end. This is the most correct statement due to the nature of the midwifery profession and the factors that affect the final outcome. However, there are some exceptions that may make a qualified midwife obligated to achieve a particular outcome. The burden of proof in the matter of civil liability is a delicate matter. The burden of proof falls on the beneficiary of the midwife's services, with the exception of the existence of a contract that obligates the midwife to achieve a certain outcome. Through this research, we sought to clarify the judgment of the Iraqi and Iranian legislators on the civil liability of the midwife, relying on the descriptive, analytical and comparative approach, and the most prominent finding of the research is that the origin of the midwife's obligation is an obligation to exert the usual care of the usual person, and an exception is her obligation to achieve a certain result.

The sermon of the Messenger (may God bless him and his family) in welcoming the month of Ramadan A reading in the light of textual linguistics

Salima Fadhel Habib — 2024-10-01

The sermon of the Messenger (may God bless him and his family) is

one of the great sermons in which phrases worthy of contemplation and reflection were mentioned, in a month whose name is linked to one of the names of God, as it was reported from Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) in a reliable chain of transmission: “Do not say this is Ramadan, nor Ramadan has gone, nor Ramadan has come, for Ramadan is a name of God Almighty, it does not come or go, but what comes and goes is the transient, but say the month of Ramadan, for the month is added to the name, and the name is the name of God (may His mention be glorified), and it is the month in which the Qur’an was revealed, making it an example and a threat, and therefore it deserved to be re-read and analyzed by observing the semantic relationships between sentences in particular, and between groups of sentences and their grammatical characteristics in a general way, so the choice fell on employing textual linguistics in this reading, and it was necessary to intertwine practices and evoke several references that control it: (the type of discourse, its producer, and its recipient) in order to understand and analyze the sermon, by subjecting it to the seven textual criteria proposed by De Beaugrand in discourse analysis, which are: (casting, weaving, Purposefulness, acceptability, information, situational, intertextuality).

Causal attribution and its manifestation in Iraqi theatrical text (the play Paradise Opens Its Doors Late) is a model

Essa Mohsen Ali ALAllak — 2024-10-01

This research was concerned with studying the motivation of attribution and the reasons that cause individuals to make certain decisions regarding the incidents they experience, as the behavior and actions of individuals are due to factors that influence them and push them to make those decisions, whether these factors are personal traits or manifestations of social situations, and this study included Four chapters, the first chapter includes the research problem centered around the following question (How does causal attribution appear in the Iraqi theatrical text?) and then the importance of the research and the need for it, as the research is the first to study the theory of (causal attribution) in the theatrical text. The aim of the research focused on identifying the operations of causal attribution in Iraqi theatrical text.

The temporal boundaries were set at (1998) and the spatial limit was set at (Iraq) Then define the terms terminologically and procedurally.

As for the second chapter, it contained two sections, the first section included a study of (causal attribution, origin and concept), while the second section dealt with (theatrical reading through the theory of causal attribution), and then the previous studies and the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework; The third chapter included the research procedures that included the research community represented by (the play Paradise Opens Its Doors Late) as a model for it and as specified in the title of the research; This play was also the research sample, along with the justifications for its selection. As for the fourth chapter, it concluded with a set of results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals. And from Then a list of the most important sources and reference .

Explanatory criticism related to the jurisprudential opinions of the scholars of Hilla

Amal Hussain Nawar Al-Musafiri — 2024-10-01

The Hillah School excelled in blending the principles of jurisprudence and interpretation, and this was clearly evident in one type of interpretation, which is jurisprudential interpretation, as the Holy Qur’an included legislation for comprehensive rules that established branches and details that people need in every time and place since the revelation of the Qur’an until the Day of Judgment, and it represents That is three hundred verses according to one saying, and five hundred according to another statement Our scholars, both ancient and modern, have called them verses of rulings. Ancient commentators - since the second century AH - have devised a method of criticism and examination with the aim of examining narrations and opinions, and investigating the most likely meanings based on solid scientific foundations, which in turn establish scientific foundations, but they are often mixed with the whims of their authors, and this It is only clear to someone who knows the directions of interpretation whether they are true or deviant, as the majority of commentators have relied on an opinion, a narration, or a textual document, and either agrees with it or disagrees with it, and it is the correct approach to interpretation. The interpreter must have a text that he can rely on in his interpretation, and this interpretation should not stem from his whims or inclinations. Whether this text agrees with what was stated in the Holy Qur’an and the interpreter took it, or vice versa, it is both forms of criticism. This material is worthy of research and study, hence it is necessary. The researcher must explain what the commentators of Al-Hilla have reached in terms of criticism, as delving into this fruitful and useful scientific field sheds light on the scientific capabilities enjoyed by its scholars, their special arts of dealing with texts, how to take from them, and their words related to criticism. All of this is considered a door to serving... Who served the Holy Quran

Interactive reception of the protest theatrical performance - the play Eight Witnesses from My Country by Choice

Murtatha Ali Hassan Jassim — 2024-10-01

The protest theatrical performance seeks to stimulate the imagination of the recipient by producing multiple interpretive readings of the theatrical performance speech, which come in an intentional way for the purpose of the recipient interacting with the events of the theatrical performance and elevating it to the level of rejection and protest and achieving multiple goals at the intellectual, social and political levels, and producing a protest theatrical speech that interacts and participates in Activate it receiver.

The research included four chapters: The first chapter was concerned with the methodological framework of the research, and the research problem centered on the following question: How was the director able to provoke the audience to interact with the protest theatrical performance?

While the importance of the research and the need for it became clear as it sheds light on an important detail of the theatrical process, which is the effectiveness of reception in theatre, as well as being a cognitive achievement that benefits students And researchers in the field of theatrical directing, in addition to deriving a basic goal, which is to identify the effectiveness of the reception of the protest theatrical show. As for its limits, it was limited to the theatrical performances that were presented at the Theater of the Cultural Center in Basra in (2018). The chapter concluded by defining the most important terms that were mentioned in the title of the research. .

The second chapter was concerned with the theoretical framework and contained two sections. The first section was concerned with the interaction of reception in the theatrical performance, while the second section was concerned with studying protest theatre’s origins and development. The research emerged from the theoretical framework with the indicators that it used as a tool for analyzing samples.

As for the third chapter, it included (research procedures), as it included the research community, which included the research sample, through which the sample represented by the protest theatrical performances, eight witnesses from my country, was analyzed.

The fourth chapter contained the research results reached by the researcher, a presentation of the conclusions, and a list of sources.

The role of the university educational Supervisor in promoting scientific awareness among teachers

Awham Ghalib Hamza Al-Jubouri — 2024-10-01

the purpose of the current research is to identify the hole of the educational supervisor in enhancing the scientific awareness of the appropriate time has been conductigation of the concept of educational supervision, while the Second section includes the functions of the educational supervision, while the third Section includes on

Adapting educational supervision to those supervising the application and the skills required of an effective educational supervisor, and the investigations of Waves magazine have now been completed, including titles that the researcher can use.

Given the importance of the node of the educational supervisors more research on educational supervision must be Conducted, the educational supervisor has an important role in developing the administration school As for the recommendations the necessity of balancing, interests between the administrative and technical aspects of Eastern educators. Developing educational supervisors interest in scientific skills And its development.

دور قواعد القانون الدولي الخاص في مواجهة تغير موطن المؤمن دراسة مقارنه بين القانون العراقي والمصري والايراني

Muhammad Mahdi Aziz Allahi — 2024-10-01

Since the domicile of the insured is included among the elements that make up an insurance contract of an international character, and because of the possibility of changing it in reality with regard to the geographical location or hypothetically with respect to the hypothetical location, and the special provisions that follow that to determine the law applicable to the insurance contract of an international character, the Iraqi Civil Code that regulated the provisions of the domicile It came with provisions directed, in principle, to the internal legal relations of people without special international legal relations, because Iraq is one of the countries whose law takes into account the idea of nationality to resolve issues dealt with by the insured’s domicile in some other countries. Therefore, the commentators relied on the provisions of internal domicile in discussing the domicile provisions International, in contrast to the ideas in the Anglo-American countries, in which the domicile maintained its position in dealing with conflicts of laws and conflicts of jurisdiction without being disturbed by the idea of nationality, and we note that insurance companies impose on the insured to inform the company of any developments, and from here, if a change occurs in the insured’s place of residence Whether this change is by his will or beyond his control, he must inform the company of this change, and therefore the criterion of place of residence can be taken into account at the level of the insurance contract on the part of the insured. In addition, the data that the insured must provide are those data. Which is important for the insurer to know so that he can estimate the risks he takes on. Every statement that would enable the insurer to estimate the risk must be provided by the insured .

Iraqi EFL School Teachers' Perceptions of Enhancing Learner Autonomy in Their CLT Classes

Ahmed A .Hamza — 2024-10-01

Learner autonomy plays an important role in developing learners for a fruitful language learning/teaching process in EFL classes. More specifically, in CLT classes; a learner-centered method whereby personalized learning is emphasized and teaching learners how to access resources and how to use them for their learning needs has become increasingly important. Teachers’ perception on learner autonomy is crucial because their beliefs about independent learning affects the development of learner autonomy. Thus, the study aims to manifest Iraqi EFL school teachers' perceptions who apply CLT method in their teaching context regarding learner autonomy and how can they enhance it in their CLT classes throughout distributing a questionnaire to (40) Iraqi EFL teacher in different schools. Based on the findings of the study , Iraqi EFL secondary teachers do not believe that autonomous learning leads to development in language learning as they justify that by Iraqi EFL learners ' incapability to take decisions of what and how to learn due to their immaturity and their insisting need of much guidance and instruction

Pandemics and Epidemics between Modernity and History in the Islamic West in the 5th-6th Centuries AH / 11th-12th Centuries AD

Wafaa Ahmed Mustafa — 2024-10-01

Pandemics and epidemics posed a great danger in the Islamic West in the 5-6 AH / 11-12 AD centuries, as this period witnessed a widespread spread of epidemics and epidemics, many of which caused infection and others had no cure, which greatly affected various aspects of human life, in addition to what they caused. Although it did not cause death, it had an economic impact on society, so high prices spread, famines increased, and diseases spread, which are considered one of the most severe types of affliction that afflicts humans. Historical sources have revealed to us many of them and the harm they caused and a bitter and difficult reality on human life. We have included in this research the historical scenes that cities experienced. Morocco and Andalusia in light of this situation and the extent of the damage and the impact it has had on people’s lives. Pandemics and epidemics are a source of danger that threatens the lives of people in various regions of the Islamic West. Morocco and Andalusia were both exposed to a number of epidemics that affected different segments of society and changed the course of their lives, and no one was spared from them. In order to limit the spread of epidemics and pandemics, the state has implemented quarantine and isolation of infected patients. This is one of the health prevention measures and was recently implemented after the outbreak of the Corona epidemic (Covid 19). Among the causes of epidemics are the occurrence of heavenly plagues such as drought, famine, floods, earthquakes and drought, which often caused food shortages and high prices. The many wars, seditions and unrest that the cities of Morocco and Andalusia faced also played a major role in the spread of many epidemics and pandemics. The most prominent epidemics and pandemics known to Islamic history in that era were discussed and linked to what the world experienced from the spread of the Corona epidemic (Covid 19) and the fear and panic it caused throughout its spread, and the impact it left on economic and social conditions.

LEGAL ADAPTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES IN LIGHT OF THE STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

MAHER TARIQ ABBAS HASSAN AL MUHAMMAD — 2024-10-01

There are many forms of environmental crimes, ranging from a clear violation of the natural environment, or an assault on the built environment, the cultural environment, or other things. Thus, they are closely linked to international crimes. If one browses the statute of the International Criminal Court and enumerates the crimes within the substantive jurisdiction of the court, he will find that it is competent to examine environmental crimes. Sometimes on the grounds that they are war crimes, and other times on the grounds that they are genocide, or crimes against humanity, and finally the court considered these crimes as a crime of aggression Hence, the question arises about the legal definition of environmental crimes, or in other words, under which of the crimes stipulated in Article Five of the Statute of the International Criminal Court do environmental crimes occur? In a more precise and more specific sense, are environmental crimes considered crimes of genocide, war crimes, or Crimes against humanity, or a crime of aggression?. Then we will follow the descriptive and analytical research approach by analyzing the opinions of jurisprudence and judicial rulings in the statute of the International Criminal Court. The International Criminal Court resolved the controversy surrounding the legal adaptation of international environmental crimes and the extent of its jurisdiction to consider them, through the announcement it issued in September 2016, in which it expanded the scope of its jurisdiction to include crimes that affect the environment and constitute its destruction, by announcing that it would begin to classify crimes that lead to The destruction of the environment, misuse of land, and the illegal expropriation of land ownership from their owners are considered crimes against humanity, which means that international environmental crimes have become part of the category of crimes against humanity that the International Criminal Court has jurisdiction to consider, which allows violators of environmental crimes to be punished before it. The crime of polluting the environment falls within the context of grave violations specified in the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the two Additional Protocols of 1977, as well as international conventions on human rights, and threatens international peace and security due to the failure of national judicial authorities to take the necessary measures to prosecute those accused of committing it.

Amina bint Wahb through the book “Al-Muntazam fi Tarikh al-Muluk wa al-Umam” by Ibn al-Jawzi

Yaarob Yaseen Ibrahim Muhammad — 2024-10-01

The study dealt in the first section with her name, lineage, brothers, uncles, and religion. The second section dealt with her marriage to Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib, Abdullah’s death, and her eulogy for her husband. The study also dealt in the third section with her pregnancy with Muhammad (may God bless him and grant him peace) and his birth. Then the research touched on the incidents and miracles on the night of her birth, her life with the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace), and then her death. Sources differed in mentioning Amina’s religion, some of which mentioned that she was a polytheist, some of which mentioned that she was of the Hanafi faith, and some of which mentioned that she was from the people of the period. Many historical sources mentioned stories that the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) revived his parents and they believed in him, which are stories that are not true. Among the important results of the research, the researcher concluded that Amina bint Wahb and his wife Abdullah were of the Hanafi faith, as evidenced by the poetic verses that Amina said about the incident of her husband’s death and her son Muhammad (peace be upon him) praising him before her death, as well as the qualities of Abdullah and his rejection of adultery and the forbidden when the Khath’ami woman presented herself to him, which are qualities of the Hanafi faith. The historian Ibn al-Jawzi neglected many events when he discussed the biography of Amina bint Wahb, especially her religion. Ibn al-Jawzi relied heavily on brevity when talking about Amina bint Wahb and her life with his wife, especially when mentioning her death. Many miracles were reported when Amina gave birth to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), which made the researcher doubt whether she was mentioned or neglected. The study also concluded that Ibn al-Jawzi did not rely on chronological order when mentioning Amina bint Wahb.

Elements of peaceful coexistence from the perspective of the Holy Quran

Karar Moayed Abdul Kadhim Al-Awidi — 2024-10-01

Coexistence is considered a valuable moral behavior and a sophisticated civilized act to achieve new citizenship in the era of globalization. The Holy Qur’an is clear in its call for peace, non-incitement to violence, and the call for peaceful coexistence. It also calls, in accordance with its ethics and the loftiness of its theories, for coexistence with other religions and coexistence with them, no matter how different they are, because this is the difference between people. It is an inevitable matter decreed by the Creator of people due to a wisdom known to Him, the Almighty. There are elements upon which peaceful coexistence between people is based from the perspective of the Holy Qur’an. This study aims to extract these elements from the noble text according to the inductive and analytical approach. Among the most important components of coexistence that the study found are: human dignity, the principle of difference or pluralism, recognition of the other or acquaintance. Moral concepts are also among the basic foundations and components that the Qur’an emphasizes, such as justice, equality, and forgiveness (tolerance and loyalty). With vows.
There are elements upon which peaceful coexistence is based in the Holy Qur’an, and these elements are consistent and compatible with the humanity of man within himself and with his society. Rather, it remains, because it is consistent with pure nature and sound minds, and it also represents the identity of man in himself and his connections.
Honor is one of the most important components of coexistence in the Holy Qur’an. God Almighty has honored man and entrusted him with two tendencies: an individual tendency to bring good to himself and ward off evil, and to realize himself, and a social tendency to coexist with others.

The legal nature of forced return of refugees in international law

NAdhim Jawad Rashid Al Mamouri — 2024-10-01

Non-refoulement of refugees in international law is that no signatory state may expel or return a refugee by force in any way to the borders of a territory where his life or freedom might be endangered for racial, religious or national reasons or because of his membership in a particular social group or political opinion. In order to understand the comprehensive concept of forced return, it is necessary to determine the legal nature of the forced return of refugees in terms of whether it falls under any title of international crimes, and is it a crime of genocide? Or a crime against humanity? Or a war crime? This crime is considered a crime against humanity, a crime of genocide, and a war crime, as stated in the agreements, regulations and charters of international courts, including the Rome Statute. The concept of an “underlying act” that amounts to persecution undoubtedly applies to refoulement, as the right to freedom of movement and residence in a place is in fact protected under international law. The prohibition of refoulement aims to ensure that individuals have the right and aspiration to live in their communities and homes without external interference. The forced nature of displacement and forced uprooting of the population of a territory entails criminal responsibility for the perpetrator. The specificity of the crime of persecution lies in the fact that individuals are discriminated against because they are members of a targeted group, and that persons suspected of being members of targeted groups are also included as potential victims of discrimination even if the suspicion proves to be inaccurate. This would seem to suggest that persecution may exist even without an actual discriminatory act against a member of the targeted group; instead, the discriminatory intent in the mind of the perpetrator must be considered as a relevant issue. Deportation and forcible transfer are essentially war crimes and crimes against humanity. One of the main differences between describing them as war crimes rather than crimes against humanity is that the deportation must be part of a widespread and systematic attack against a civilian population, and there is no need to prove the existence of an armed conflict. Whether the crime of deportation is described as another type of crime, the elements that constitute deportation and forcible transfer as crimes under international law are not very different. The core acts that constitute the crime of persecution can often be crimes on their own – if murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, rape, or other inhumane acts are committed for discriminatory reasons, they amount to persecution. Furthermore, deportation and forcible transfer as acts of persecution are not different from the crimes themselves in terms of prosecution. 8. Deportation and forcible transfer entail the forced displacement of persons, without grounds permitted by international law, from the area in which they are lawfully present. The idea that people must be lawfully present in the area from which they are forcibly transferred or deported has not been carefully scrutinized by international criminal courts.

Examples of the theory of social positivist theory in interpretive blogs an analytical study

Zaher Abdullah Abis Al-Sultani — 2024-10-01

There are many forms and practices that include examples of social theory in the interpretations of the Qur'an, including (Takaful and social cooperation) which provide a provision that includes all members of the Community, especially the provision of the needs of the poor and the needy in order to guarantee them a decent human life. And the class conflict. The purpose of this study is to explore the examples of the theory of social status in the interpretations of the Qur'an from the Qur'anic texts according to the inductive and analytical approach, and among the most important examples of the theory of social status in the interpretations of the Qur'an that the study reached, firstly: family or family Takaful, and it is towards the children and protecting them, and Takaful for orphans and honor. Second: community solidarity towards the poor and the needy, and towards Ibn Al-Sabil. Al-Muftahiyah: examples, social theory, interpretations of the Qur'an, the Holy Qur'an The family is the basic unit, so with its righteousness, society is righteous, and with its corruption, society is corrupted. Solidarity in it is one of the noblest forms of cooperation between its members. It enhances the sense of identity and belonging to society through cohesion and connection between its members, as every member of society feels appreciated and respected, which leads to peaceful societal coexistence. It eliminates class disparity among members of society, and preserves human dignity regardless of their color, religion or gender. God Almighty said: {Indeed, the most honorable of you in the sight of God is the most righteous of you} It is an insurance umbrella for the poor, the needy, the beggars, the wayfarers and others, which reduces the suffering of this class that is unable to bear the burden of a difficult life.

Bourguiba’s project to resolve the Palestinian issue in 1965 and the American position

Marwan Fadel Hussein Magheer — 2024-10-01

Tunisia has been known for its political harmony with the United States of America since ancient times, and their relationship has been going on for two hundred years, based on cooperation in all political, military and economic fields. Although Tunisia followed the same policy towards the Palestinian issue in the beginning, it soon changed its position and supported The Palestinian issue, especially after the headquarters of the Palestinian organization was moved to Tunisia due to the war on Lebanon. However, it will not affect the relationship between the two countries. It was necessary to study the position of America and Tunisia on the Palestinian issue through the speech of Habib Bourguiba, the Tunisian president.

Then there is the position of the American states on this project, around which many question marks have been raised, specifically at a critical stage of time on the various political and economic levels at the Arab and global levels. The research also touched on the background of the relations between Bourguiba and the Tunisian Jews, in addition to the diplomatic relations that linked the two countries are at that point in time, and from here came the many question marks about Bourguiba launching his project in the city of Jericho. Based on the content of this speech, which revolves around the idea of accepting the partition decision, as recognized by Bourguiba himself, but conditional on continuing the struggle, making sacrifices, and adopting a guerrilla method, until an agreement is reached that satisfies both parties.

Educational counseling and its role in achieving psychological security Social -field study for students of internal departments Babylon University

Muhammad Shakhir Hamza — 2024-10-01

The main research problem revolves around the following question: What is the role of educational guidance in achieving stability and psychological security among internal department students? The objectives of the study focus on the role of educational guidance in achieving psychological security, as well as the difficulties that the counselor faces in his work, through which psychological security can be achieved for the students of the internal departments at the University of Babylon. In order to achieve the importance of the research, the researcher built a five-point Likert scale for educational guidance, as it included.

(20) paragraphs, and for the purpose of statistical analysis, (101) action form were distributed on a random sample of students of the internal departments at the University of Babylon. The researcher also used a number of statistical methods such as the percentage, T -tested for one sample, the two independent samples test, the alpha coloring equalizer to ensure the sincerity and stability of the scale, and statistical analysis on the electronic calculator was carried out using the statistical package (SPSS.28) and laziness programs. The most important results that this research concluded:

Educational counseling at the university is an important service that helps students succeed in their studies and achieve their personal and professional goals.
Educational counseling is an effective tool for enhancing the psychological security of the individual, especially during the university study period. The individual educational guidance helps to understand itself, deal with his feelings, solve problems, form relationships, and a sense of social support.

The research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which are:

Educational institutions must provide a safe and supportive university environment for students that help them feel comfortable and safe.
Educational institutions must spread awareness about the importance of educational counseling and psychological security for students and parents.
Educational institutions must train educational counselors with skills and experiences that help them enhance the psychological security of students.

Divorce and its consequences in ancient Iraqi society

Ali Adnan Fadel Al-Husseini — 2024-10-01

The Divorce in ancient Iraqi society is part of the personal status that was legally legislated in most ancient Iraqi laws because of its importance in evaluating family structure in Mesopotamian society. The Sumerians expressed divorce with the term (tag4), which means abandonment, while the Akkadian-Babylonian expressed it with the term (uzubbu). Or uzubbum) and this term is derived from the verb root (ezebu), which gives the same meaning. Divorce had several legal procedures regulating the process of separation between a man and a woman, including oral procedures without documentation on clay tablets and others procedures written on those tablets. The Babylonians used a number of phrases or Actions that indicate the husband’s desire to separate from his wife, and among these phrases are “You are not my wife,” as the divorce occurred after the man most of the time. If the wife filed for divorce from her husband, her rights would be forfeited and she would leave empty-handed. Old Iraqi laws required both parties to bring witnesses when the divorce occurred between them. Document this, and it is preferable for the witnesses to include a priest or priestess. This is because the status of priests in ancient Iraqi society was high and important, and there are two types of divorce in ancient Iraq. The first type is unfair divorce, in which the husband divorces his wife without a legitimate excuse, and in this type he is required to give the wife her full rights, and even some ancient Iraqi laws Severe penalties were imposed on the husband in such cases, but the Assyrian laws did not impose anything on the man, and thus the man became unrestrained and had priority in the matter of divorce. As for the second type, it is fair or just divorce, and in this type there must be a convincing reason for the divorce to occur, and he was not neglected. The ancient Iraqi legislator recognized the rights of children after divorce and even established legislation to guarantee their rights.

Calling historical figures in the poetry of Ibn Daraj al-Qastali (d. 421 AH) as a cultural reference

Yasser Rashid Hamad — 2024-10-01

References began to address researchers as an important tool in the fields of poetry, and it is known that every society fragmented by the customs and practices of a variety of linguistic, social, religious, historical, and other practices represented a record of knowledge full of them through their inheritance through generations, in line with the time and the vicisscies of life that portrayed references mixed with ideas and values, through the memory of the poet, whether individual or collective, in order to frame the framework of cultural references.

As it formed a prominent phenomenon in the poetry of Ibn Daraj Qastali and that belonging to the Andalusian era, which was full of events witnessed in the Andalusian era, as Ibn Daraj showed his skills in linking his historical and cultural references in the texts of his poetry, making his historical references a way to reveal his pains and delights, and put them in a sophisticated poetic character.

It seems that the poet's influence on history reflects the idea of the authenticity of the roots and his attachment to the past, and indicates an epistemological approach that made him accept the interrogation of the historical event, whether he used the city for an understanding purpose or used the historical figure for a comparative purpose, or resorted to a literary figure influential in it. Which opens the door to research on the concept of (influence and influence) when the poet with his past, which made him the pillar of the present .

The case in Kamar al-Bedour's book is to explain enough evidence to Dastari Mustafa Avendizadeh. Study and investigation:(C after 1179H)

Omar Obed Aid — 2024-10-01

This research investigates the poetic evidence (shāhid) cited by Ibn al-Hajib regarding the grammatical case of hāl (circumstantial qualifier), specifically the usage of the definite form. The commentator Dastarī, in his explication of Ibn al-Hajib's "Shawāhid Kāfiyah," elucidates this evidence in a didactic manner, presenting the views of grammarians and detailing their disputes. Additionally, he explicates the lexical meanings, touches upon morphological and phonological issues, and provides a biographical account of the poet cited.

Dastarī was an obscure Ottoman scholar, with this work being the only known book attributed to him mentioned in biographical sources. He lived in the 12th century AH (18th century CE).

The research delves into the scholarly discourse surrounding this specific grammatical evidence, shedding light on Dastarī's instructive approach and his contribution to preserving this aspect of the Arabic linguistic heritage.

The scholarly knowledge of the commentator and his linguistic and literary culture, as his book was comprehensive of all issues, whether grammatical, morphological, phonetic, semantic, literary, etc. Covering the poetic evidence from all linguistic aspects. Paying attention to the parsing of the poetic evidence and the poems that he explains to the poet (the owner of the evidence). The author’s interest in translating the poet who is the owner of the evidence and discussing all of his biography. What is noticeable in his method of presenting the scientific material is that he followed the method of Abdul Qadir Al-Baghdadi in his two books (Khazanat Al-Adab and Sharh Abyat Al-Mughni), as Al-Baghdadi explained the evidence from all linguistic aspects, clarifying the opinions and disagreements in the position of the evidence, after which he provides a comprehensive translation of the poet who is the owner of the evidence.

The effects of the additional period

Mithaq Talib Abd Hammadi — 2024-10-01

Preserving the sale contract and restricting the right to rescind it is one of the goals that international legislation sought to consolidate. For his right to rescind to be valid, it is required that the debtor has committed a fundamental violation. If not, the contract remains valid and productive of its effects. The offense committed here amounts to a fundamental violation that allows the creditor to rescind the contract, and if a violation has begun, it is not considered as such.

International legislation has limited the granting of additional time to contracting parties only, but it is a rule that is not considered a matter of public order as it is subject to agreement on what contradicts it, by assigning it to the arbitrator or judge examining the dispute or who agreed to intervene in it. Granting it has important effects and two periods of time, the first of which is during It is granted by the fact that it restrains the creditor from doing any work until its completion and he reserves his right to compensation only. As for the second period, it is represented by its expiration and the return of the suspended powers to the creditor, so he has the right to use it for all the prescribed penalties.

International legislation dealt with granting the additional grace period as a matter of permissibility and not obligatory, in the sense that the matter is entirely left to the creditor with it, as he is not held accountable in the event of his refraining from granting it, which is something that violated the internal legislation, including, where the German system deals with it as an obligatory matter at the extreme It is obligatory for the injured person if he wishes to preserve his right to compensation, and the Egyptian and French laws are similar in that.

The granting of the additional grace period was general and for all cases in which the debtor fails to implement the obligation, as long as it is his responsibility to perform it, even if it is mentioned in cases in which the legislation dealt with what is considered a fundamental violation.

The Iraqi internal legislation came to regulate the additional grace period, but under another name, which is (Nazra al-Misira), but it was brief in terms of the authority to grant it, as it was limited to the judicial authority only and without stating any details. It is a matter in which misuse may occur, whether in the face of the debtor or the creditor, as they are texts that need radical intervention and real treatment by the Iraqi legislator in order to be commensurate with the impact of them.

Representations of the incoming culture and its impact on the Arabic prose poem "Adonis as a model"

Ahmed Jamil Abdul Muhammad Al-Safrani — 2024-10-01

Poetic representation is one of the most important issues that poets have been concerned with throughout the ages, especially in the modern era, because of its importance in revealing what the self contains, so it enables the writer, whether he is a poet or a prose writer, to take the appropriate mask to pass his critical discourse, this is what we try to stand With him, we show how the modern poet employed this artistic technique in shaping his poetic Contemporary Arabic poetry has derived its modernity, its style, and the issues it is working on, in addition to its meeting with many of the mechanisms, elements, and techniques of modernity that Western poetry has worked on in general, including the techniques of the symbol, the mask, the intersection of genres, the flash poem, the emphasis on compositional shifts, the care for spontaneity, and the use of Heritage In its broad sense, all of this came in varying proportions from one poet to another based on each poet’s awareness of his experiences and tools and his possession of horizontal and vertical intellectual backgrounds that qualify him to work according to a certain level of Western modernity. It seems that the reason that prompted poets to do all of this is because modernity has made the present and the real actor in the self first, and society second, in comparison to the past and the future together, the standard and effective element of poetic practice. Western poetic culture had the largest share in most of the prose or poetic production that was written. Western culture entered into shaping the artistic and thematic structure of Arabic poetry and contributed to developing it and giving it semantic values. This is what we find clearly evident in free poetry. texts, then we reveal the impact of the incoming culture on the formation of the Arabic prose poemofitspioneerandfounder,Adonis.

The Elamite threats and their negative effects on the political stability of the Sumerian city-states

Karar Abdel Hussein Murad Salloum — 2024-10-01

The Elamites were waiting for opportunities to attack, plunder and destroy the civilized centers of Iraq. There is a clear indication through the course of historical events that any weakness or dislocation of internal authority in Mesopotamia was accompanied by an attack by the Elamites, who worked to create strife and support rebellion movements among the Sumerian city-states. The Elamites exploited the alluvial region in the south of ancient Iraq adjacent to their borders and used it as an easy military route to attack the Sumerian cities. This region witnessed fierce battles in ancient times. The Elamite military campaigns against the lands of ancient Iraq were characterized by excessive brutality and destructive instinct, and this fact was proven by the ancient Iraqis in their cuneiform writings and the annals. Their kings: the Elamites were intent on killing the inhabitants of the Sumerian cities, burning houses, entering the temples, and plundering everything in them. The oldest indication of relations with Elam has reached us from the era of the dawn of the second dynasties (2750 - 2600 BC), as it was stated in the evidence of the Sumerian kings that King Enmepragisi (Enmbaragesi) He invaded Elam and took its weapons as spoils, and that was around 2700 BC. About 150 years after this reference, we read in the same Sumerian king list that kingship transferred from the first dynasty of Ur to the Elamite city of Awan, to which the list attributes three Elamite kings whose names are unclear. According to what was stated in the Sumerian king list, kingship transferred after that. By force of arms from Awan to the city of Kish, where a dynasty known as the Second Dynasty of Kish was established. It seems that a weakness befell the Kish dynasty in the end, which encouraged Elam to lead an attack that led to the end of its rule and its transfer to the Elamite city of Khumazi, to which the list attributes only one king called Khadanesh (ḪADANS). Eannatum I, the ruler of Lagash, was mentioned to us (he ruled around 2460 BC). In one of his texts, there is a statement in which he describes the Elamites as: (mountains that spread terror), which clearly indicates the ongoing Elamite attacks against the Sumerian cities.

Cartographic representation of entertainment services in Babil Governorate for the year 2022

Nihad Rasmi Hussein Hamza — 2024-10-01

The research seeks to use geographic information systems methods for the purpose of adopting them in the cartographic representation of entertainment services in terms of the number of archaeological sites, casinos, parks, forums, and sports stadiums. The map is one of the most prominent methods of visual analysis in our current era, as it is possible to analyze the phenomena with high accuracy and scientific accuracy, with a reduction in effort. And time, through the study it is possible to clarify the best ways to represent each characteristic, as one of the most prominent findings of the study is that the largest number of stadiums and archaeological sites are in the district centers.

The spatial distribution of archaeological sites is irregular, as they vary between the administrative units of the governorate. It is clear to us that the total number reached (387) sites, with Al-Mashrou' and Al-Kifl sub-districts coming first with (42) sites each. It is clear from the numerical data that the total number reached (388) parks, with Al-Hillah and Al-Musayyib sub-districts coming first with (58, 44) parks, while the lowest presence of parks was recorded in Al-Imam and Al-Shomli with about (12, 9) parks. The total number reached (518) casinos, with Al-Hillah, Al-Musayyib and Abi Ghraq sub-districts coming first with (153, 44, 42) casinos, while the lowest presence of casinos was recorded in Al-Saddah, Al-Nil and Jurf Al-Nasr with about (14, 12, 9) casinos. The spatial distribution of sports forums is irregular, as they vary between the administrative units of the governorate. From the data in Table (13) and Map (2), it becomes clear to us that the total number reached (13) forums, and Hillah District came first with (2) forums, while no presence of sports forums was recorded in the areas of Al-Mashrou’, Al-Kifl, Jurf Al-Nasr and Al-Tali’ah.

The right and mechanisms of popular oversight of government performance within the framework of the international human rights system

Ali Reza Dabarnia — 2024-10-01

Popular oversight of government performance is a cornerstone of democracy and human rights, enabling citizens to hold officials accountable and ensure that policies are consistent with the interests of the people. This oversight is based on international legal frameworks including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Popular oversight mechanisms include free and fair elections, freedom of expression and the press, the right to peaceful assembly and demonstration, the role of civil society and non-governmental organizations, participation in decision-making, and complaints and grievance mechanisms. This oversight faces challenges such as political repression, lack of transparency, and corruption, but modern technology and social media provide opportunities to enhance it by disseminating information and organizing campaigns easily. Effective popular oversight contributes to enhancing transparency and accountability, which enhances stability and sustainable development in society. Individual responsibility is consistent with the nature of the parliamentary system, because this system grants the minister broad powers to manage the affairs of his ministry, and does not make the Council of Ministers a presidential authority above the minister. It is natural for the minister alone to bear the errors attributed to him personally or to his subordinate employees, in application of the rule of correlation between authority and responsibility. Popular oversight is based on international legal frameworks such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee citizens' rights to participation and accountability. There are multiple mechanisms for popular oversight, including free and fair elections, freedom of expression and the press, the right to peaceful assembly, and the role of civil society, which provide citizens with multiple means to exercise oversight. Despite the importance of popular oversight, it faces major challenges such as political repression, lack of transparency, and corruption, which requires continuous efforts to enhance transparency and accountability.

International methods to combat the crime of bribery

Mohsen Qadeer — 2024-10-01

Combating the crime of bribery is an essential part of the international community's efforts to enhance integrity and transparency in governments and companies alike. Bribery is considered one of the most dangerous phenomena that negatively affects economic and social development, as it increases inequality, impoverishes countries, and hinders opportunities for sustainable growth.

Many countries today have strict anti-bribery legislation at the national and international levels, and are also adopting international agreements that promote international cooperation in this regard. For example, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), adopted in 2003, includes an international legal framework to combat corruption and bribery through international cooperation and strengthening judicial systems.

In addition, many international organizations such as the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are committed to strengthening integrity and anti-bribery standards in the private and public sector, by developing guiding frameworks and providing technical support to member states.

At the national level, governments strengthen anti-bribery legislation and strengthen judicial and administrative systems to ensure adherence to law enforcement and hold violators accountable. It also encourages enhancing transparency and disclosure of information, and enhances the role of civil society and the media in monitoring public and private activity The exchange of information and experiences between countries has been shown to contribute to strengthening international efforts to combat bribery. Legislation that strictly criminalizes bribery and imposes deterrent penalties plays a fundamental role in reducing this phenomenon. Raising individual and institutional awareness of work ethics and the risks associated with bribery can contribute to reducing corruption cases. Strengthening systems and mechanisms that enhance transparency in the public and private sectors is a cornerstone for preventing bribery. Using technology to improve integrity and simplify financial operations can contribute to enhancing efficiency and transparency. Establishing strong and independent oversight bodies enhances effective verification and accountability. The role of civil society in monitoring and reporting suspected cases and pressuring for reforms is essential in combating bribery..

The Cultural References in Abbas Shakr's Poetry: A Study in the Light of Cultural Criticism

Eerad Jasim Hadi Quraishi — 2024-10-01

The poet Mohammad Abbas Shukr, known in literary circles as "Abbas Shukr," is one of the contemporary poets who adhered to the classical structure of poetry and its metrical laws while drawing on various types of knowledge to fuel his poetic imagination. This approach enabled him to engage with daily events marked by political and social upheavals, which in turn led to the diversity of his poetic themes and the prolific nature of his work. Abbas Shukr utilized the depth of his cultural heritage to evoke certain religious figures, employing them as a means to express political and societal struggles, aiming to critique the persistently turbulent conditions.

This article focuses on the most significant cultural references that Abbas Shukr relied upon to enrich the subjects of his poems. The study analyzes these references using an analytical methodology that helped identify the key cultural patterns interwoven into his poetry. One of the main findings is the intertwining of various cultural elements within a single poem. The same poems that are adorned with Quranic verses also reflect a tumultuous social and political reality, aiming to inspire resolve and motivation by invoking multiple references, particularly political ones, which noticeably blend with others. The poet was deeply concerned with the current situations in Iraq and Palestine and the escalating conditions that reflect the betrayal and complicity of Arabs in serving American and Zionist interests. The political circumstances fueled the poetic fervor of Mohammad Abbas Shukr, yet they failed to stir the stagnant blood of Arab political leaders.

This study did not overlook religious references, recognizing their expressive power through symbols embodied by prophets and messengers, including the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his pure family, as well as the symbols contained in Quranic verses that encapsulate profound meanings and interactions, reflecting reality across ages with their descriptive and connotative vocabulary. The poet also acknowledged the familial role in shaping his personality, making him a person imbued with humanity and a desire to give, filled with gratitude. This familial influence is reflected in his poems that immortalize his noble family members, particularly his father and mother.

The legal status of ruqyah at the level of general agreements in international and Iraqi law

Mohsen Qadeer — 2024-10-01

Slavery is a subject that falls under the concept of human rights and international humanitarian law. It is internationally prohibited and is a flagrant violation of human dignity. The international legal position should discuss the obligations of member states to international treaties and national legislation that prohibit slavery and punish those involved in it.

The Legal Center for Slavery in Iraq: The article must include an analysis of the national laws in Iraq that prohibit and criminalize slavery, highlighting legislative developments and challenges facing the implementation of these laws.

National and international initiatives to combat slavery: The initiatives taken by the Iraqi government and the international community to eliminate slavery and protect individuals from this type of violations can be highlighted. The legal status of the new ruqyah in many contexts that determine its legal status, including sovereignty and non-interference under the United Nations Charter and international public law, emphasizes the principle of national sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. The legal status of ruqyah in international and Iraqi law may face a set of challenges that may also be an obstacle in combating ruqyah. Hence, the need to create laws and legislation to criminalize, prohibit and end this phenomenon.

Geography and the problem of environmental pollution (environment of Baghdad Governorate), reality and prospects

Zahra Abbas Fadel — 2024-10-01

The environment is defined as the space and environment in which a person lives and benefits from the material and social resources that exist in that environment. It is known that the natural environment is the result of the interaction of three elements: water, air, and land. This dynamic interaction provides the basic conditions for the continuation of life, and man has relied on natural resources for the continuation of life, transforming It is converted into materials and manufactured goods, causing an increase in the rates of pollution in the quality of these resources, and thus leading to a threat to the lives of humans, animals and plants in the vital environment of Iraq in general and in Baghdad, the capital, in particular. Based on the necessity of developing and exploiting natural resources in a sound and safe manner, it is necessary to Taking into account proper dealing with the environment and developing thoughtful plans in order to work to stop the deterioration occurring in the environment, as the pollution in Baghdad Governorate has affected all elements of the vital environment in which the Iraqi person lives, such as air, water, and soil, which has disturbed the environmental system due to the wrong practices carried out by the person. While carrying out his activities in this environment.

Hence, this study came in order to sound the alarm and raise awareness of the danger facing the environment in Baghdad in particular. It worked to extrapolate the environmental reality from a geographical perspective with the aim of identifying the reality of the environment and identifying methods for treating environmental pollution after identifying the challenges facing this environment.

The Impact Of Quranic Readings In Directing Rhetoricai Meaning In The Interpretation Of Al-Kifaya By Al-Hiri (d. 430 AH)

Suleman Mohammed Suleman Lalo — 2024-10-01

The research was keen to reveal the goal of good eloquence and the power of influence in the two different aspects of reading, with what is possible in the souls with an acceptable image for the recipient, which is to guide Qur’anic reading and its rhetorical aspect. The research also benefited from the tributaries of the science of rhetoric, and the science of rhetoric in general because it is one of the sciences that is considered one of Tributaries of the science of guidance. The mentor must have knowledge and familiarity with the science of rhetoric in order to be able recitations

The research showed that Imam Ismail Al-Hiri has extensive knowledge in all aspects of Qur’anic recitations, and extensive knowledge in the science of directing

his easy movement It reveals the rhetorical aspect of the reading hi and This is aiy

And seamlessness between the sciences of rhetoric and other linguistic from evident.

Ismail Al-Hiri’s keenness to extrapolate rhetorical issues made hi exceptional knowledge of linguistic sciences clearly apparent. This is among the issues that were mentioned that were based on precise foundations in detailing various linguistic issues, including rhetorical issues. His knowledge appeared in the issues he mentioned of the opening words.

The importance of studying literary texts, their interlocutors and fundamentals

Mahdi Naseri — 2024-10-01

Research on the multiple dimensions of literary texts, as well as the foundations on which they are based, focused on understanding nature and the literary goals of texts, as these texts act as means of expression. These objectives also vary between Arab literature and Western culture. Arab heritage emphasizes the interdependence of language, culture and religion, while Western culture often highlights individualism and artistic innovation. The research also reviewed the definition of text in Arab heritage and Western culture. The research also explored the basis for the selection of literary texts In addition, the research explained the foundations of the theoretical text study, introducing critical methodologies that enable researchers to decompose texts, Revealing the hidden meanings, interrogating the authoritarian dynamics of the literary narrative, One important aspect of the research was the teaching of modern literary texts at the university level. education ", where teachers can combine theoretical insights with practical educational strategies to develop critical and cultural thinking skills among students. In short, the research "The Nature of Literary Texts, Their Objectives and the Foundations of their Study" provides a comprehensive framework for the understanding, analysis and teaching of literature, and highlights the importance of literary texts as a source of culture and human understanding.

Generally speaking, the relevant literary texts must be selected in accordance with the terms and principles agreed upon by the competent authorities. This is essential and important in the field of the importance of studying literary texts.

Mechanisms of Linguistics Conversational Implications of Saying in Naguib Mahfouz's Trilogy (Al-Sukkariya) as an option

Suroor Abdul Kareem Abdul Yemmah — 2024-10-01

Communication is one of the means and mechanisms through which communication can take place between the sender and the recipient, in order to achieve what the sender aims to convey his purposes and intentions that may have been in his mind previously or existed during the conversation with the aim of convincing the other of them. There is no doubt that the basic ruler and compass in the accuracy of conveying information is the context, and this communication must be in a connected chain, one of which completes the other to reach the intended purpose.

- Two criteria are included within the contents of the statement: the first / the presupposition, and the second: the implicit statement, and both of them communicate to the other, so there is no presupposition unless it is based on an implicit statement, and the opposite is also possible.

-Based on this hierarchical relationship between the presupposition and the implicit statement, it can be stated that their work is summarized in two questions: Why does the speaker imply statements? And how does the recipient presuppose this implicit? We say: The speaker implies statements for several reasons, including: the breadth of the expressive space of this speaker, which reflects the effectiveness of his expressive communication and his ability to multiply expressive formulations and systems, in addition to reasons related to the circumstances of speech or external situations, especially those related to speech habits, linguistic norms, religion, politics, and the like, which makes the speaker refrain from declaring some words without others. As for the recipient's assumption, it stems from his understanding and the assistance of the contextual data that limits and reduces the possibilities in a way that is consistent with the speaker's intention and rhetorical interpretation. All of this is supported by representative models that abound in the novel "Al-Sukariyya", in the best embodiment of that.

- Both the presupposition and the implied statement are considered mechanisms of communication between the speaker and the recipient and their interaction with the text, in addition to compatibility and purpose.

-Verbal or verbal implied statements can be called unspoken communicative implied statements.

-The speaker's use of the mechanisms of presupposition and implicit speech proves that their movement can be monitored in a manner consistent with the demonstrative or exploratory function that is diagnosed by rhetorical interpretation.

-It also proves the expressive power that the novelist Naguib Mahfouz possessed in light of motivating the recipient to demonstrate the significance and explore the meanings hidden behind the implicit speech.

Letters of meanings in a book in order to nominate the issues of the Elbabeb singer for (Omar bin Abdullah Al-Fassi) (T1188) (if light broken, the light open, the broken is high-non, and the open is tight-non) as a model (study and investigation)

Yaseer Thabat Yusef — 2024-10-01

This research deals with the study and investigation of some of the letters of meanings in the book (Baghyat Al-Areeb fi Tawsheeh Issues of Mughni Al-Labib). The commentator (Omar bin Abdullah Al-Fassi) dealt with some issues related to letters in the book (Mughni Al-Labib) by Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari, and explained it in an easy scientific manner. Explaining in it some of the controversial issues in which the forms occurred, showing the correct approach in those issues by conveying the opinions of the ancient grammarians, and it became clear to us through the scientific opinions presented by the commentator, and the mentality that he enjoys without fanaticism towards a particular doctrine at the expense of another.. Sheikh Omar's explanation is one of the important explanations that focused on the Arabic language and is one of the important works in the field of this specialization. Sheikh Omar had some unique opinions in his grammatical choices. Sheikh Omar agreed with Ibn Hisham in most issues, and sometimes we find him disagreeing with him if he found the closest to the truth, and here his personality appeared to us, especially in the issues in which he disagreed with Ibn Hisham. He defended some grammarians who Ibn Hisham attributed to them illusion and weakness. Sheikh Omar relied on grammatical principles to establish his rules and support his choices, so he paid attention to listening and worked with analogy and took consensus. Most of his opinions follow the Basran approach, and sometimes he takes the Kufi opinion.

The poetic and grammatical evidence in the tools in the book Al-Kafi fi Sharh Al-Hadi by Al-Zanjani, d. 655 AH)

Karar Ahmed Issa — 2024-10-24

This research, tagged with (the poetic and grammatical evidence in the articles in the book Al-Kafi fi Sharh Al-Hadi by Al-Zanjani (d. 655 AH), dealt with some poetic evidence in the articles. The research dealt with five issues. The first issue dealt with: the waw for the absolute plural. Al-Zanjani followed the doctrine of the Basrans and Sibawayh from The waw indicates the absolute plural and does not indicate the order. This is based on the evidence he cited that supports what he argued. He addressed the second issue: it comes or for doubt and ambiguity. Al-Zanjani cited it for illusion only in the words of Labid, and he did not bring a poetic witness in which he clarifies the meaning of (or) for doubt, which is From what is counted on him, he did not diversify in citing the issue, he was limited to a specific aspect only, and he dealt with the third issue: the entry of that after ki. Al-Zanjani followed the doctrine of the Basrans in not renting the entry of that after ki, which is correct, due to the weakness of the witness that he does not know who said it, so when reviewing The researcher of the verse and its narrator in the sources made it clear that Al-Zanjani was correct in what he said, that the verse does not know who said it, and that the inclusion of that after ki is due to poetic necessity, because what was heard of that is of rejected principles, and it is applicable in poetry when necessary, and in the fourth issue

Using that in the position of ki and vice versa. It is permissible to use (in) in the position of (if) and vice versa. The difference between them is not clear because of the partnership between them, as is clear from the evidence that will be mentioned, in addition to the fact that Al-Zanjani was alone in the first and second verse is

His martyrdom in this place.

Regarding the critical issue, there is a disagreement regarding the “lam” in the answer to “Law and Lula.” What is apparent from Al-Zanjani’s statement is that the “L” in the answer to “Law and Lula” is not redundant, and that is through his comment at the end of citing the above evidence by saying: “We have the word “Lam” that is meant in these situations, it was deleted for the sake of knowledge, and the thing if it is known. Its location is permissible.

The opinions of scholars on a single grammatical issue were presented, discussed, and Zanjani’s position on it was stated. He relied heavily on poetic evidence in analysis and interpretation.

Explaining the meaning of the grammatical issues raised.

The Dominance And Role Of Parliament In Executive Powers

Ayatollah Jalili — 2024-10-24

In short, it can be said that Parliament plays a vital role in executive competencies, by exercising oversight and legislation, directing policies and making important decisions. However, there must be an appropriate balance between Parliament and the executive to ensure effective functioning of government. Parliaments face challenges in exercising their role in executive powers, including the balance between legislative responsibility and oversight responsibility. Parliament must be able to balance these two functions to achieve democracy, transparency and governmental accountability.

In general, Parliament should seek to strengthen its role in policy formulation, monitoring and ensuring that policies are implemented in a transparent and fair manner. Parliament must work to represent the interests of citizens and society in general, and to ensure that the executive operates in the interests of the people. Achieving this balance requires constructive cooperation between Parliament and the government, and ensuring effective mechanisms for dialogue and consultation between them. Parliament and the government must work together to achieve development, stability and justice in society.

Striking a balance between Parliament’s dominance and its role in executive competencies is crucial to strengthening democracy and achieving sustainable development. Parliament must have the capacity to fulfill its oversight and legislative responsibilities independently, while at the same time it must be able to cooperate with the executive to achieve national goals and public interests.

Lmam Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi (d. 902 AH/1497 CE) and his methodology in his book al-Tuhfah al –Latifahfl AKhbar al-Madinah al – Sharifah

ABDURAHMAN SHAKIR MAHMOUD — 2024-10-28

The topic of the research (the nice masterpiece in the news of the honorable city) included news about the people of Thebes since the second century AH until just before the death of the author in the year 902 AH/1497 AD. He mentioned dates related to the year 902 AH، So he mentioned the news of its people، the strangers who entered it and settled there for a year، on the condition that they narrated it، issued fatwas، or studied it. Therefore،this book contains a Iarge number of transIations The author began his book with a brief useful mention of the fragrant prophet،s birth of the Chosen One (may God bless him and grant him peace) until his death. He mentioned his name and lineage، his position among the Quraysh before the mission، and the honors that accompanied him since his childhood، then his work in trade، and his marriage to Mrs. Khadija (may God be pleased with her)، then he mentioned the beginning of the revelation descending upon him and the events that accompanied that until his death (may Gods prawers and peace be uponhim). Then he touched on the conditions of tae honorable city، mentioning the urban builbings there، most notably the Prophet is M0sque، and mentioning important places such as the remembrance of Al- Baqi and the schools in its vicinity. Which were arranged according to the letters of the dictionary، and these translations were not limited to one type of translator، as they included companions، followers، and juists، and among them were kings and princes who held positions of government in Thebes. The author was not content with conveying the news about his translations relying only on those who came before him، but rather he spoke about it on his own initiative. His book mentioned their news، virues، and contributions to… ln the various fields of life، this book، with its information about the righteous

Predecessors، was of great importance to researchers predecessors، was of great importance to researchers who selected useful news from it.

Linguistic styles and their role in discourse A study of Nizar Qabbani’s speech in light of the implicit theory

Saleh bin Sulaiman Al Kalbani — 2024-10-28

The problem of this study is the extent of the ability of the discourse to harmonize different linguistic styles in the same discourse, express them at one performance level, and its impact on the achievement power and the level of the speakers' competence in discourse. The study is interested in effective linguistic methods in Nizar Qabbani’s discourse, based on his collection “Diary of an Indifferent Woman” as an example. The study researches through the pragmatic approach represented by the theory of implicit, the speaker's ability to maintain discourse issues in different linguistic methods with equal influential power, the impact of expressive arts on the interlocutors, and identifying the manifestations of the use of arts and renewing them in the studied discourse, which turned out to be compatible between the beginning and end, emphasizing the ability of the speaker and his linguistic, comprehensive, pragmatic and logical skills. The psychological factor and the performance power of speech acts in the language are used due to the difference in people’s impacts on their senses from one interlocutor to another. Written speech, with its modernity and investment in the typographic space, paralleled the self’s desire for renewing, coexistence, and freedom from old stereotypes. As for the methods of discourse, they equally affected the performance, improvement, and impact on their expression of societal issues.

Women leading men in prayer between those who permit it and those who forbid it (A comparative study)

Saleh Mohammed Abdullah Saleh Abu Khamra Al-Rifai — 2024-10-30

Women leading men in prayer is a controversial topic in the Islamic scene, where viewpoints and opinions differ on this topic. There is a trend that promotes the permissibility of men leading women in prayer, based on some legal evidence that they consider to support this opinion. They emphasize that legal evidence allows this behavior provided that the man is able to perform it efficiently and politely.

On the other hand, there is another trend that contradicts this opinion and considers women leading men in prayer unacceptable, justifying this with religious and cultural traditions that see this act as a contradiction to them. They see prayer as one of the matters that require complete privacy and that the imamate should be reserved for men only.

This topic remains the subject of constant controversy and debate, as mutual understanding and respect for the opinions of others are considered essential in dealing with it. This requires a spirit of tolerance and understanding to achieve balance and mutual respect among all individuals in society.

Women leading men in prayer is a topic that interests many and calls for comprehensive discussions to learn about the diverse points of view on this matter. This is a sensitive and complex topic, as there are diverse interpretations and opinions that prevent reaching a comprehensive agreement among scholars and jurists.

The interpretation that permits men to lead women in prayer is based on the Qur’an and Sunnah, as it believes that men can lead women in prayer provided that they are competent, well-mannered, and able to lead in prayer in a correct and respectful manner. On the other hand, others oppose this view and see men leading women in prayer as contradicting religious and cultural traditions, and they do not find a legitimate justification for this action.

This issue remains a topic of ongoing debate and reflection, and people need to explore and understand the opinions of scholars clearly to gain a comprehensive vision. Understanding diversity and respecting different points of view plays an important role in promoting tolerance and peaceful coexistence in society.

Handling investigative reports at Al Jazeera to new security threats

Fatima Ghanem Jawad — 2024-11-30

The problem of research on addressing the new security threats of organized crime (drug trafficking, human smuggling, trafficking, human organs, arms smuggling, money laundering, many issues of violence, murder and corruption) was also the issues of illegal migration, international terrorism, health crises, economic crimes, climate change and various cybercrime, as well as the answer to the President's question:

- What is Al Jazeera Satellite Channel's media treatment of new security threats?

Research is important in two respects, academia, in trying to fill a clear gap in investigative research by addressing new security threats on the international scene. Research also provides a clear vision for practitioners in this area, particularly about the methods and methods of media processing of investigative investigations.

The research aims to identify the types of investigative topics and to investigate the forms and contents of investigative investigations dealing with new security threats in Al Jazeera.

The researcher adopted the "Survey" approach, and the content analysis method suited the nature of the research as descriptive research and used the comprehensive inventory of the research community.

She addressed all the surveys that dealt with the new security threats in Al Jazeera in their diverse dimensions and its multiple subjects of 50 surveys aired in various years between 2014 and _2023.

Several important conclusions were that Al Jazeera had highlighted the topics of high-level organized crime and threats of cybercrime in its investigations, which had resorted to integrated treatment and analytical treatment. (Interpretative) and critical processing, which focused on methods of providing statistics, presenting documents and records, narrating information and presenting facts, as well as on selection, visibility and reframing mechanisms in accordance with Al Jazeera's media policy.

Characteristics of the peaceful transfer of power in the Iraqi legal system compared to democratic constitutions

Alireza Dabirnia — 2024-11-05

The issue of democracy has always been one of the issues that has preoccupied societies for many decades, and many jurists and commentators have appeared who have worked hard with their opinions on that issue. Democracy has often been linked to power, according to many of them, since 1925, when its first basic law lasted until 2003, and then the transitional period due to regime change, but with strong powers. External, although the people wanted the process of change, but within the boundaries of society and not by external will, including economic and social, including how to accept democracy after a bitter reality that afflicted Iraq. Iraqi society is also a diverse society, and the transition to power cannot take place peacefully, as the societal, political and cultural characteristics differ in Iraq is different from the countries in which democracy has been established, which caused the diversity of the Iraqi spectrum, a problem that was not created by Iraqi society itself, but was created by the policies alien to this country for multiple reasons, perhaps the most important of which is the exclusion of the main components in Iraq for a decade due to the dictatorial policies of the political systems in Iraq, perhaps the party system. For the Baath Party, which excluded these components, questioning their patriotism, preferring a group close to it and preventing those from?

The powers of the executive authority in implementing criminalization and punishment

HANAA ABDULJAWAD ALWAN AL-HAJAJ — 2024-11-05

The principle of constitutional legitimacy has expanded and evolved over time. This principle no longer confines the scope of criminalization and punishment to laws enacted by the legislature; rather, it extends to regulations issued by the executive authority. It is worth noting that these regulations, which are issued by the executive authority to regulate the functioning of public facilities and others, often do not include provisions related to criminalization and punishment.

The executive authority's powers in enforcing criminalization and punishment lie in implementing laws and executing judicial rulings representing penalties for offenders. These powers include the ability to direct relevant executive bodies, such as the police and judicial entities, to execute penalties effectively. Additionally, the executive authority's powers encompass the formulation of policies and executive procedures aimed at achieving criminal justice and ensuring community safety.

Typically, the executive authority enjoys broad powers to make necessary decisions to control crime and impose penalties. However, these powers must be subject to scrutiny and balanced with individuals' rights and fundamental freedoms.

Fundamentally, the executive authority's powers revolve around enforcing laws and executing judicial rulings related to crimes and penalties. Initially, the executive authority relies on directing specialized executive entities, such as the police, to ensure law enforcement effectively. Police officers investigate crimes, apprehend suspects, and gather necessary evidence for presentation to the judiciary.

Furthermore, the executive authority formulates policies and procedures necessary to regulate the criminal justice process, including handling suspects and executing penalties. These policies play a crucial role in striking a balance between the effectiveness of punishment and protecting individuals' rights.

It's worth noting that these powers must be exercised with caution and balance, ensuring the presence of effective oversight mechanisms that protect individuals' rights and ensure the fairness of the criminal process. Ultimately, the executive authority aims to enhance public security and ensure community safety overall.

Monotheistic thought and Sufis in the Fatimid era

Jawad Kazem Jassim Al-Labbahi — 2024-11-05

The Fatimid era occupied an important part of Islamic history. The emergence of the Fatimid state and its existence on the ground was considered a serious challenge to it. It was not just a small, passing state, but rather an Islamic Shiite caliphate. Its existence was considered a challenge to two Islamic caliphates, one in the East, which is the Abbasid Caliphate, and the other in Andalusia, which is the Umayyad Caliphate, and it did not stop. The Fatimid state, on its small borders, worked to transfer its caliphate to Egypt, and it continued for a long period of time until it was consumed by weakness and fell like any state.

During the Fatimid era, the Sufi movement found a fertile environment to spread and several orders were formed. The Fatimid caliphs worked during this period to support the Sufi orders, especially with the similarity in many ideas and beliefs. The Fatimid preachers, in their method of preaching, resembled the Sufis in many aspects, which made Their call was successful in many respects, and many Sufis had ideas and beliefs that linked them to the Fatimids. Sufi monotheistic thought, amid Islamic ideas and conflicting trends, played an important role in bringing peace between people and working to bring viewpoints closer together.

The research relied on the historical approach, which relies on research and work to provide scientific material, criticize it, and analyze it to reach the historical truth.

Analysis of the characters’ symbols in the Treatise on Disciples and Whispers by Ibn Shahid Al-Andalusi (d. 426 AH(

Karim Qasim Jaber Al Rubaie — 2024-11-05

This brief study was based on presenting the characters and analyzing their symbols according to mechanisms, the most prominent of which are the external features or characteristics such as the appearance and what supports the appearance such as the horse, the weapon, and the uniform, in addition to the internal characteristics such as courage, dream, and anger. Then we discussed the analysis of the characters’ symbols and the creator’s intention in choosing these names and nicknames and not others. According to this inspection, we sought to reveal the connection of these symbols - names and nicknames - with (the characters), or with the ideas and perceptions that settled in the mind of the creator, meaning that the creator’s imagination led him to invent these names and nicknames due to their close connection to the literary impact of each of these characters within the space of the message.

The language adopted by the author of the message, as well as the event, played a major role in building the symbols of the characters that walked with the story from beginning to end, which led to the recipient’s interaction with it. Because most of its events are part of the cultural heritage carried by the recipient, and thus they are not alien to him, but rather are with him in his memory. The story writer's mockery of his enemies is evident in a funny, comedic way that makes his opponents die in anger. The narrator's effort is clear as he puts the names of his characters in an intentional way, wanting certain connotations that are appropriate and harmonious, so that the text achieves its readability and the character's possibility and existence

The principle of judicial neutrality between Iraqi law and Egyptian law

Mehdi Shidaian — 2024-11-17

The research deals with the fact that the Iraqi and Egyptian legislators have given the judge sufficient freedom to consider the case presented to him or not. Here, the judge has achieved his neutrality towards the opponents, and this freedom achieves the principles of justice and fairness and is consistent with all legal considerations that call for this principle. Therefore, the research concluded that in order for a judge to be neutral, he must be objective, because neutrality and objectivity in the judge are two essential matters in fair judgment, as an important part of the judge's objectivity is to monitor and record everything that takes place in the court session, and not to select from the opponents' interventions and leave some of them, and this is a very important and influential matter, as everything that takes place has a great influence on the statements and issuing the ruling, and the judge may not find some interventions meaningful, but another judge in the appeal, for example, may look at them from another angle and they are influential, so neutrality is a legal position in which the judge is far from bias towards one party or opponent at the expense of another, and if the judge's independence from external influences and pressures is one of the most important guarantees of litigation that instills reassurance in the souls of litigants, then the justice of the ruling requires that the judge not be affected by his social status and intellectual beliefs while performing his judicial work, and the judge is supposed to rise above his personal emotions to resolve the dispute in light of objective considerations and nothing else.

The Political and Military Influence of the Turks in the Second Abbasid Era (232-334 AH / 848-946 AD)

Ismail Mohammad Ali Jamoos Al-Jubouri — 2024-11-17

The second Abbasid era shows a significant contrast compared to the first Abbasid era. While the first was characterized by the strength of the caliphs and their authoritarian rule, the second witnessed the rise of Turkish influence in both the political and military arenas. This era begins with the caliphate of Al-Mutawakkil in 222 AH / 847 AD and continues until 331 AH / 946 AD. It is characterized by the growth of the role of the Turks, who took over major positions, which weakened the caliphate and concentrated power in the hands of the military and increased the influence of the Turks. Since the time of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim, Turkish leaders have come to dominate the political conditions in the state. The ministry has become a heavy burden on the ministers, who have become fearful of violence from the Turkish officers. The period of Al-Wathiq, the son of Al-Mu'tasim, is considered a transitional phase. The Turkish influence continues while maintaining the form of the caliphate. During his reign, the Turks succeeded in establishing their grip, such as appointing "people" to high positions. As a result of the Turks being preoccupied with internal conflicts, the Islamic frontiers were subjected to several raids by the Byzantines. This matter led to the martyrdom of many leaders, exacerbating the state of tension in the Islamic community that the people in Baghdad and Samarra revolted against the Turks. The power struggle was reflected on the economic conditions. Prices have risen sharply, food supplies have declined, and there have been practices by the Turks that included the destruction of dams and roads, leading to the devastation of villages and cutting off livelihoods. This period was characterized by violence and conflict between various factions, which contributed to the worsening of social and economic crises.

Ensuring the sovereignty of the people by monitoring the implementation of the Constitution in democratic systems

Ali Reza Dabirnia — 2024-11-17

Since birth, a person enjoys a set of rights that are innate and do not require legislation for them, until he reaches adulthood, then some duties are added to these rights and these rights and duties grow and increase with the passage of time, and a person is not a useful member of his society except through awareness, thinking and a sense of responsibility, and this does not happen if a person is intellectually and cognitively shackled, so enjoying political rights will make a person an important member of society and able to push the wheel of life towards the better. In most countries of the world, its components are diverse, whether culturally, nationally or religiously, and this is God's law in creation, and we rarely find a state or we hardly find a state with a single religion and language, so the diversity of the component requires everyone to enjoy political rights even if at first it does not cause political problems, but the fear is that some of these problems will occur in the future, so everyone must participate in these rights, and enjoying them has become an essential human rights that have become a topic of interest to the lives of all peoples and countries, regardless of their civilizations and geographical locations.

The banner and its meaning among the Arabs before Islam, a study in the book Al-Mufassal in the History of the Arabs Before Islam

Ahmed Kadem Jawad — 2024-11-17

The flag in the pre-Islamic era was an important symbol that carried different connotations. It was used for different purposes, expressing the political, social and even religious leadership system. It was a means of salvation in many cases, and an integral part of the value system of the Arabs before Islam. The Arabs paid great attention to the flag and gave it special care, to the point that they would entrust it to a person whose job it was to take care of it. It was of such great importance that it should be noted that the flag had different names such as the eagle, the banner, the flagpole, the flag and other names, and each name was used for a specific purpose and goal. The data indicates a great and important position, as it is a symbol that goes as far as sacrificing oneself for it. What a position it is, and it seems that the philosophy and importance of this matter remained until the Islamic call and even for the eras that followed it to this day.

The flag was a symbol and a social, cultural, political and military landmark for the Arabs before Islam. There were different purposes for the flag, including victory and indicating a specific place. The tribe paid great attention to the flag, as it represented an integral part of its history. The flag expressed the real political presence, so the Arab was interested in it and its details and gave it great care. The Arabs joined together in many of their battles under one flag to demonstrate political unity and tribal fanaticism. The flag was given to the brave men of the tribe, and sometimes to the leader exclusively.