Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies

Frameworks for journalistic treatment of political issues in electronic news newspapers

Baida Hussein Nasser, Nada Abbood jarallah — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research dealt with the frameworks and mechanisms of journalistic treatment of political issues in electronic news newspapers and their impact on the Iraqi audience in the Iraqi newspapers Al-Sabah and the Saudi newspaper Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, and the manner in which this topic was dealt with in the two research newspapers. In light of the importance that this topic acquires, the researcher defined the problem of her research with the following main question. “What are the frameworks for journalistic treatment of political issues in electronic news newspapers?

This research is considered one of the descriptive research that adopted the survey method, which allowed the use of the content analysis tool to analyze the content of the two newspapers, numbering (676) from the newspapers (Al-Sabah Al-Iraqi and Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Saudi Arabia) from (1/1/2022 to 12/31/2022), and it reached The research yielded results, the most important of which were: The journalistic political treatment framework ranked first among the frameworks used by the research newspapers, and the conflict framework came in second place in the two newspapers. The research revealed the emergence of a group of types of issues, the most important of which was the election issue in the two newspapers ranked first, in addition to the art of news achieving the rank. The first among the journalistic arts that covered political issues in the two newspapers

Compositional spectrum of West Africa selected models

Nour Al-Huda Jasib Saleh — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The continent of Africa is one of the oldest continents in the world, and the second largest in area after Asia, It includes more than a fifth of the land, It possesses enormous human and economic potential and potential, which qualifies its countries for a position radically different from what they are now. As there are many rare and radioactive minerals and energy materials in its interior, these capabilities made African countries the focus of attention of European countries, and the latter deliberately colonized the African continent and exploited it in the most horrific exploitation since the fifteenth century. These colonial countries did not only exploit economic resources, but were accompanied by exploitation of the population and produced This exploitation is the slave trade, which spread widely and all European colonial countries used this trade as they transported them on ships in huge numbers in order to work on farms and other miscellaneous work.

This continent includes many countries with different colors, shapes, beliefs and languages, as some of them spoke Arabic and others English and French, in addition to the local language, and their composition differs between black and white, Muslim and Christian. In terms of doctrine and faith, there are those who worship God, and others who worship idols. This social mixture has made Africa in general and the West in particular, part of a vast and beautiful universe colored with the colors of the societal spectrum, and among the countries of the West that we will delve into research are (Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, Ivory Coast, Nigeria).

Two main tribes were selected from each country, and we showed their areas of spread, the origin of their names, their economic, social and ideological status, the languages they speak, and some of their customs and traditions. We showed the first tribes to embrace the Islamic religion. These tribes created their own culture in terms of clothing, housing, music, and dancing. Songs, myths, written language, and architecture, with their intelligence and work, created the cultural heritage of the past centuries

Crowd buildings in the Diwan of Suleiman bin Dawood Al-Kabeer (d. 1211 AH)

Asmaa Hussein jadou Al-Taie, Mona Youssef Hussei — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The form of plural structures is a form built to indicate the number in excess of the two. The Arabic language is distinguished from most of the world’s languages by its precise system and detailed rules for distinguishing between the idea of the plural and the individual, with a clear and precise distinction. The Arabic language is almost the only language in which the precise stages of distinction were found, the gradual progression between the idea of the individual. And the plural, and there are many ways of expressing significance among the Arabs. They have forms of the plural in which the singular does not change, which is what linguists have termed (the plural of safety), and it is for the masculine with the addition of alif and nun, and for the feminine with the addition of alif and ta, and they have a formula in which the ta is subtracted from the singular. It is what linguists have termed (the plural noun), and they have formulas that they came up with based on its singular construction, but the form of this singular changes in it, and it is what linguists called (the plural of crushing), and this is what we will address within the scope of our research according to a precise and precise system that gives the Arabic language breadth. In the grammar and an introduction to the plural circle, the plurals of the plurals (the few and the many, and the plural forms of the finite plurals, and the safety plurals), and the plural forms (the noun of the plural gender and the noun of the plural).

Describing and Diagnosing the Dimensions of the Agile supply chain : An Exploratory Study of Opinions for A Sample of Employees in the Northern Cement Company / Badoush Cement Expansion Factory

Amer Ismail Hadid, Omar Ahmed Muhammad — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research aimed to diagnose the four dimensions of the Agile supply chain (response, adaptation, speed, information technology) in the Northern Cement Company / Badoush Cement Factory Expansion. For the purpose of achieving the goal of the research, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted in presenting ideas, processing and interpreting data, and the researcher identified the Northern Cement Company. / Expansion of the Badush Cement Factory as a field for current research. The study population reached approximately (1400) individuals in all sections of the factory. The questionnaire, which represents the main tool for the study, was distributed to a random sample of (331) individuals. The researcher relied on a number of statistical methods to analyze the data. In order to obtain the opinions of the researched individuals, the most important of these methods are (frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, and relative importance), and this was done by adopting ready-made statistical programming (SPSS V26).

In light of the above, the research has reached a number of results, the most important of which are: the availability of the dimensions of the agile supply chain in the laboratory under study, and a number of proposals have been reached, the most important of which are: the need for the management of the laboratory under study to pay more attention to the agile supply chain in its four dimensions in all the different departments and not It should be limited to one section rather than another.

The position of the Iraqi and Syrian Al-Thawra newspapers regarding the 1976 Riyadh and Cairo summit conferences and their impact on developments in the internal Lebanese situation

Muhammad Abbas Hamid Al-Khafaji, Ahmed Naji Nima Al-Ghariri — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In our research, entitled (The position of the Iraqi and Syrian Al-Thawra newspapers on the 1976 Riyadh and Cairo summit conferences and their effects on developments in the Lebanese internal situation), it is not hidden from the prudent reader, and based on what the newspapers of the Iraqi and Syrian political systems intersecting mean, and their position on a political issue, each of which has an opinion and a way to address it, In other words, the position of both newspapers intersects with the position of the other newspaper, in accordance with the differences and different political visions of the two political systems. It is clear and in accordance with these differences, the political adoptions of these two newspapers occurred, as an embodiment and implementation of the strategy of the two intersecting political systems. We found that this discrepancy in positions and the alternative positions that resulted from those positions, we find that they all went in a direction that did not serve either the people or their leaders, as a program was drawn up that has become closely linked to everyone who sets foot on the ground of politics and who practices it, and this program only takes into consideration The amount of interest accrued from this use. In addition, we pointed out that both newspapers have lost public trust in achieving a kind of frankness and credibility. This had a negative impact on conveying the historical truth about what is going on and happening inside Lebanon. In writing this research, we relied on secret documents and testimonies of some who were eyewitnesses to the event.

Foundations for preserving and valorizing Oman's audiovisual heritage in the digital age: Towards the realization of Oman Vision 2040

Tarek Ouerfelli — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Audiovisual archives are an integral part of our collective cultural memory, which their preservation according to rules consistent with these archives is required. Sometimes their migration to more stable and sustainable media is necessary in order to ensure the circulation of this memory across generations. This necessitates thinking about strategies that ensure the long-term preservation of these audiovisual archives and enable the control of methods and techniques for collecting and valorizing audiovisual assets. In this context, the study focuses on the preservation and valorization of Oman's audiovisual heritage. This heritage requires a set of measures to ensure its long-term preservation, visibility and global dissemination, in line with Oman's Vision 2040. These measures are presented in this work as part of an integrated plan to preserve Oman's audiovisual heritage in accordance with international standards. A set of proposals were also presented for the dissemination and valorization of this audiovisual heritage in the digital environment through the use of information technology and the Internet.

A national strategy must be considered for preserving and valuing the Omani audiovisual heritage in order to preserve it and introduce it to serve researchers and scholars. This strategy includes measures to rescue archives threatened by destruction and digitally transform them.

The set of recommendations presented in this paper will enable the vision of a national program for preserving and valuing the Omani audiovisual heritage that can be applied in all institutions that contain audiovisual assets in the Sultanate, thus unifying the methods and rules of preservation as well as how to value the Omani audiovisual heritage.

Digital advertising methods and their role in raising awareness of the dangers of drug abuse A social-field study from the point of view of university students

Mohammed Shkhair Hamzah — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of the research is to identify the size of drug abuse indicators in Iraq, as well as the role of digital advertising media in raising awareness of the dangers of drugs. The descriptive approach was used to describe the phenomena, because it depends on studying the phenomenon as it exists in reality and reaching accurate results and being able to interpret and analyze it. Through this approach, the research was applied to a deliberate intentional sample of students of Imam Al-Kadhim College (peace be upon him) Babylon departments, with (120) male and female students. The questionnaire tool was the basic tool in conducting the research process, and the researcher confirmed its validity and reliability. He also used some statistical methods such as percentage, repetitions, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the square test Kai.

The research reached several results, the most prominent of which are:

The percentage of males (61%) is higher than females (39%), while most of the respondents are distributed between the age groups (21-26 years) by (46%), which is higher than the age group (27-29 years) by (14%).
The percentage of (85%) of the respondents confirmed that they had watched digital awareness advertisements about the dangers of drugs, while (1%) denied this matter, while (73%) of the respondents reported that their view of the dangers of drugs had changed after following the awareness campaigns, which indicates a noticeable impact of the campaigns on changing personal attitudes towards drugs, and that (19%) of the respondents deny that their view had changed after following the awareness campaigns.
The percentage of (66%) of the respondents said that digital advertisements helped them understand the social and economic consequences of drug abuse, while (16%) denied this effect. In contrast, (83%) of the respondents indicated that they interact with digital advertisements related to drugs through comments, likes and shares, while (7%) of them do not interact with these advertisements.
A large percentage of (79%) of the respondents believe that the university plays a major role in raising awareness of the dangers of drugs, while (5%) denied this role. In contrast, (65%) of the respondents believe that the university provides sufficient support for students at risk of drug abuse, while (16%) deny this support.

The researcher proposed a set of proposals, the most prominent of which are:

Conducting an analytical study on the relationship between crime and drugs in society.
Conducting a field study on the role of school and university theater in the field of raising awareness of the dangers of drugs.

Family Education And Its Role In Reducing Drug Abuse Topic Review Article

Marwan Kazem and Jarr Al-Saadi — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The phenomenon of drugs, their spread, circulation and abuse has become one of the most dangerous issues facing societies in the modern era. Today, it represents a serious threat on both the individual and societal levels. Indeed, drug abuse and addiction have become a problem facing different age groups in many societies at the present time. It is a scourge that spreads among young men and women, old and young, poor and rich. However, teenagers are one of the age groups most vulnerable to falling into this affliction, due to their weak experience in life and being easily deceived due to their incomplete maturity. One of the most important reasons that calls us to pay attention to the issue of the spread of drug abuse globally is that it is at the forefront of the scourges plaguing our society. The matter requires us to examine the phenomenon in society itself and within its framework, because the individual is the product of the social and economic conditions in which he is born and raised, and this is what has been confirmed by the human sciences such as sociology, social anthropology, and psychology. Therefore, through this scientific article, we are trying to find a convincing explanation regarding the phenomenon of drug abuse, through a review of some psychological theories. The social explanation for the behavior of drug use and addiction, and its impact on the person who uses drugs and society. Emphasizing the importance of family education and its important role in reducing drug abuse and its spread.

Moral and educational values in the new edition, an analytical study

Ali Reda Al Noubri, Ahmed Ghazi Tawfiq Hussein Al-Shammari — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The Sahifa al-Sajjadiya is a collection of supplications for Imam Zain al-Abidin (peace be upon him), which includes high contents such as knowledge of God, knowledge of man, the world of the unseen, the status of the prophets and the People of the House (peace be upon them), imamate, and moral virtues. This sheet included (54 (54) A supplication and a monologue. This supplication is one of the well-known supplications that contains high contents, moral lessons, and educational and mystical behavioral knowledge. It has gained importance among investigators, scholars, people of remembrance and supplication, and those of conduct and moral conduct. Therefore, it has been A group of those who came forward and came back with its explanation and interpretation. This supplication looks, in its dimensions and educational aspects, at the life of the individual, society, and group, and teaches moral and educational values and laws. It is (30), a paragraph recited by the Imam (peace be upon him), and included (22) paragraphs, including moral issues, and began (20), paragraphs of it, with prayers upon Muhammad and his family and asking for everything that has good character, then he concludes with a request for success from God Almighty for that, that is, this supplication is distinguished by two important characteristics: the abundance of Praying for the Prophet (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace), and asking for self-reform, morally, psychologically, and educationally For the individual, which is naturally reflected in society. It was said about Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya that it includes eloquent supplications that derive their contents from the Holy Qur’an and contain an education on what a person should have in terms of tendencies, obsessions, visions, and ambition, and an explanation of how he holds himself accountable, criticizes it, and reveals its hidden secrets and secrets, especially Makarem’s supplication. Morals are among them, and the research adds that the Sahifa al-Sajjadiya includes within it many concepts, and among these concepts is its combination of belief and morals in supplication in complete harmony, and a harmony that suggests that the creator at that time - and continuing to this day - wanted to build an integrated society based on high ideals and values. The morality that Islam brought, and the branch of morality that is complete if it arises from a belief, and therefore the choice of the research was (Moral and educational values in the new edition, an analytical study)

(Supporting the Brothers and Purifying the Limbs from Filth) Chapter on condemning envy –A selection by Imam al-Shoqaifi (died: 817 H) -Study and Investigation -

Thuraya Mohammed Abdulkareem Mohammed Abdulghafoor — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research aims to introduce the author of the manuscript, define the manuscript, and contribute to making the manuscript a simple, accessible and useful book that can be easily accessed.

This research was limited to a chapter of the manuscript entitled: "Backbiting, mistrust, improvement and related matters". The nature of this research required it to be divided into an introduction, two topics, a conclusion and an index. The researcher used the scientific methods followed in verification including the descriptive, historical, and comparative methods. The researcher has concluded a number of results, the most important of which are:

Imam al-Shoqaifi was a great scholar. He was the Imam of the Zaydis in the Holy Mosque. He used to call for Imam Mohammedbin al-Mutahhar. He was a jurist and mujtahid.
The manuscript contains a large amount of scientific material. It is considered a large scientific encyclopedia that includes plentiful knowledge and arts.
Imam al- Shoqaifi did not disclose the sources of his manuscript (Supporting the Brothers and Purifying the Limbs from Filth). However, by studying the manuscript, the majority of the sources from which he quoted were revealed.
Imam al-Shoqaifi followed the methodology of Imam al-Samarkandi in his book "Tanbih al-Ghafilin" (A Warning to Neglectors) in dividing the chapters of the manuscript. However, he explained them on the principles of the relatives of the best prophets (Ahl al-Bayt), not on the principles of the author of "Tanbih al-Ghafilin", namely, preordainment, postponement and analogy.
Envy is a dangerous disease for which there is evidence in the Qur'an and Sunnah, and its danger lies in the fact that it is related to the rights of others punishment in the afterlife is dire, requiring repentance and seeking forgiveness.

The right of the accused to object to decisions and rulings before they are implemented between Iraqi law, Jordanian law, and French law

Mahdi sheidaeian, Mushtaq Talib — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research deals with the right of the accused to object to decisions and judgments before their implementation in each of the Iraqi, Jordanian, and French laws, through a comparative study that aims to shed light on the differences and similarities between the three legal systems. This study is important to ensure the protection of the rights of the accused in the different judicial systems, and to provide an opportunity for the accused to correct the judgments issued against them before their implementation, whether the judgment was in absentia or in person. In the Iraqi legal system, the Code of Criminal Procedure No. 23 of 1971 deals with how to file an objection to judgments in absentia and in person, and clarifies the legal procedures and deadlines that must be followed. On the other hand, Jordanian law allows the accused to file their objections according to specific conditions and procedures to ensure the reconsideration of the judgments. In French law, the right to object is organized in a similar manner, but with differences related to the nature of the courts and procedures. The research concludes that the right to object represents a fundamental guarantee of justice, as it gives the accused an opportunity to review the judgments and decisions issued against them, and to submit new defenses that may lead to amending or canceling the judgments. The procedures and conditions of objection differ between comparative legal systems, reflecting the diversity of justice organizations between the three countries. The research recommends the need to enhance comparative studies on the right to object to judgments in different legal systems, and to enhance the awareness of defendants of their legal rights to ensure a fair trial.

The indication of time in the morning prayer

Anwar Rahim Jabr — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Many verbs with different temporal connotations were mentioned in the morning prayer, including; What came in the form of the past verb; Among them is what came in the form of the present tense, as it indicates the past continuous tense of the event for the present according to the type of supplication saying; Some of them indicate the present tense, which is the time when the speaker spoke, and there may be verbs that indicate the present tense related to the future, according to the style and wording of the supplication.

And the form of supplication came as an indication of the time of the action of the continuous command to the present, with the saying (So forgive, O God, for what I have committed a crime), and it came in the trace (forgive them, then command him to fight them); His saying (so forgive) means, O God, turn away from my sins and mistakes, by Your mercy that encompasses everything.

In the morning prayer, there were sayings in which the tense of the past tense and the present tense were combined, and it is one of the things whose counterpart is rare. Similar to what came in the morning supplication with the saying (and he knew what was before it was), it combined the past tense of the verb (was) and the present tense (to be), and it is one of the rhetorical miracles that we may not find in other supplications and sources.

The Tragedy of Reality in the Novel Tashari by Inaam Kachachi

Hosam Sami Jawad, Ahmad Reza Heidarian Shahri, Bahar Sedighi — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Iraqi novels after 2003 reflected the manifestations of external war and internal war represented by sectarian and political violence, and the repercussions of those wars in the spread of violence and the escalation of internal and external migration waves. The importance of the research lies in seeking to contribute to adding scientific effort in the field of the Iraqi novel after 2003 and its political and societal transformations and the pivotal events that accompanied it in the history of modern Iraq. The research aims to reveal the novelistic production in the field of the tragedy of reality, from killing, displacement and violence for all members of society in general, and for women and the practice of violence against them in particular, and the accompanying transformations in Iraqi society, which was forced to migrate and live in a state of diaspora, voluntarily or unwillingly, on the one hand, and on the other hand the effects of that tragic reality on the concerns of the Iraqi individual. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method in analyzing the novel under study, taking into account the part of the tragic reality represented by the political conflict and the violence prevailing among members of Iraqi society in general and the voluntary or forced migration of the members of that society. The research reached, through the narrative analysis, the most important results, that the wars that Iraq has fought since the last quarter of the last century until the present time have affected the issue of the tragic reality of killing, displacement and escalating violence, which has prompted people inside to migrate abroad, which is truly a path to salvation,

especially for the oppressed minorities in Iraq. As for the migration and diaspora operations that the Iraqi novel depicted after 2003, Iraqi society inside and outside has suffered greatly from this issue and from the social relations between individuals. Society among themselves, which contributed to their search for lost identity.

Deflection at Qatrb (d. 206H) in his book “The Meanings of the Qur’an and an Explanation of the Problem of its Syntax”

Mays Muhammad Qassem, Mona Youssef Hussein — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Imala is one of the important phenomena that the ancients addressed through their grammatical and morphological studies without studying it independently. This is what is taken from them because they did not separate the levels of linguistic study through these phenomena. It is an accidental incident for them and is not intended and not inevitable. Rather, it is an art that aims at harmony and consistency between letters and vowels, although they were not far from its essence. They had pauses in its terminology. There are terms that indicate the phenomenon of imala itself with different words, as mentioned by Sibawayh and those who followed him from the guardians of the language. Qatrib defined it as an approximation of the letter Ya’ as will become clear. Imala is not limited to the letter Alif only, but it has other phonetic connections, which Qatrib dealt with in his Quranic applications. As for the modernists, they described the sound of imala as a sound that stares from the height of the front of the liyan towards the front of the cave, a height that is greater than its height with the thinned Fatha, and less than its height with the Kasra, and the position of the lips with imala is a position of separation. However, without the relief that comes with the Kasra, and thus they expanded the scope of their understanding of this phenomenon, although these positions were based on the dialectal origins of the Arab tribes, and this is what the research in which we tried to show those positions and their manifestations in the verses of the Holy Quran proved, which the Arabs were unable to master in their language, which they always sang about and described themselves as pure in its performance and creative in its metaphor, as the Holy Quran came in the language of the Arabs and their methods of eloquent pronunciation emanating from the environment in which this linguistic phenomenon arose, as will become clear in the folds of this research, which we paved the way for about the concept of inclination and its history, then we showed the opinions of ancient and modern linguists about it through the applications that Qatrib addressed about this phenomenon.

Kuwait Policy Towards Organization Liberation The Palestinian(1964_1974)

Sufean Mohammad Salih — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Kuwaiti politics at the governmental and popular levels was characterized by support and support of the Palestinian people in their struggle with the usurping Zionist entity, even though Kuwait did not gain its political independence until 1961, as it adopted the issue of trying to find a political entity that would allow it to demand the rights of the Palestinians before the countries of the world. At the conference The first for the Arab League was to decide to establish the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1964, as Kuwait was one of the first Arab countries to agree to its establishment and to adopt its political and financial support. This support continued until the organization’s goals were achieved by obtaining the Arab consensus to be the legitimate representative of the Palestinians in 1974. Kuwait contributed to collecting donations and training volunteers through the camps that were established in Kuwait after the Kuwaiti government allowed their establishment, in addition to agreeing to open a special office for the PLO. Kuwaiti support for the organization continued in all Arab conferences and international forums to demand the rights of the Palestinian people, especially after Kuwait became a member of The United Nations in 1963, and Kuwait also sided with the PLO in its conflict with the Jordanian government in 1970 after sending a delegation to King Hussein and trying to persuade him to stop the fighting, in addition to Kuwait’s national position towards the Arab-Zionist conflict (1967-1973) and its support for the Arab confrontation forces in a way in general and the Palestinians in particular.

Contents of educational literature in children's poetry by the poet Saleh Al-Hawari (the content of social education as a model)

Ati Abayat, Moj Akram Hassoun Al Haddad — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The educational content stage of a child is one of the very important stages in life because the child is a mirror of society and can see what the future society will look like. It included an attempt to study damaged poetry, and according to one of his predecessors, the great and wonderful poet Salih al-Hawari was the author of children's literature in 1972And based on a reading in his literary achievement for children, the features of the contents of his educational literature, this research came in three sections. An artistic study of al-Hawari and her role in highlighting the social implications. The research was concluded with results and recommendations. Also, al-Hawari continued to write in Arab newspapers and magazines to this day. He published many books, some of which were published by the Arab Writers Union and some by the Syrian Ministry of Culture I wrote that the lyrical poetry emanating from his conscience dominates his poetry. These contents were covered in educational and educational poems for children by Saleh Al-Hawari. In him, he sought to inculcate in the minds of children all over the world what he considered good from the well-established values and customs, and it was his educational message that he struggled with in the hope of creating an educated and cultured generation, and in my studies I relied on the curriculum . The descriptive analytical study of the most important educational characteristics in children's poetry and the poetry of Salih al-Hawari. The study reached several results, the most important of which are: . All his literary works were characterized by strength, love, simplicity, and his affiliation with Islam through his poetic inspirations.

Poem of meaning in modern poetry A study in concept and art

Nada Nasser Sharhan, Sayed Hassan Saydi, Diaa Radi Al-Thamari — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research revolves around the exploration of a modernist poetic trend, which we have termed "Poetry of Meaning." This trend emerged as a result of the rapid advancements in poetry and their succession since the mid-twentieth century. These advancements led to a dispersion of textual structure in poetry, taking it far from the essence and beauty of poetry, leading to excessive abstraction, coding, and misuse of expressive techniques through imitation and repetition. Moreover, the inadequacy of these techniques and their inability to withstand external world developments pushed them into the past, prompting the search for new techniques or a re-focus on fundamental techniques that fulfill the primary purpose of poetry.

The research included the following questions:

- Assuming the existence of a poetic modernity capable of accommodating contemporary civilization, how would that be achieved?

- What is meant by Poetry of Meaning?

- Where do we perceive aspects of seriousness in this poetic genre?

- In which expressive forms can Poetry of Meaning be achieved?

The hypothetical answers were as follows:

- It is natural to witness poetic modernity in the present era due to the evolution of life, the rapid transformation of events, and changes in circumstances. This is reflected in the poet's thoughts, vision of things, and perceptions of life and events. Poetry of Meaning is a product of visionary intellectual thought.

- Poetry of Meaning can be defined as primarily symbolic expression, crafted in a poetic form dictated by its meaning, with its own rhythmic arrangement in a unified, symbolic structure suggesting holistic meanings that occupy the recipient's mind without focusing on the form in which they appear. It replaces suggestive imagery with visual imagery, or may combine both, presenting visual images and suggesting poetic images that invite reflection and contemplation, leading you to a world of noble meanings with lofty human values, which the external world lacks and is simultaneously dispensable.

- One of the prominent features of seriousness in Poetry of Meaning is the emphasis on image references more than the focus on their visuality. The overall unity in textual and thematic structure, combining the poet's subjectivity and the objectivity of the idea, presents an indirect discourse through hidden meanings. Poetry of Meaning, in our opinion, aligns with the aspirations of post-modernity in terms of the dissolution of all centralities, as literary trends (classical, romantic, symbolic, and realistic) intersect within it, as Poetry of Meaning incorporates all these trends.

- Since Poetry of Meaning encapsulates the mystical meanings of direct meaning, its forms necessitate what gives the text strength in performing its artistic function. Therefore, we find it in vertical form, poetic activation, as well as prose form. It may also call for other forms.

Manifestations of Sorrow in the Poetry of Bakr Ibn Hammad

Ghazwa Kadhem Hiyal — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The poet Bakr Ibn Hammad is one of the poets of the early Abbasid era. He was born in the city of Kairouan, a city founded by the great commander Uqba ibn Nafi'. Kairouan had weakened during the Roman era but saw a slight revival during the days of the Rustamids and was known as Tahert. Bakr spent his life moving from place to place until his son, Abd al-Rahman, passed away, an event that deeply saddened him and led to a pessimistic outlook on life. This incident left a profound impact on his soul. This study aims to explore the manifestations of sorrow in his poetry through an artistic reading that seeks to reveal rich emotional worlds within the poetic fabric. The goal is to present these sentiments in a way that is vivid and alive for the reader, embodied by the poet's creative energies that enriched his poetry. The variety of his poetic themes adds new dimensions to his creative experience, which is characterized by a lively spirit that reflects the essence and value of his poems. These poems serve as the foundation of his work, carrying profound symbolic and suggestive meanings through a well-structured artistic form. The practical focus of this study is his poetic texts, presenting a distinguished poetic model filled with expressive and symbolic meanings related to his suffering, pains over his state, his son, and his friend, and the pain of separation. This led him to renounce worldly desires and seek the afterlife, as he saw death as the ultimate end to all his suffering, aspiring to reunite with his son.

Pragmatic adjectives in the poetry of Ibn Hani Al-Andalusi

Star Hussein Mohi Al-Araji — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Writers and critics in modern linguistic studies have resorted to expanding the study of methods of analyzing literary texts, whether poetry or prose, including the method of pragmatic analysis of language, in terms of usage, the sender's intention of the message and the level of perception, or the recipient's understanding, and studying the context in which the references, ambiguities or specifics appeared within the text and their meaning outside the literary text. These modern linguistic studies of language no longer study the linguistic structures within the text, including the syntactic, semantic and phonetic levels, but rather expanded their study to study the language In terms of what the sender means and what the receiver understands, and the study of the context, and the communicative signals are considered one of the fields of the communicative study in its research. In this research, I dealt with {communicative signals in the poetry of Ibn Hani Al-Andalusi}. This research included the study of the personal, temporal, social, rhetorical and spatial communicative signals that appeared in his poems, considering that this type of research is one of the sections of communicative research that includes speech acts, dialogical implication

and signals that are the focus of our research, personal signals that indicate the sender or the speaker or what pertains to the speaking person, or the speaker, and what he means, while noting the communicative and situational context, as the speaking self indicates that person through the context in which it appeared, and multiple speeches are issued, whether in prose or poetry, as is our research. The poet’s self changes, or the speaker, and the speaker changes according to the context in which it appears, since language is a collection of vocabulary, words, and sentences, and the word is a part that has its precise consideration in the language, and when used and in context, the meaning appears. The personal references in our research included: pronouns, with their two parts, presence and absence, and presence: to the speaker, and the addressee, and the demonstrative pronouns that appeared in the poems of (Ibn Hani Al-Andalusi), and the relative pronouns, as well as the temporal references: in which the moment of utterance in the speech is noted, and they indicate time, then the spatial references.

It is noted in it the moment of utterance in the speech, which indicates time, then the spatial references that were mentioned, as the speaker, or 3the speaker is not separated from the place when uttering the speech, which gives the spatial references their effective role in the speech, then we searched in the social references that express official and unofficial veneration.

Investigating the Spectrum: Mental Health and Autism in Kathryn Erskine’s Mockingbird

Daria Soorkew Shareef — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This paper examines the complex spectrum of autistic personalities, with a particular emphasis on representing Asperger Syndrome through the character of Caitlin in Kathryn Erskine's novel “Mockingbird”. The research employs a descriptive qualitative methodology, utilizing observation and thorough notetaking as primary data collection methods. Excerpts from the novel serve as samples for analysis, focusing on identifying specific traits associated with autism. This analysis aims to outline the symptoms and challenges faced by autistic individuals, thereby substantiating Caitlin's portrayal as a character with Asperger Syndrome. The findings of this research reveal that Caitlin exhibits several characteristics consistent with Asperger Syndrome, a condition on the autism spectrum. These include impaired social skills, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and disturbances in critical areas of functioning. Caitlin's behavior and personality throughout the novel provide evidence of these traits. For instance, her interactions often reflect a lack of social skills, making her susceptible to bullying. Despite the significant challenges Caitlin faces, she demonstrates a remarkable sense of self and cognitive ability. Caitlin's character serves as a poignant reminder of the complex and multifaceted nature of individuals on the autism spectrum, emphasizing both their struggles and their strengths. In conclusion, the research underscores Caitlin's authenticity as a character with an autistic feature called “Asperger Syndrome”, providing a nuanced understanding of her condition. This study contributes to a broader comprehension of autism in literature, offering insights into the lived experiences of those with autism and promoting greater empathy and awareness among readers.

The intentionality of speech acts in the novel (East of the Mediterranean) by Abdel Rahman Munif - a semantic and pragmatic study-

Ismail Mohamed Ali, Nyan Othman Sharif — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

One of the tasks of pragmatics is to study language in its communicative context. The scope of pragmatics theory has expanded to study language as a social communicative system, not just a linguistic one. This has gained the attention of researchers in modern linguistics, as the analysis of speech and the determination of the functions of utterances are closely related to the context and situation accompanying the act of utterance. The conceptual and functional path of language has changed under the theory of speech acts, with which language has become a system of interactive behavior, going beyond the function of reporting and description to achievement, influence, changing facts, and creating events within the communicative process. Therefore, this research deals with speech acts and their impact on the novel "East of the Mediterranean" by the Saudi writer “Abdulrahman Munif”, through the analytical and pragmatic approach. The research is concerned with the elements that have an impact on the interpretation of speech and the embodiment of the intention that the speaker wants to send to the recipient. The literary style of “Abdulrahman Munif” is not immune to analysis in light of the theory of speech acts, as it contains a set of direct and indirect intentions, and this is what the researcher wants to highlight by standing on pragmatic concepts such as the act of saying, the performativity act, the act of influence, and intentionality. The research also tried to explore the impact of speech according to the pragmatic perspective and its ability to change reality and create the event instead of describing it or informing about it.

Negative crimes in Iraqi law and Islamic law

Gholamreza Biondi, Kamal Khairullah Naser Al-Ali — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research focuses on "negative crimes in Iraqi legislation and Islamic law" because they are crimes of a special nature, whether in terms of initiation or contribution to them, or in terms of the elements that distinguish them, or the penalties imposed on their perpetrators.

The negative crime consists of several elements, namely, refraining from committing a certain positive behavior, the legal duty, and the voluntary nature of abstention. Therefore, like any other crime, it consists of a material element represented by the residuals, the result and the causal relationship, a moral element represented by the voluntary nature of abstention, and a legal element represented by the legal duty. However, despite the difference in jurisprudence in defining the negative crime, all the opinions of jurists revolve around certain axes of the negative crime, which is abstention or reluctance to commit a positive act that the law had imposed on him under certain circumstances, and that this act is within the ability of the abstainer. In addition, the initiation and criminal contribution can be achieved in negative crimes.

In Iraqi law, discretionary punishments and precautionary measures are an essential part of the criminal justice system. Discretionary penalties aim to punish and discipline criminals by imposing penalties such as imprisonment, financial fines, and personal restrictions, according to the type and seriousness of the crime committed.

Mechanisms for preventing drug abuse among students in secondary schools from the point of view of teachers: A social field study in the Hindiyah District Center

Alaa Muhammad Naji — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The current research aims to identify the phenomenon of drugs among students in secondary schools in the Hindiyah district center. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher constructed a questionnaire consisting of (30) questions, which was distributed to a purposive sample of male and female teachers in two schools (Al-Khairat Secondary School for Boys, and Al-Naba Al-Azim Secondary School for Girls) in the Hindiyah District Center, numbering (100) male and female teachers, and the curriculum was relied upon. The descriptive social survey in defining and treating the research variables, as well as using several statistical methods such as percentage, arithmetic mean, relative importance, Pearson’s law for the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, and the Chi-square test, and the most important results reached by this research are:

The majority of participants (92.6%) emphasized the role of school administration in achieving drug prevention.
It was found that the majority of respondents (87.6%) believe that the teacher has an effective role in achieving drug abuse prevention.
The results showed that most participants (84.4%) believe that the educational counselor has a key role in achieving drug prevention, which reflects the recognition of the importance of his role in supporting and guiding students to avoid this harmful phenomenon.
The results showed that the vast majority of participants believe that school curricula play a vital role in achieving and increasing awareness of the problem of drug abuse among students, as the percentage of consensus on this point reached (84.4%).
The research results revealed that the majority of respondents believe that school activities play a vital role in achieving prevention of drug abuse, as the percentage of consensus on this point reached (81.8%).
A percentage (87%) of respondents believe that parents have an especially key role in preventing drug abuse among students.

This research concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals, the most prominent of which were:

Strengthening cooperation between school, family, and society in drug prevention.
The necessity of relying on school activities dedicated to prevention and awareness of the dangers of drugs.
Providing more training for teachers and counselors on dealing with drug issues.
Increase awareness of the dangers of drugs among students and parents.
Conduct similar research on the role of sports activities in achieving prevention of the drug problem in schools and universities.

General conditions in Indonesia during the period (1995-2015) historical study

Majid M Al-Fatlawi, Ali K. H. Alsarhan — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

It is an attempt to stand and take note of the most important historical paths and political transformations witnessed by Indonesia and its transition from a totalitarian state to the third largest democratic country after India and the United States of America according to the standards of Freedom House and its economy is described as its ability to exceed Crises.

Indonesia is one of the countries that offer experience in democratic transformation and achieving political, economic and social gains, despite the ethnic, racial, linguistic and religious diversity it is experiencing, and the political transformations it has witnessed since gaining independence to this day, as well as international and regional pressures and crises that it is exposed to, And the constitutional, doubtfully.

The shift from central administration to decentralization and the recognition of individuals’ freedoms and rights to contribute to expression through political participation and the formation of parties and civil society organizations have contributed to crystallizing the trend toward a state of institutions and separation of powers. The inefficiency of local governments as a result of the practices of previous regimes poses a difficulty in implementing administrative decentralization. Transferring funds to local governments without accurate knowledge of the necessary expenditures and without administrative monitoring and preventive measures may encourage the spread of bribery and corruption to lower levels of government. Therefore, work must be done to raise the efficiency of local governments by strengthening monitoring and imposing preventive measures and administrative penalties to prevent any manipulation by administrative officials. However, in light of the legal legislation and constitutional amendments, Indonesia is able to provide a model to be emulated in the process of democratic transformation.

The effectiveness of cooperative learning strategy in developing convergent thinking and attitude towards Arabic language among first-year middle school students

Saleh Mohammed Abd — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study designed to identify "the effectiveness of the cooperative learning strategy in developing convergent thinking and attitudes towards the Arabic language subject among first-year middle school students." To achieve the study objective, the researcher tracked the descriptive and quasi-experimental approach in this study. The study model involved (37) students from the first intermediate grade, the number of experimental students was (19) students, and the number of control students was (18) who were selected randomly, from Suhaib Al-Rumi School for Boys for the academic year 2023/2022.

To response the study hypotheses, the researcher organized a convergent thinking test consisting of (20) multiple-choice questions, and a questionnaire on students’ attitudes towards the Arabic language subject consisting of (10) paragraphs. The test was applied to the study model after verifying its validity and consistency. The researcher used arithmetic means, standard deviations, and the t-test for two independent samples to compare the arithmetic means of each of the group variables. The study displayed the next results: There were statistically significant variances attributed to the effect of the teaching strategy in favor of the experimental group, and that the students’ attitudes toward the Arabic language were positive and to a moderate degree.

Developing the mental skills of learners, facilitating their comprehension accordingly, and improving their ability to retrieve information, considering that its use is based on integrating previous data with new information.

The crime of electronic threat in virtual space in Iraqi law

Muhammad Hadi Moini, Muhammad Reza Rezaian Kouhi, Ameer Ali Hamid Al-amidy — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The crime of blackmail or electronic threats via virtual space is considered a serious crime that requires and requires the concerted efforts of all security and judicial efforts in order to take deterrent legal measures to combat it and eliminate its dangerous effects on Iraqi society, because this type of crime has begun to spread in a large and increasing manner in Iraqi society in particular. With the emergence of modern technology, including smart phones and laptops also linked to the Internet, in addition to social networking programs and sites in their various and multiple forms, the crime of blackmail or electronic threats in virtual space has begun to pose a real and clear threat to individuals in Iraqi society Because this crime would affect the sanctity of private individuals, the sanctity of their secrets, and the secrets of their families and homes, and it would also leave fear and intimidation in the soul of the individual when he is threatened via the Internet with pictures, information, data, or video clips of himself or one of his family members for various reasons, which makes these individuals feel uncomfortable. Their security and lack of trust. The Iraqi legislator dealt with the crime of threatening in its traditional form in the Iraqi Penal Code No. (111) of 1969, as amended in Articles (430 - 431 - 432) thereof Which we will highlight because they constitute the general principles applied by the Iraqi judiciary within the scope of the crime of blackmail or electronic threats in the virtual space in order to provide criminal protection from acts and behaviors of blackmail, intimidation, and pressure committed by perpetrators via the Internet, via social networking sites, or via mobile smart phones. Or computers that would intimidate, threaten, and intimidate individuals and their families, as well as their respect, honor, and special status, as well as compromising their privacy.

Penal Reconciliation And Its Legal Impact On The Public Employee

Ruhollah Akrami, Murtada Abd Munshid Asal Al-Banda — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Criminal laws in various world legislations aim to focus on the penal reconciliation system because it is considered one of the means that lead to the expiration of the public lawsuit as well as to resolving existing disputes in society. Penal reconciliation, in one way or another, began to focus on one direction, which is to replace the penalty of imprisonment with alternative penalties, avoiding the person being exposed to a penalty that deprives him of his freedom, as the state avoids the negative effects of the penalty of imprisonment in all its spectrums. Therefore, the concept of alternative penalties began to shine in legal thought, so that it became able to draw attention to it to the point that it found a place for itself in criminal legislation because it achieves the concept of social deterrence, satisfies the general feeling of achieving justice, and finally, it is able to prove its effectiveness in reducing the spread of crimes. Accordingly, and based on these justifications, we have addressed in our research topic the reconciliation with the public employee in particular and the mechanism of dealing with him by the entity in which he works using a descriptive, analytical and comparative method between Iraqi and Jordanian legislation. Penal reconciliation is a golden opportunity for the employee who has wronged society. It is an opportunity to reform him first and an opportunity to avoid being sentenced secondly in order to maintain On his reputation, but that does not mean that this opportunity remains available for the matter to become nothing more than leniency with crime and encouragement of it, as the officer to prevent that lies in increasing the penalty and not allowing resorting to criminal reconciliation when repeating the crime for which reconciliation was made the first time.

Disagreement Among Grammarians in Abd Al-Kamal Al-Tarauniki's Al-Namliya

Laith Abd Ibrahim Al-Jumaili — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study aims to elucidate the differences among grammarians regarding the terminology discussed by Abd Al-Kamal Al-Tarauniki in his work Al-Namliya. The disagreements gave rise to several notable schools, primarily the Basran and Kufan schools. The Basrans, adhering to established rules and principles, derived their linguistic norms from the Bedouin tribes of Najd, Hijaz, and Tihamah. In contrast, the Kufans sourced their language from a broader array of Arab tribes, resulting in a collection of less conventional terms not typically used by the Arabs. The Basrans interpret linguistic phenomena in the Quran using the most eloquent Arabic dialects, considering anything that deviates from established norms as an exception that must be memorized and not applied as a general rule. Meanwhile, the Kufans emphasize linguistic usage over theoretical rules. This divergence in methodology and approach has led to significant differences between the Basran and Kufan schools.

The differences among grammarians regarding the treatment of the word in question have led to varying interpretations: some grammarians consider it to be in the nominative case, others in the accusative case, and some even classify it as a verb while others see it as a noun, as I will elaborate in the first section. This disagreement has highlighted the existence of multiple grammatical schools, such as the Basran and Kufan schools, among others.

Psychological resilience and its relationship to cyber bullying among middle school students

Leqqaa Sharif Abd — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The current research aims to identify psychological resilience among middle school students, cyberbullying among middle school students, differences in psychological resilience among middle school students according to the gender variable, differences in cyberbullying among middle school students according to the gender variable, and significant differences. Statistics on psychological resilience and its relationship to cyberbullying among middle school students. The researcher relied on a descriptive research approach. (Correlational relationship) The research population consisted of middle school students of both sexes in schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education (Babylon Center) for the academic year (2023-2024). (400) individuals were selected as a sample for the study, with (226) males and (174) males. Females using a simple random method. The researcher built the two research tools based on previously prepared theories in accordance with the nature of the sample. The results resulted in: an increase in psychological resilience among middle school students. And a decrease in cyberbullying among middle school students, and the presence of statistically significant differences in psychological resilience according to the gender variable in favor of females, and the presence of differences in the level of cyberbullying according to the sex variable in favor of females, and the existence of a direct relationship between psychological resilience and cyberbullying, that is, whenever Cyberbullying has increased and psychological resilience has increased.

The impact of environmental pollution on primary health care centers and its impact on the quality of health services in Hilla City

Kifaya Hassan Maitham Al-Yasiri — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study aimed to analyze the impact of environmental pollution on the quality of health services provided in primary health care centers in Hillah city. Environmental pollution levels, including air, water, waste, and noise pollution, were measured by collecting samples from the targeted areas and analyzing them using advanced laboratory techniques such as spectroscopy and chromatography. In addition, a questionnaire was used that included 900 visitors and employees of health centers to explore the impact of environmental pollution on the quality of health services. The results showed significant exceedance of the standard values in air, waste, and water pollution levels, as the levels of fine particles PM2.5, large particles PM10, and chemical pollutants (lead, mercury, arsenic) exceeded safe limits, increasing the risk of respiratory diseases and chemical poisoning. Noise levels also exceeded the standard limits, threatening the health of residents and employees in health care centers. The results of the quantitative analysis using SPSS showed that there is a strong and negative correlation between environmental pollution and the quality of health services, which indicates that increased pollution leads to a significant deterioration in the quality of health care. Simple linear regression analysis showed that environmental pollution explains a high proportion of the changes in the quality of health services, which strengthens the statistical significance of the relationship between the two variables. The study concluded that environmental pollution significantly affects the quality of health services provided in primary care centers, which calls for urgent interventions to improve pollution management and strengthen health infrastructure to ensure the provision of high-quality health services.

The powers of the executive authority in the field of administrative control and means of its implementation in Iraq

Ayt Allah Jalili, Nour Saud Hussein — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Through our research on the powers of the executive authority in the field of administrative control and the means of implementing them in Iraq, we have tried to shed light on the legal aspect of the systems related to administrative control, which relate to the powers of the executive authority, and which are considered a type of administrative regulatory decisions issued by the administration by its sole will. These systems are characterized by three main characteristics: (subordination to the law, generality, and limitation) and have less legal force than the ordinary law for which they were issued to implement, which means that they can be challenged, disputed, and proven illegitimate. In the event of damage, it can be compensated or judicially cancelled, while the law, once issued, acquires immunity and can only be challenged by the constitutional judiciary. The main role of this type of decision is to clarify the detailed provisions. Through the descriptive analytical research approach, the research came out with a set of results, including that the Iraqi system law grants various authorities the powers to issue disciplinary decisions to maintain public security, as the Prime Minister and governors are given the right to make decisions to maintain public security. Administrative control is also an effective tool for countries in preserving the powers of the executive authority, as it enables these authorities to intervene quickly and directed to maintain order and security in the use of this interest, while emphasizing that such decisions must be justified and based on prevailing laws to ensure their legitimacy and effectiveness. In Iraq, administrative control directly affects the powers of the executive authority by regulating economic activities.

China's position on the Algerian revolution 1954-1962, a historical study

Hussein Abdulhussein Abbas Al Zuhairi — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The Algerian revolution is one of the revolutions that was able to achieve a dimension on the international level and gain the support of various countries, whether politically, economically, culturally or militarily. The issuance of the Algerians, China has also suffered from because of the accumulations of British colonialism on the one hand and the American rejection of it on the other hand, so China has sought to support Algeria to achieve an existence for itself by rejecting colonialism in all its forms, and rejecting the occupation, no matter how it was issued by a powerful party such as France, which She claims to be a supporter of democracy in the world, for which she fought during World War II.

Therefore, the Chinese position in support of the Algerian cause was one that was characterized by courage and valor, in terms of providing funds and military support, and standing with the Algerians on the political side as well, all in order to rid the Algerians of the clutches of the French occupation, and to stand up to the colonial arrogance that France represented.It should be noted, and in order to simplify the study of the research that we are about to write about, we decided to divide it into two main axes: the Algerian revolution 1954-1962, and the second axis dealt with the Chinese position on the Algerian revolution 1955-1962.

Modern Text Between Form and Vision (Sarqoun Boulus as a Model)

Ahmed Abdullah Khalaf, Ahmed Abdullah Khalaf — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

One of the confrontations that defines the path of a poetic text is its textual structure, which refers to the general composition of the text. This is determined by the nature of the poet and the culture they carry, arising from a vision laden with psychological and ideological connotations. Modern text appears as if it is composed of a network of interconnected relationships. The essence of the text can be understood through the signals and gestures present in its context. This study explores a model of a poet with a distinctive experience and a rich body of work. It addresses how the threshold is formed, as well as the significance of symbolism and the vision of rhythm.

The issue of formation and vision is an issue of criticism of modernity as much as it is an issue of poetry of modernity, and therefore it is not surprising that each of them is influenced by the other, in terms of depth and crystallization, and it is also not surprising that critical approaches to the new aesthetic formation and its justifications and levels are multiple. Form occupies an existence equal to content, and together they are one existence, one cannot be imagined without the other, they are one inseparable unit; and the division of texts into form and content is only a scholastic division.These elements together form an aesthetic formation that is the text in the unity and fusion of its elements, whether at the level of language, image, rhythm, or semantic and moral beauty.

Manifestations of the meta-novel in the city of images as an example

ITIDAL SALMAN ORAIBI — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Critics of the last three decades of the twentieth century have observed new literary features represented by the interest of narrative and semiotics in meta-narrative experimentation. The beginnings were with the American novelist and critic William Gass, who used it for the first time in 1970 in his book (Fiction and the Forms of Life). It is also right to call meta-narrative adventure. This modern critical feature assumed that the novel should be experimental, in other words, not sticking to the techniques imposed by the traditional novel.

Creativity cannot be without experimentation.It is the essence of creativity, and the novelist is creative whenever he is experimental. The experimental novelist bravely transcends reality and the familiar and ventures into the heart of the conventional narrative techniques.Experimentation in general is a feature of post-modernism, and meta-narrative showed these features. Experimental novelists transcend loyalty to the traditional theory in writing narrative fiction, to be replaced by loyalty to experimental theory..The Iraqi novel paid great attention to meta-narrative, and the Iraqi novelist Luay Hamza Abbas in his novel (City of Images) dealt with narrative techniques with great specificity and deliberate intent on his part, and perhaps he created a novel that rebelled against the traditional novel with its usual details, as he is a specialist in studying narration as an effective technique in producing the post-modern novel. So what are the defining dimensions of meta-narrative, meta-story, and what lies behind them? And how did the novelist employ them?

Criminal danger to humans

Morteza Fathi, Hameed Faris Habash — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Crime is considered a danger that threatens rights and interests worthy of criminal protection, and which threatens human beings, their security, stability, and life as a whole. This danger is one of the characteristics that characterizes crime. Therefore, we find that legal scholars, as well as psychologists and sociologists, pay great attention to crime and the foundations of its responsibility, in terms of The study, in addition to the fact that criminal seriousness in criminology in our current era derives its concept from concepts related to the metaphysics of the senses and beyond nature, but rather from psychological and social concepts, since, from the perspective of the concepts of contemporary philosophy of penal legislation, the goal of criminal responsibility is to resist committed crimes. And preventing any other crime, by following penal policies whose goal is to protect society, in order for every person to find what he seeks in collective security. Much controversy has arisen recently about the meaning of criminal risk for a person, especially after it occupied the forefront of the interests and explanations of criminal sciences. There is no doubt that research into the subject of human criminal danger involves a lot of difficulty and accuracy at the same time, and this is due to the fact that this research revolves around the human personality and exploring its deep depths.

General conditions in Singapore (1995-2015)

Majid Muhi Abdul Abbas Al-Fatlawi, Ahmed Abdul-Ridha Rahman Saleh Al-Amidi — Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Capital management in Singapore has become important to the government to achieve economic growth. Singapore has achieved qualitative leaps in the modern industrial, commercial and financial fields, which has been reflected in the progress and rise of its development indicators significantly through the rise in foreign trade indicators and the increased rule of foreign investments. Singapore emphasized the Paying attention to the educational and social aspects for the sake of economic development through the development of technology with science and the need for manpower in industry, agriculture and trade, the development of various technical and technological sectors and the spread of Internet services. The Singapore government was able to develop the educational and health sectors, and among its interests is the elimination of poverty and unemployment, and it was able to eliminate Due to the economic crises that Southeast Asia went through, as well as attracting foreign investments, Singapore became one of the first world countries after it had been a third world country.

Education contributes to developing the level of the local economy, expanding its governance, providing it with advanced means and tools of production, innovating new goods, expanding labor markets, and creating new job opportunities. The education system contributes to the formation of competencies and expertise that work to build the country's economy. Singapore has realized that it is necessary to pay attention to the social aspect and to pay attention to it in order to develop the economic aspect. Human development represents a set of mechanisms and means that stimulate the individual to be productive, which will enable him to achieve the greatest possible degree of well-being and self-sufficiency in all aspects of his personal life. Because the human element can constitute a productive element, just like land and capital, if it is invested correctly and works through new policies and strategies with a future vision aimed at developing the educational and health sectors and eliminating poverty and unemployment in Singapore.

Ideological authority in my novel: Nahib al-Rafidain and Fereydoun has three sons (A comparative study)

Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research aims to reveal the ideological authority in the Iraqi novel represented by (The Wailing of the Two Rivers) by Abd al-Rahman Majeed al-Rubaie (1939) and to compare it with the Persian novel by Abbas Maroufi (1957) (“Faridoun Has Three Sons”). The importance of the topic is focused on revealing the concept of ideology in all its manifestations and practices as authority, religion, politics, etc., and revealing the relationship between the Iraqi and Iranian novels with regard to the novelist’s trend towards exposing ideological authority as one of the prevailing political phenomena in (the two societies). Using the comparative cultural approach according to the American school, the results obtained indicate that ideological authority appears in several areas, including the execution scene, which is represented in direct and indirect forms in the novel “Nahib al-Rafidain” and “Faridoun Has Three Sons” and similarly, but Maroufi focused on this scene in a similar manner. Greater and under the influence of the ruling religious ideology. As for the ideological intellectual, Al-Rubaie revealed his relationship with the ruling ideology, his privileges, and his negative form, while this scene was numerous in Maroufi’s novel in different forms, including the Marxist and Enlightenment intellectual, and as for the war scene, the two novels deal with the relationship with war. Directly linked to the ideology of certain groups and a common religious ideology, which led to great similarities in this area.

Combating Violence Against Women in the text Play Necessary Targetsby Eve Ensler –Selection

Hayder Ali Kareem Al-Asadi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The phenomenon of violence against women represents the most important negative manifestations that have occurred in human history because of its psychological, social and political consequences. Therefore, this research sought to shed light on the ways and mechanisms of combating violence against women by monitoring this opposition through the act of theatrical writing in its investigation of texts from international theatrical literature. This research was formed through four chapters. The first was (the methodological framework), which included the research hypothesis based on the following question: (How did playwrights seek to combat the phenomenon of violence against women through their theatrical texts?). As for the second chapter (theoretical framework), it included two sections. The first Titled (The Concept of Violence Against Women), and the second (Theater and Defending the Image of Women). The third chapter was the procedures, in which the researcher went to analyze the play by the American writer (Eve Ensler), entitled (Necessary Goals). The fourth chapter included the results, conclusions, and a list of sources and references.

The effectiveness of the (SQ4R) strategy in achievement and developing dual thinking among students of the fourth stage, the scientific branch, in the Arabic language subject

Imad Abdul Mohsen Ali — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of the (SQ4R) strategy in the achievement and development of dual thinking among students of the fourth stage, the scientific branch, in the Arabic language subject.

The research relied on the experimental research approach, and the research sample amounted to (60) students who were distributed equally between the two research groups. There were (30) students in the experimental group that studied the subject using the (SQ4R) strategy, and (30) students in the control group that studied the subject in the traditional way.

The two research tools were the achievement test in the Arabic language subject, which consisted of (40) multiple-choice items. The double-thinking scale was prepared and consisted of (20) items against five alternatives for the degree of agreement. The validity and reliability of the research tools were verified.

The search resulted in the following results:

1- The positive impact of the (SQ4R) strategy as a teaching method in improving achievement in Arabic grammar compared to the usual method.

2- The size of the effect of the (SQ4R) strategy on the achievement of the Arabic grammar subject and the growth of double thinking for students in the fourth stage, the scientific branch, was large.

3- Teaching using the SQ4R strategy encourages positive participation and is an indicator to motivate them to learn, which leads to increased achievement and the development of double thinking.

In light of the research results reached, the research recommends the following:

Employing a strategic strategy (SQ4R) in teaching the Arabic language in its various branches to develop dual thinking among students.
Instructing the training departments affiliated with the general directorates to employ the (SQ4R) strategy in Arabic language and grammar lessons.

The implications of the structural grammatical methods of the writer Qais Al-Attar The group “In the mihrab of the Heart” is an example

Thaer Shaaban Ali Ali, Ali Salami — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research is based on studying the structural grammatical method in the poetry of the Iraqi poet Qais Al-Attar in his poetry collection called “In the mihrab of the Hear” in an attempt to explore the specificity of the structural methods in his poetry, by relying on the descriptive analytical method that is based on identifying the studied phenomena and their methods, and there is an analysis Selected samples of his poetry. The research concluded with a number of results, the most prominent of which was that the structural grammatical methods in his anthology were part of its poetry, and a means of clarifying its meanings and conveying its message to the recipient. The structural grammatical methods that characterized Al-Attar’s poetry were varied, the most prominent of which are the imperative and the interrogative. They all came with their various tools, and were a means of enriching the text on the semantic and syntactic levels at the same time. With his mastery of language and his poeticism, the poet was able to adapt his compositions to be a means of expressing his meanings in a language with artistic aesthetic dimensions that are not hidden from the recipient. Finally, the evidence of the command, after taking its context into account, carries connotations of guidance, incapacity, compromise, etc., and the prohibition in his poetry carries connotations of guidance. And reprimand, rebuke, and exhortation. The interrogative carries various metaphorical connotations, such as exclamation, denial, glorification, report, and others. He uses the method of calling to convey his doubts and sadness by using the extension of the sound in the letter “ya,” and he uses it to show the greatness of the caller or indicate his spatial distance, and the hamza to indicate the presence of the caller in his mind. Despite his distance, and the various methods of supplication appeared in his poetry, some of which are predicated, the apparent meaning of which is supplication, and some such as are usual among the Arabs.

Elements of electronic administrative documents

Mustafa Bakhtiarvand, Sarmad Sabah Zail — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The issue of democracy has always been one of the issues that has preoccupied societies for many decades, and many jurists and commentators have appeared who have worked hard with their opinions on that issue. Democracy has often been linked to power, according to many of them, since 1925, when its first basic law lasted until 2003, and then the transitional period due to regime change, but with strong powers. External, although the people wanted the process of change, but within the boundaries of society and not by external will, including economic and social, including how to accept democracy after a bitter reality that afflicted Iraq. Iraqi society is also a diverse society, and the transition to power cannot take place peacefully, as the societal, political and cultural characteristics differ in Iraq is different from the countries in which democracy has been established, which caused the diversity of the Iraqi spectrum, a problem that was not created by Iraqi society itself, but was created by the policies alien to this country for multiple reasons, perhaps the most important of which is the exclusion of the main components in Iraq for a decade due to the dictatorial policies of the political systems in Iraq, perhaps the party system. For the Baath Party, which excluded these components, questioning their patriotism, preferring a group close to it and preventing those from?

Criticism of Islamic Political Thought, Adel Dhahir as A Sample

INTISAR SALMAN SAAD AL.SAEED — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

During the period of what is known as the “Arab Spring,” the Islamic (jihadi) movements had a prominent role in igniting the events that led to the collapse and change of many regimes in the Arab world. the rise of these movements, in all their names, had an active and most extreme role in the Arab political scene, which had an impact. It negatively affected the attempts at change that were intended by the regimes of those countries that were supposed to adopt secular, civil thought, these well-funded organizations and movements contributed to assuming power in many of the regions controlled by those movements. Which led to a significant decline in secular thought at the expense of religious political thought in the Arab world, which in turn led to the spread of many political ideas with a religious dimension among many social classes in various Arab countries. according to this vision, we present a fair and apparent criticism of fundamentalist Islamic thought as a model of Arab thought that was distinguished by its criticism of the theses of political Islam according to secular philosophical foundations in which the primacy of reason was adopted as the tool that does not recognize the reference to religious heritage.

The poetry of Mahmoud Al-Braikan, a study in the light of cultural criticism

Zahraa Raad Hamza Al-Jubouri — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research presents a new vision for Al-Buraikan's poetic ‎texts based on what cultural criticism provides in terms of possibilities ‎and tools that reveal to us what is unspoken in the text by demolishing ‎the implicit systems and reaching its textual structure. Modern poetry is ‎a cultural carrier of many systemic implications related to the poet's ‎view of society and his era, which is characterized by having a political ‎character for the ruling class. In addition, his text came loaded with ‎nihilistic and philosophical tendencies, which gave his text the ‎advantage of multiple readings and cultural interpretation. This gives us ‎the ability to understand the cognitive dimensions of Iraqi society, ‎focusing on the implicit system and standing on the hidden system that ‎drives it. There is no doubt that the phenomenon of cultural criticism is ‎a modern literary phenomenon in the field of criticism and literature. ‎Many Arab critics have been interested in this term, most notably ‎Abdullah Al-Ghadami in his book (Cultural Criticism: A Reading of Arab ‎Cultural Systems), who is considered the first to write in cultural ‎criticism and has great credit for introducing the term (cultural ‎criticism) to the homeland. Arabic and its translation, and Al-Ghadami ‎admitted that the intention is not to cancel the literary critical ‎achievement, but rather the goal is to transform the critical tool in ‎reading the pure aesthetic and justifying and marketing it, regardless of ‎its systemic flaws, into a tool in criticizing the discourse and revealing ‎its systems.‎

Women's rights in light of Iraqi and Egyptian constitutional law A comparative study with international law

Hassan Mohammad Hassani, Aziz allah Fahimi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Women are mothers and wives, they are half the family and half the society, and their sound psychological and mental construction is automatically reflected in building a sound society of their children. Despite this, women have been exposed for years and since the beginning of time and in all parts of the world to injustice, violence, and the deprivation of their abilities and ambitions, along with the systematic theft of their opportunities and success.

Islam came as the first seed of salvation for women, as it did justice to them through its legislation and verses of the Holy Quran, and obligated kindness to them, respect for them, and respect for their rights, and made them equal to men in many fields.

After that, in the modern era, international law came with its texts and laws to do justice to women as well, detailing their rights and duties, imposing respect for them and not abusing them, trying to protect them through a group of different laws and charters whose goal was to ensure the rights, dignity, and respect of women wherever they were.

From these points combined, the research problem emerges, as despite the legislation of Islam, the local civil legislation of all countries of the world, and the charters, declarations and laws of international law, women's rights are still exposed to blatant violations, and women themselves have not been protected by all these legislations from violence, neglect and insults.

A study on the Holy House in exegetical verses

Hadeel Ahmed Hassan Mohammed Al-Sharhani, Muhammad Kazem Rahman Staish — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The subject of the Holy House was mentioned in the Qur’anic verses, and the considered interpretations of the Sunnis and Shiites explained it in their interpretations. It had a great status among them, so he spoke about the status and location of the Holy House. We also spoke about the historical origins of the Holy House, the city of Jerusalem, and the Holy House in the interpretive verses, including: The Mosque of the Prophets. Peace be upon them, the ascension of the Noble Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, in a miraculous way. The House of Jerusalem and the abundance of its outskirts and its surroundings with goodness and blessings. The source of every fresh water that springs from under the rock of Jerusalem. The Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Grand Mosque are the two places of worship. The Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Grand Mosque as a symbol of Islamic unity. The House The sacred and the cowardice of the Jews in the time of Moses, peace be upon him.

Jerusalem is the mosque of the prophets, peace be upon them, and God Almighty chose it from among the places on earth for His worship. The Prophet of Islam was taken on a night journey from the Sacred Mosque to the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which was the first Qiblah for him and for the Muslims. Al-Aqsa Mosque is a pure spot for the worship and monotheism of His prophets and messengers, peace be upon them. Al-Aqsa Mosque is the farthest mosque from the Sacred Mosque, and it is Jerusalem, in which the prophets, peace be upon them, lived in the protection of the worship of God Almighty. The ascension of the Noble Prophet, may God bless him and his family, was from Jerusalem in a miraculous manner.

General conditions in Cambodia 1995-2015

Murtada Hussein Ghareeb Al-Jubouri, Majid Mohi Al Ghazai Al Fatlaw — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The issue of journalism is an important topic that was proposed by the government in late 1994 and approved in 1995 because this law came as a result of political developments in Cambodia, as journalists and human rights organizations expressed their concern that a broad mandate of the law would allow the government to control freedom of expression.

At the beginning of 1997, the political and military situation in Cambodia raised some hope because the coalition government was able to withstand more than three years of its existence, but tensions returned again due to the lack of agreement between Prime Minister Prince Norodom Ranariddh and Vice Chairman of the People's Action Party Hun Sen, as tensions extended. Between them until the end of 1997, when armed clashes broke out between forces loyal to each of them in different provinces of the country, but Prince Ranariddh moved to build a new political front to run in the 1998 elections under the name (United National Front), which led to Hun Sen responding to the prince’s proposal in order to build an alliance. political between them.

Therefore, the year 1999 was the beginning and a turning point in Cambodian politics, as the main political parties began to work together in the newly formed coalition government, and donors resumed aid programs that had been suspended after the 1997 coup, as Cambodia gained acceptance into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the government took steps An important task for the court of former Khmer Rouge leaders. After that, the government approved the Municipal Law of 2001, which was signed in March of the same year to become legal. Despite all the government measures to modernize the country, Cambodia’s foreign relations with the countries of the world became tense in 2003 due to the refusal to The government tried the Khmer Rouge accused by the International Court of Justice and preferred to try them according to Cambodian law. What worried Cambodia most was its western borders with Thailand and its eastern borders with Vietnam, and this is what happened in 2015 because these tensions reflect the internal politics of the Cambodian government.

General Conditions in Thailand 1995-2015 (Historical Study)

Majid Muhi Al-Ghazai Al-Fatlawi, Baha Tarraf Abdullah Al-Kawam — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study dealt with the general conditions in Thailand in the political, economic and social aspects for the period from (1995-2015), which focused on the political crises and coups in the Thai Kingdom from the establishment of the political system until 2015 AD. Prime Minister Chuan Likpai, from 1992 to 2001 AD, was able to formulate a policy This government was subjected to many demonstrations and economic crises, which led to its dissolution and the victory of Thaksin as Prime Minister, who gave great importance to foreign relations and was able to resist the separatist movements in southern Thailand, and as a result of the military interventions in government that brought down Thaksin. With a military coup in 2006, and the formation of an interim government by army officers who had a role in the military coups, after that, Yingwok Shinawatra was able to win the elections and form a government until 2014, as the country witnessed a lot of political tensions during her reign, which led to her dismissal by the Constitutional Court and the announcement Martial law. The study also clarified the nature of the coups and protests that worked to inflame the political and economic situation, as the country has witnessed more than eighteen coups since 1932 that played a role in overthrowing successive Thai governments.

Political Media And Its Impact On Confronting Terrorist Crises And Sectarian Extremism

Haitham Nimah Rahim Al-Azzawi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

There is no doubt that the interactions of local and international powers and entities and the transition of positions of influence, domination and control as the owners of such positions become increasingly willing to retain them and the requisite possession of power In spite of past crises, awareness of decision-making and crisis management has only evolved in recent decades and therefore the study of crises has become one of the studies of increasing interest in the present era, Political media is an essential component of the integrated mix of crisis studies. the relationship between the internal environment as well as the external environment surrounding the crisis requires the use of entry points from which political media occupies a distinct position, The concept of crisis management in the media has focused on the study of crises from the media perspective. s studies have evolved in two directions:

The first track is concerned about developments that have broadened to include the aspect of crises and natural disasters, including the addition to the concept of the social dimension of the crisis, which has added to this science other areas of study that include economic and environmental issues as well as political and military issues.

Track 2: Focuses on managing crises of political and military nature highlighting the crisis of terrorism, which is the phenomenon of the times from which the individual and society have suffered, having spread so widely, that it represents a major threat to all societies, The relationship between the political media and terrorism is a direct one that helps to raise many problems related to the performance and practice of media in times of crisis, foremost among which is terrorism, which has been a starting point that has raised many controversies and questions about how the media deals with terrorism, the criteria for coverage of concepts of objectivity and factors affecting the credibility of the political media in dealing with terrorism.

Determining the appropriate development qualifications to achieve industrial development in Salah al-Din Governorate

Moshtaq Tallib Saleh Mahdi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study aims to identify the most important qualifications that assist in industrial development processes in Salah al-Din Governorate، as the study showed that Salah al-Din Governorate is distinguished by a unique geographical location in relation to Iraq and the rest of the governorates in the country، as it forms a network linking the northern governorates and the rest of the eastern، western and southern governorates، as well as development qualifications that contribute to the industrial development process، and is characterized by the diversity of the climate suitable for some industries، and the availability of appropriate water resources in terms of quantity and type. The governorate enjoys a large population suitable for providing labor، and the raw materials are diverse and are represented by metallic raw materials such as lime، gravel، sand and gypsum، and non-metallic raw materials such as oil and gas، and chemical raw materials، and agricultural raw materials in its plant and animal aspects. Salah al-Din Governorate also suffers from a shortage of electricity، and has a good road network that connects the governorate with the rest of the governorates in Iraq، and with the rest of the districts in the governorate.

Qur’anic evidence on the obligation of enjoining good and forbidding evil Munkar in the Holy Quran. Analytical study

Baqer Ismail Hayal Hassan Al-Miyahi, Ahmed Al-Azraqi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Enjoining good and forbidding evil is a basic principle in Islam. It refers to the duty of Muslims to call for good and forbid evil in society. This principle is also considered one of the pillars on which Islamic law is based. It contributes greatly to achieving social and moral justice، and the prohibition of evil does not It is limited to any resource or field، but rather it is a synthesis of all the concepts and values that Islam brought and a synthesis of the concepts and principles on which the Islamic faith is based. A combination of Islamic standards and values that govern human relations، as well as laws، conditions، and traditions. In other words، it is a call to the teachings، methods، and practices of Islam. By transforming inner feelings of faith into realistic behavioral movements and transforming this movement into fixed habits that interact and relate to the commands and teachings of Islam، the requirements of Islamic rulings are reduced. It is separated from evil، as enjoining good and forbidding evil is not limited to one resource، and it has concepts that apply to many matters، which those who interpret the obligation of enjoining good and forbidding evil have explained through Qur’anic verses، including: The direct command to enjoin good and forbid evil، the call to teach enjoining good and forbidding evil، and among the signs of a hypocrite is not enjoining good and forbidding evil، encouraging believers to enjoin good and forbidding evil، the necessity of uniting and integrating the Islamic nation by enjoining good and forbidding evil، and forbidding a suspicious view of what is forbidden. Stopping harm from others is one of the things forbidden by God Almighty.

Analysis of Desertification Risks on the Natural Environment in Wasit Governorate

Diyar Hashem Ali — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study dealt with an analysis of desertification risks on the natural environment in Wasit Governorate. This study aims to identify the geographical factors that affect or contribute to the emergence of desertification، and the most important risks of desertification on the natural environment in Wasit Governorate.

The study area is characterized by the diversity of its geological and geomorphological characteristics. Its soil is also characterized by its lack of organic matter، high salt content، high temperatures, low rainfall، and strong winds. All of these factors have led to an increase in the risks of desertification in the governorate.

Population increase is one of the factors causing desertification، and urban areas in the study area are subject to expansion, as the total area of urban areas reached (137.4, 168.2، 274.1) km2. The study area suffers from the risks of desertification and its rapid spread in some parts of the region، as there are areas exposed to the risk of drought، salinization, and erosion of both types، water and wind, and the spread of sand dunes. This is due to a group of natural and human factors that had a significant impact on increasing the size of desertified lands, and their impact on the environment.

Fortune-telling and its media role in the pre-Islamic era

Fatima Lamy Abdel — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Talking about the cultural aspects in the pre-Islamic era includes every activity presented by man from language, thought, religion, behavior, literature, customs, traditions, laws, and legends, and what interests us here is the search and disclosure of some aspects of cultural intellectual religious It is natural that all of them are related to literature and one of these aspects is fortune-telling and what it had a prominent media role in all issues related to society in the pre-Islamic era, as the priest has an influential media force, an audible word, and a voice that goes from, we find them enjoying power and power that affects everyone without exception, and perhaps the circumstances in the pre-Islamic era paved the way for them to develop into a strong phenomenon with strong influence, so we thought it better to study their media power in the pre-Islamic era.

The media action of the priest played an important role in the pre-Islamic era. The success of the priests in possessing the human mind and controlling the reins of affairs. The priest was able to make for himself a prestigious position in society. We find that all the conditions of society depended on divination and taking their word, and consulting them in their private and public affairs. The presence of priestesses who had the right word alongside the priests. In every tribe or state there was a priest to whom they referred in their affairs

General conditions in Malaysia 1995 – 2015 (a historical study)

Majid Mohi Al-Ghazai Al-Fatlawi, Khairallah Hussein Abis Al-Hajami — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study deals with the general conditions in Malaysia in the political, economic and social aspects for the period from (1995-2015), which included major events that the country went through. At that time, Mahathir Mohamad was Prime Minister until 2003, and he worked to draw up an almost unique approach to Malaysia’s renaissance from an agricultural state. One poor country to another became in the ranks of modern and developed countries, through the pioneering development plans and programs that he followed, especially during the economic crisis that struck the countries of Southeast Asia in the years 1997-1998, in addition to his political successes and his unification of the ethnically, religiously and nationally diverse Malaysian society, and after him he came to power. Abdullah Badawi for the period from 2003 until 2009, who followed the path of his predecessor politically, economically and socially, then Prime Minister Najib Tun Abdul Razak from 2009 until 2020. During his presidency, Malaysia was able to take rapid steps towards modernization in various aspects of life.

The tenure of Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in power is the longest-serving prime minister in Southeast Asia compared to his political contemporaries, which is an indication of the political and economic stability that the country has enjoyed through the use of natural and human resources on the one hand, and the desire of Malaysians for him on the other hand for the great services he has provided to his country. The reform and development of the education system and making it the pillar on which the state relies in its advancement has consequently led to educating the people, and will later bear fruit by transforming Malaysia from a backward agricultural country to a country that occupies a prominent position among emerging countries.

Evaluation of the spatial and functional efficiency of educational services for the displaced population in the governorates of Sulaymaniyah and Halabja – a study in the geography of service

Imad Tarik Omar Saleh Al-Hadithy — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Educational services are important services in the provinces of Sulaymaniyah and Halabja Sulaymaniyah due to the various services they provide that the residents of this city need, especially for the displaced population. This study came to show the spatial and functional efficiency of educational services for the displaced in the provinces of Sulaymaniyah and Halabja Sulaymaniyah, and to measure their efficiency in light of the population displacement that the displaced people were exposed to, and to describe the distributional and functional reality of all the schools of the displaced population at its various stages, and the suitability of this distribution with the numbers of the displaced population and camps in the provinces of Sulaymaniyah and Halabja Sulaymaniyah, in terms of quantity, type and location, and to show their spatial and functional efficiency at the level of their distribution in the districts of the provinces of Sulaymaniyah and Halabja Sulaymaniyah. And to reach a vision for a plan that addresses the sources of error in place and function.

To address the research problem, it was assumed that there is a defect in the spatial distribution of schools for the displaced population in addition to their spatial and functional inefficiency, and the descriptive and analytical approach was relied upon in addressing the research problem.

One of the most important results reached is that there is a shortage and deficit in the number of schools for the displaced population, and a lack of spatial and functional efficiency in the educational services provided by these schools to the displaced population. The study recommended increasing the number of schools and distributing them in a manner that is consistent with the locations of the camps and the number of displaced populations in the governorates of Sulaymaniyah and Halabja.

The functions of gardens in Andalusia during the Umayyad Caliphate (316-422AH/928-1031AD)

Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Our study on this topic focuses on addressing the most important cultural aspects that are evidence of the sophistication and prosperity that the country of Andalusia has known, which is the social aspect related to the construction of gardens and parks in Andalusia. Our study explained the planning of gardens for this country during the Umayyad period, and the construction of gardens included the palaces of the caliphs. Their ministers, public houses, mosques, and mosques. The researcher relied on the inductive approach of the sources to find out the extent of the Umayyads’ interest in nature. Before addressing these elements, we will give a precise definition of gardens, then we will address the importance of gardens in terms of the factors that helped in their emergence and division into private and public gardens, arriving at the most important. Its functions are that the Islamic society recommended the beauty of nature.

Andalusia during the Middle Ages included a variety of public and royal gardens that reflected the culture and heritage of the Muslim community at that time. Public gardens were open green spaces for relaxation and entertainment for the public, and included various designs such as public gardens and palaces characterized by palm trees, colorful flowers, rivers and waterfalls. As for the royal gardens, they were considered a private haven for rulers and nobles, and were characterized by luxurious designs and wonderful architecture.

The impact of scientific and technological progress on the legal regulation of marketing

Ariyan GHASSEMI, Dawood Salman Kazem — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Technological and scientific development greatly affects the legal regulation of marketing by updating laws and regulations with the development of technologies. Laws and regulations require continuous updates to keep pace with rapid changes in the areas of digital marketing. The development of laws and regulations to keep pace with technical transformations and developments in the field of digital marketing and protecting the rights of consumers on the Internet with the increase in trade. Electronic and online marketing: It has become necessary to establish laws that protect consumers from fraud and cheating, guarantee their rights to recover money and return products, etc., and regulate aspects of privacy and electronic marketing. It has required developing strict legislation to protect consumers’ personal data, such as the General Data Protection Laws (GDPR) in the European Union. European Union, which specifies how to collect, use and store personal data. Technological development contributes to enhancing the tools and techniques used to combat fraud and deception in digital marketing, in addition to policies and procedures for dealing with personal data. It is necessary to establish strict policies and precise procedures for dealing with personal data, including how it is collected and stored. , process it, and share it, emphasizing the need to obtain users’ consent before using their data. Determining Legal Responsibilities The use of technology in marketing poses new challenges related to determining legal responsibilities, whether through the use of artificial intelligence, robots, or social media platforms. It is necessary to establish laws that define responsibilities and legal consequences for the use of these technologies. In these ways, technological development contributes to enhancing transparency and security in the marketing environment, which benefits both companies and consumers through the development of advanced systems to detect suspicious activities and identify illegal practices. And others, in addition to Therefore, technological progress can impact the legal regulation of marketing by strengthening efforts to combat fraud and deception in digital marketing, developing policies and procedures to handle and control personal data more effectively, and defining the legal responsibilities and consequences of using technology in marketing operations, which contributes to building an environment More transparent and secure marketing for everyone.

Sectarianism in Lebanon: Its Roots and Causes Until the Establishment of the Dual Governorship System in 1842

Kareem Ahmed Hamyi Al-Saadoun — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The issue of sectarian conflict in Lebanon has played a significant role in modern and contemporary history due to its profound and challenging consequences for the region in general and Lebanon in particular. This conflict was not a random occurrence but rather a result of political and social accumulations that cast their shadow over Lebanese society. Mount Lebanon became a battleground for colonial powers, which impacted the social fabric, as these powers reinforced reliance on religion and sects for protection, leading to competition between the different sects. This sectarian rivalry coincided with the Ottoman Empire's policy of granting privileges to colonial powers, which allowed them to intervene in Mount Lebanon's affairs and pushed the society into conflict to implement their colonial agendas. Moreover, the Ottoman Empire adopted a specific policy towards Mount Lebanon aimed at dividing the sects and fostering conflict among them to facilitate direct Ottoman control over the region. This was particularly significant since Mount Lebanon had its own system for selecting rulers, independent of the Ottoman government.

The occupation of Mount Lebanon by Ibrahim Pasha in 1831 further accelerated the sectarian conflict, as he implemented sectarian policies to consolidate his control and simplify governance.

These factors mentioned above can be considered the key foundations that deepened sectarian conflict in Mount Lebanon, leading the Lebanese society to increasingly isolate itself into sects. This was compounded by Lebanon's complex demographic structure, which included a large number of religions, sects, and ethnic groups. This diversity itself became one of the main roots of sectarian conflict, particularly when we consider that much of the population was subject to feudal control and a class-based system that benefited from societal division to maintain their social standing.

These foundations and factors played an active and significant role in pushing Lebanese society into sectarian conflict, which the country endured, leading to the imposition by colonial powers on the Ottoman Empire to implement a sectarian policy in Mount Lebanon. This culminated in the introduction of the Dual Governorship System in 1842, which divided Mount Lebanon along sectarian lines, further increasing resentment and internal strife, under the control of both colonial powers and the Ottoman Empire.

Developing learners' skills using Kolb's model In teaching biology

AHMED KADHIM HANOON ALSAHLANEE — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study addressed education methods in terms of their concept, importance, and standards, and the role of education methods in dealing with differences in individual levels among learners in order to reach comprehension of the scientific material. The study also addressed the Kolb model and its role in developing learners’ skills when teaching biology. The study aimed to study the extent to which Kolb's model and the educational methods it includes are able to overcome individual differences and among learners and to develop learners' skills when teaching biology. The study concluded with a set of results, the most important of which is encouraging the application of Kolb’s model in developing learners’ skills when teaching biology. The study also concluded that the hypotheses that Kolb developed for his model are correct and help to develop the educational process.The study encouraged the application of the teaching methods included in Kolb's model to learners when teaching biology. Because the methods included in Kolb's model help deal with individual differences among learners so that the most appropriate method is chosen for each learner to reach the best result. There is no specific teaching method that is best for developing learners' skills, but rather the method varies according to the individual capabilities of learners, but the study concluded that the convergent or cumulative teaching method is the most appropriate method among the methods of Kolb's model for developing learners' skills when teaching biology.

The basis and subjectivity of criminal policy In crossborder crimes

Mohamed Nodhri Ferdowseh, Yasser Abbas Saleh — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Terrorism is a cross-border crime that requires international cooperation. In Iraqi legislation, the amended Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 recognizes the territorial and personal jurisdiction to prosecute crimes inside and outside Iraq that affect state security. It is proposed to amend Article 13 of the law to add terrorist crimes to the crimes of comprehensive jurisdiction, to enhance the fight against international terrorism. Many countries adopt comprehensive legislation to deal with cross-border crimes due to their complexity and impacts..

Comparative legislation includes several principles to combat cross-border organized crimes, including: criminalizing the preparatory and planning acts of the crime due to their potential danger to security and enhancing judicial cooperation between countries through international agreements to facilitate investigations and prosecutions. Crimes within the country are subject to its laws, and personal jurisdiction allows the prosecution of citizens who commit crimes abroad. There is a jurisprudential debate about criminalizing preparatory acts because they violate the principle of legality, and some believe that criminalizing criminal agreements lacks clarity. For example, the United States adopts strict laws and emphasizes international cooperation, while the European Union enhances judicial cooperation among its members. In Egypt, Article 48 of the Penal Code was repealed for being unconstitutional.

The most Important result of the research was that countries should update their legislation to keep pace with cross-border crimes, with a clear definition of criminal acts to enhance justice.

The relationship between training human resources working in medical information institutions and improving the quality of services provided to readers

Afaf Sami Hassan alkaraghuli — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Training, Administrative Competencies, Medical Information Institutions, Quality of Information Services, Improvement, Readers and Beneficiaries.

Legal regulation of financial policy A comparative study between the tax system in developing and developed countries

Ariyan GHASSEMI, Mustafa Nazhan An’ad Al-Tamimi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The concept of fiscal policy refers to the tools a state uses to adjust spending levels and tax rates to monitor and control the economy. Most of the interest of the classical theory In public finance was focused on searching for public revenues In order to cover public expenses without increasing or decreasing one over the other. Thus, this idea served the free economic thought that was prevalent before World War I. Also, the comparative study of the tax system In developing and developd countries, it includes analyzing various legal regulations related to fiscal policy, including income taxes, corporate taxes, sales taxes, real estate taxes, and others. This study can also includeincludee analysis of public financial policies such as budgeting and debt management. This is what we will discuss in the research.

Changing role of the stateWith the change in the role of the state in economic and social life, its intervention in various economic activities and the use of financial tools to achieve its goals has increased. State objectives: The impact of the general budget on the national economy varies according to the various objectives of the state, such as increasing economic growth, reducing disparity in income distribution, and improving production efficiency. Use of financial means: Public finance studies how the state uses financial means and methods such as public revenues and public expenditures to achieve the goals of society in its various economic, social, and financial directions.

Retrial in the Iraqi Code of Criminal Procedure A comparative study with the French law

Mahdi sheidaeian, Ban Qahtan Sultan — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study examines retrial as a basic tool for improvement, in addition to justice in the Iraqi and French legal systems. The importance of reconsidering the importance of protecting individuals, as it provides an opportunity to review the judiciary, especially when new evidence is discovered or there are errors in the application of the law. The study reviewed the legal rules of retrial in both Iraqi and French law, explaining the similarities and differences between the two systems. Iraqi law specifies several reasons for the first time for the convicted person to request a retrial, such as the emergence of new evidence or evidence of forgery in the evidence. While there is a French business partner, there is someone who sentenced him. The research highlights the role of the judicial authorities in Iraq, as the arbitration court is responsible for the competent retrial requests, while the Court of Cassation is responsible for this matter. It also reviews the legal implications of the issuance of the retrial decision, including the executive suspension of the previous ruling and the evaluation of evidence. It aims to research the development of Iraqi criminal law related to retrial through French law, while providing legal legal assistance to guarantee justice. For this reason, the research on the importance of retrial for cases related to the protection of individual rights.

The role of the constitution in defining the economic system and regulating economic activities

Ariyan GHASSEMI, Wissam Fadl Hussein Al-Saker — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research reviews the role of the constitution in defining the economic system and regulating economic activities in different countries. The research focuses on how the constitution includes the foundations and guiding principles of the economic system, including the legal framework for trade and investment, intellectual property protection, wealth distribution, market regulation, and labor rights. The research also addresses the challenges and balances between economic freedom and social responsibility, and the role of judicial institutions in interpreting and applying the economic constitution. This research is considered an important introduction to understanding the impact of the constitution on economic policies and economic development in different countries. In addition, the research indicates the importance of understanding the impact of the Constitution on government economic policies and how applications of the Constitution can guide economic development. The research also reviews the challenges that countries may face in implementing the economic provisions of the Constitution, including the balance between the economic freedom of individuals and the public interest, and the necessity of achieving economic and social justice. The research also reviews the potential obstacles that may stand in the way of implementing the economic constitutional provisions, such as legal gaps or contradictions between National laws and the constitution. The research also discusses how to deal with these challenges to ensure the effectiveness of implementing the constitution in promoting sustainable economic growth and achieving social justice. The research concludes by providing recommendations on how to improve constitutional frameworks to ensure a better balance between economic freedom and the protection of public interests, focusing on the experiences of different countries and drawing on global best practices in this field. Recommendations include the need to enhance transparency and accountability in government institutions, develop an effective and independent judicial system to ensure the effective implementation of the Constitution, and enhance civil society participation in the formulation and implementation of economic policies. The research also indicates the importance of education and awareness of the vital role of the constitution in economic development to ensure broader and more effective participation of citizens in the economic process.

The law that is best for the accused in Iraqi and French legislation and international conventions (A comparative study)

Mehdi Shedayaian, Maha Redha Hamid Ali Al-Khafaji — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The principle of the most favorable law for the accused emerged from the economic crises accompanying wars. These wars played a significant role in directing the will of states towards restricting economic transactions، which led to the issuance of various legislations to curb currency smuggling and price hikes. For these laws to be effective، it was crucial to provide them with legal backing supported by the legislature through criminal procedures. Given that wars are predominantly temporary، the same temporary nature often applies to the laws enacted during those periods. This raised the need to answer an important question: In the event of repealing those laws and returning to the ordinary laws that preceded the emergency laws، should the most favorable law for the accused be applied to crimes committed during the period when those laws were in effect? The importance of this principle increased significantly with the advent of the twentieth century. The subject gained significant importance as scholars diligently sought to address this issue at its roots. Hence، our study discusses the principle of the retroactive effect of the most favorable law for the accused and its significance in Iraqi، French، and international legislation. We examined this topic through two main sections. In the first section، we discussed the concept of the most favorable law for the accused by exploring its linguistic and terminological aspects. Regarding the terminological aspect، we addressed the concept from the legal، legislative، and judicial perspectives. In the second requirement، we addressed the legal basis for the most favorable law for the accused، reviewing the texts that adopted this principle، whether they were derived from international covenants and treaties or from Iraqi and French constitutional and penal legislators. To complete our study، the second section focused on the characteristics of this principle، which was the main topic of the first requirement. We discussed temporary laws as an exception to the application of the principle under study. Finally، in the conclusion of our research، we reached a set of results and presented the key recommendations that the researcher believes will benefit the study and its intended purpose.

The principle of judicial neutrality between Iraqi law and Egyptian law

Mehdi Shedayaian, Haider Ali Muhammad — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Neutrality - Judicial Law - Iraqi Law - Egyptian Law.

The aesthetic effect of alliteration in the book Poets of Hilla or the Babylonians by Ali Al-Khaqani

Ghasaq Talib Suhail, Shaima Muhammad Kazem — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

the Babylonians. Arabic rhetoric is a wide field in which they compete to serve the text and highlight its aesthetics, and provide it with influential values. And the wonderful art begins to enrich texts and charge them with aesthetic values. An aesthetic by which the aesthetic of poetic texts is measured, as it gives speech an aesthetic that affects the values of the depths of the texts and increases them in beauty and honor, and from the ingenious that begins to achieve this is the art of alliteration, and it stops at its sections for vision in the book subject of research The aesthetic effect revolves between the three parties to the creative process (the creator - the text - the recipient). Aesthetic elements within a distinct formulation, by relying on the language and its capabilities to weave into it aesthetic texts laden with rhetorical suggestive energy, within the framework of the artistic formation process that falls upon him, and this is reflected in the recipient who interacts with the creative text and is responsible for tasting Texts are aesthetically pleasing and their aesthetic impact is demonstrated. The creator is the one who creates beauty in the text and the recipient is the one who is affected by it. The text is the meeting point between the creator and the recipient.

Constitutional tort suit

Maysoon Taha Husien — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The basic rights stipulated in the Constitution will have no meaning unless and until effective measures are taken to enforce them, otherwise they will remain imprisoned in documents. States have made strides in this area by establishing many constitutional principles, provisions and means that guarantee respect for human rights, but some of them are still lagging behind. In one of these aspects, which is providing adequate relief in the event of a violation of human rights by the state authorities themselves, the rights of individuals are often exposed to direct violation by one of the authorities or government employees, either by laws that violate the constitution, the application of which causes a violation of one of these rights, or by unconstitutional measures by The executive authorities, the treatment in these cases is still deficient in the protection required for human rights in many systems, while we find in other systems that preceded them by providing lawsuits for violations of constitutional rights by the ruling authorities, and other systems, including Iraq, have developed partial treatments. It does not reach the required level, especially with regard to the right of individuals to compensation for damages sustained by illegal acts issued by official authorities. This stems from the status of the right to compensation among constitutional rights, as this right is derived from the rights that have been violated. In fact, it is inherent in it. Compensation is an acknowledgment of the violated right and an attempt to compensate for the damage. From here the idea of the research begins, in the necessity of raising the level of the right to compensation to the level of established constitutional rights, recognizing the state’s responsibility for all wrongful acts issued by its authorities, and organizing a means In the form of a lawsuit, which allows individuals to complain about the harm to their rights as a result of these actions, and enables them to obtain satisfactory compensation, which is a material treatment for the effects of the harm that befell their rights. We were guided in this regard by what has been codified and implemented in each of the United States of America. And France, each of which has organized lawsuits to compensate for constitutional damages. Although they still need development, they are worth emulating as an advanced step on the path to providing optimal protection for constitutional rights and freedoms.

Judicial oversight of abuse of administrative authority

Dawood Mohebi, Wasan Azeez — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Judicial oversight of the administrative judiciary focuses on the proportionality of the disciplinary penalty with the violation, as well as on the legitimacy between the violation and that penalty: First, judicial oversight of the proportionality between the violation and the disciplinary penalty: The Administrative Judiciary Court stipulated in a decision that the penalty should be proportionate to the seriousness of the act as well as to the employee’s responsibility, saying: Upon review and deliberation by the General Assembly of the State Shura Council Second - Judicial oversight of the legitimacy between the penalty and the violation: First, the authorities that undertake control and punishment to discipline employees differ according to the different punishment and discipline laws issued in Iraq, as we can say briefly and quickly that the first law to be issued in Iraq was in 1929, numbered /41/, followed by Law No. /69/ of 1936 (repealed), as the disciplinary authorities were divided into: Presidential Authority, General Disciplinary Council, Disciplinary Committee, then Law No. /14/ of 1991, which is the Law of Discipline of State and Public Sector Employees. Among those decisions The judiciary that is responsible for the legitimacy between the penalty and the violation states: “Upon examination and deliberation by the General Assembly of the Shura Council, it was found that the first appeal was filed by (the defendant) on 12/2/2008, and the second appeal was filed by the plaintiff on 12/7/2008, and they were within the legal period, and it was decided to unify them in form.

Relations of the Yemen Arab Republic with the People's Republic of China 1962-1974

Raghdaa Abdul Imam Fayez — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

relations, North Yemen, China, politics, diplomacy, cooperation, position.

The role of community police social marketing campaigns in enhancing public awareness (A survey of the public in Baghdad)

Fahad Salwan Adnan Jawdet, Raya Kahtan Ahmed — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research aims to identify the Iraqi public’s assessment of the content of social marketing campaigns implemented by the community police, and its role in shaping their awareness. The researcher used the survey method based on the scale tool. The researcher adopted a sample of the Baghdad city public, which amounted to (349) respondents. The researcher arrived at a number of The most important results are that the community police contributed to creating awareness among the public, through its social marketing campaigns, and that it deliberately chose many means and methods to reach the audience it is trying to target. The researcher also gave many recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of using modern ideas by the community police. In their campaigns, in order to attract individuals to them, there is a need to prepare research and surveys to find out the problems that the public is exposed to in society.

Community police relied on directing messages and information related to combating drugs to the elderly, as well as different age groups, in order to influence them and educate them about the importance of combating drugs. Community police paid attention to slogans in its social marketing campaigns, and chose the slogan (No to Drugs) in its campaign to combat drugs, given the importance of these slogans in remaining in the minds of the public and influencing them.

The persuasive techniques used in the news of Alhurra channel

Ahmad Saleh Najm, Sofana Mostafa Basti — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study aims to understand the persuasive techniques used in the news of Alhurra channel, reveal the persuasive appeals that were employed in Alhurra channel's news, and identify the meanings conveyed in Alhurra channel's news. The importance of the study lies in the deep understanding of the communication process in Alhurra channel's news through their use of persuasive techniques. Through the study, it is possible to identify the persuasive techniques used, their types, and the damages they cause to the audience's beliefs. After identifying the persuasive techniques, real interventions can be implemented to counter these ideas and ideologies, and to enhance news institutions through scientific research that establishes an understanding of the news techniques used in Alhurra channel's news.

The researchers used a qualitative research method, which means exploring the different meanings people attribute to their experiences, as well as identifying the structures and social processes that shape these meanings. In this type of research, emphasis is placed on providing a "thick description" of social behavior and an explanation of social action, helping us to understand the hidden rules and traditions that give meaning to social behavior. The researchers chose a sample of Alhurra channel's news, deliberately selecting a specific time period (September 1st to September 30th, 2021, with a total of 7 news items), which they believed to be sufficient to satisfy information needs and analysis.

Among the main findings reached by the researchers is that Alhurra channel used several persuasive techniques, including clarity of objectives versus implicit conclusions, the influence of majority opinion, presenting the message with evidence and proofs, presenting one side of the issue versus presenting both supporting and opposing sides, using audience tendencies, and arranging persuasive arguments within the message. The researchers found that Alhurra channel justifies a set of values and concepts to reinforce its messages (peace and stability), which are considered core concepts. It became evident to the researchers that Alhurra channel also presents (cooperation and prosperity) as a direct result of normalization, highlighting the economic and social benefits resulting from it, which contributes to changing the audience's beliefs. The researchers found that Alhurra channel promotes the idea of (confronting common threats), presenting normalization as a means to confront regional challenges such as terrorism, and the channel promotes values (coexistence and tolerance), indicating that normalization will contribute to enhancing understanding and coexistence between different cultures, which is what Alhurra channel tries to convey to the recipient to change their beliefs and perspectives.

The recipient and its impact on the production of meaning

Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The purpose of this research is to identify the mechanisms by which the recipient influences the production of meaning, and to study, analyze, and explain their impact. The poet believes in the existence of a relationship between the poetic text and the recipient. The poet intends to seize the central characteristics of the recipient (the praised one) and bring them out in a striking way. Because it moves the connotations of words from superficial to deep, which would contribute to drawing attention and achieving goals. I followed the descriptive approach, as I chose verses that were distinguished from others by showing the recipient’s impact on the meaning, and I studied and analyzed them and demonstrated the methods in them that the poet made a guide to his creativity and to show the recipient’s influence in discovering hidden meanings. Therefore, the praised recipient is considered “a pressing force that dominates the reader’s sensitivity and perception.” The emergence of a relationship between the poet and the recipient of his poetry expresses the impact of the text on the psychology of the recipient And on his conscience and its echo in the areas of his feelings. The poet’s feeling and the recipient’s taste are among the sources of the rhythm of the text, and this relationship between the creator and the recipient embodies the principle of the text’s influence and the reader’s influence by it. The literary text is considered incomplete, as it needs the reader in order to complete it. Its completion depends on the recipient and his abilities, to contribute to The completion of the creativity of the text, and the relationship between the poet and the recipient is interspersed with a set of concepts that each of them focuses on, the most important of which are: the goal: through which he seeks some purpose, whether this purpose is on the personal level or the general level, and the means: which carries influential loads that the poet sought to deposit in his text. The goal: the pursuit of gains. The conclusion of my research is that it consisted of an introduction and three topics: (Praise, Ghazal, and Satire). The research included a comprehensive explanation of the influence of the recipient on the text, and an analysis of the poetry of some Abbasid poets in the book(Abbasid PoetsDr.. Younis Ahmed Al-Samarrai).The research concluded with a conclusion that included the results I reached in my research, and a list of sources and references that I relied on in writing the research.

The use of television electronic educational platforms and the satisfaction achieved among sixth-grade middle school students

Hala Eabd Alkarim, Tariq Ali Hammoud — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research deals with the use of television electronic educational platforms and the satisfactions achieved among sixth-grade students. The importance of this research is highlighted because the use of educational platforms is one of the most important communication mechanisms through which the source seeks to influence the attitudes and trends of students in educational programs. This research is descriptive and uses the survey method to reach To achieve the results and achieve the goals, he tested the validity of the questionnaire using the apparent validity method by presenting it to a number of professors who are experts in radio and television media. The research seeks to know the use of television electronic educational platforms and the satisfactions achieved by sixth-grade students by following the procedures of the survey method. On the survey side, the researcher reached important results in the contexts of the theory of uses and satisfactions.

The research relied on the theory of uses and gratifications in determining the uses of these platforms by sixth middle school students and the gratifications they achieve.

Among the most important results reached by the researcher:

1- Regarding the motivations for following educational programs on electronic platforms, the number of people who answered (its financial cost is lower compared to private lessons) was (45.66%), which is the highest percentage.

2- The contribution of educational programs on electronic platforms to increasing students’ knowledge and information about specialized academic subjects to a great extent, as the percentage weight of the sample’s answers reached (81.33%).

The Journey of “Abu Zaid Al-Omani” by Mohammed bin Saif Al-Rahbi: Journey or Novel?!

Nasser bin Hamoud Al-Hasani — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The Journey of Abu Zaid Al-Omani by Muhammad bin Saif Al-Rahbi is a novel that combines travel literature and novelistic narration, as it takes the form of an exploratory trip, but at the same time it contains narrative and imaginative elements that make it a novel in the literary sense. The novel revolves around the character of Abu Zaid Al-Omani, who embarks on a journey full of challenges and discoveries in different places. The novel deals with multiple themes related to identity, belonging, and culture, and ranges between narrating real experiences and fictional elements to create a rich reading experience. “The Journey of Abu Zaid Al-Omani” is indeed a novel, but it bears the character of a journey in its narration, which gives it a distinctive flavor that combines exploration and contemplation.

Muhammad bin Saif Al-Rahbi’s novel is often considered more than just a “journey,” because it contains narrative elements and imaginary events that go beyond simply narrating the facts of a real trip. In his works, Al-Rahbi blends reality and imagination in a way that enables the reader to experience new worlds and think about social and philosophical issues. But it can be said that some of his novels contain a “journey” character, meaning moving or searching for something, whether on a physical or psychological level, which makes them take on a dual character between the novel and the journey.

Shia-Sunni relations during the Crusades (1097 AD/490 AH - 647 AH/1249 AD)

Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Historians in the East and West were interested in studying the Crusades as an important period of the Western Islamic conflict, due to the effects they left in the history of nations and the important consequences they resulted from. Many works have appeared in the West and the East that have dealt with its history and events through study, analysis, and criticism. Despite the abundance of research, writings, and studies written about it, they have not covered all its aspects, nor have all its secrets been revealed. It is still an important field and a fertile field that can accommodate many researches and studies. Because of the diverse effects it left on all aspects, and the results it had at all levels, and because I had a completely clear idea about Shiite-Sunni relations, my choice fell on the topic of Shiite-Sunni relations during the Crusades period (490 AH/197 AD - 647 AH/1249 AD).

I divided the research into four basic points, an introduction, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references. I made the first point the first: the Abbasid-Fatimid rivalry, and the second the Fatimid-Seljuk relations, while in the third point we touched on the Fatimid-Zengid relations and their role in weakening the Islamic resistance to the Crusaders, while the fourth point showed the role of the rest of the powers. Islam in the Levant, its relationship with each other, and the conflicts it waged among itself during the Crusades, and the conclusion is the most important results that emerged from the study of this topic. And a list of sources and references, and it was necessary to rely on the original sources because they add valuable information that sheds light on Shiite-Sunni relations and makes a clear contribution to understanding them. I benefited greatly from what Muslim and Western historians wrote about the period of study. In this study, I tried hard to show some Aspects of Shiite-Sunni relations during the Crusades.

Controls for applying Qur’anic verses to reality and the necessary sciences that the interpreter needs to apply them

Fuoad Ali Awla — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In the name of God, and praise be to God, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of God, his family, his companions, and those who followed them in goodness until the Day of Judgment, and after

The circumstances and conditions that the Qur'an revealed in order to treat them, reveal their truth, or establish and direct them include the era of the revelation and every subsequent reality and incident, and that there is no incident or event except that there is a way to treat it in the Book of God, because it is included in the meaning of the verse and the verse guarantees its ruling.

The issue of revelation is considered to be a form of expressing an opinion, the method of analogy and representation. If the opinion is reprehensible, a promise of reprehensible revelation is rejected, and if it is otherwise, it is accepted under certain regulations.

the importance of studying

The importance of the research lies in the following points:

The importance of the topic is evident in the nature of the research

It addresses issues related to the Book of God(Qur´an) and its interpretation.

Explaining that revealing the secrets of the Holy Qur’an is a high status that can only be achieved by those who have accuracy in understanding and training in deduction to extract its precise meanings.

and its hidden benefits.

Adjusting the subject of revelation of verses to reality and collecting its rules gives the sciences of the Qur’an, the sciences of interpretation, and the science of jurisprudence in particular, renewal and modernity, thus fulfilling this science’s true role for which it was classified.

Objectives of the study

Closing the door on those who dare to apply verses to reality in a way that is not appropriate due to their ignorance, fanaticism of their doctrine, or blind imitation. That is with a statement

The most prominent controls on the revelation of verses in reality.

The urgent need for Muslims in the present era to return to the Holy Qur’an, read it, meditate on it, derive rulings, understand it, and apply it in order to evaluate

What distortions appeared in understanding behavior and morals.

Increasing the clarification of the meanings of the verses and bringing them closer to understanding and minds; Because applying the meaning of the verse to a reality that people see with their own eyes increases their awareness and knowledge of it, and their understanding of its meaning and its stability in their minds.

Correcting the path of revealing the verses to reality and moving towards benefiting from the guidance of the Holy Qur’an In all aspects of life.

Drawing attention to the necessity of continuous contemplation of the Book of God Almighty, and enhancing the confidence of believers in their religion

The book of their Lord, Glory be to Him.

Raising generations to live in a Quranic atmosphere

And take care of his guidance and guidance. god.

This research consists of two sections, which are as follows:

The first section dealt with: taking into account the meaning of science

The second section dealt with: the necessary knowledge that the interpreter needs and which he must have Familiarity with it.

Criminal protection of the environment and its impact on health

Mahmoud Miri Khalili, Abbas Mansouri Abadi, Haider Ali Muhammad — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The following research addressed that environmental crime has become one of the most dangerous forms of organized crime and is a threat to the future of humanity and the sustainability of life. This crime is no less dangerous than any other terrorist crime. Some believe that environmental terrorism is the most dangerous crime that requires severe penalties, because it threatens the future of all people without exception, and contributes to financing conflicts and wars in many developing countries. Environmental crimes affect the natural resources of the environment and are the most dangerous and harmful. From here, the researcher concluded that there is a close relationship between health and the environment, and that any defect in one of them affects the other. In addition, protecting health entails protecting the environment from one of its serious problems, which is the spread of epidemics and diseases as an environmental problem, and protecting the environment in all its forms affects human health from both psychological and physical aspects. Because of the importance posed by the environment and because its protection is considered a basic principle and even a duty that is in the public interest based on the rules of public benefit that have given the state the privilege of having the right to protect the public interest of society; This led to a tightening of the appropriate penal deterrence in preventing any risks to any element of the environment, which necessitated the intervention of the criminal law in this field as an element of protection and guarding the pillars of environmental law and the issuance of legislation and laws in order to protect the environment and combat pollution, with the support of this legislation in order to Give it respect and application by people and adherence to it, As we mentioned above, the purpose of environmental punishment is to adhere to legislation and achieve deterrence, both public and private, by punishing the violator, removing his violation, and returning the situation to what it was before the violation occurred, in order to avoid it. Accordingly, international efforts have joined forces to achieve environmental criminal protection.

The words of the Ten Commandments in the Old Testament A comparative linguistic study between the Semitic languages

Alaa Abdel Dayem Zawbaa — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

In the thirteenth century BC our master Moses peace be upon Mount Sinai received the first heavenly message written on the tablets to be a law for the people of Israel.

The Book of Exodus from the Old Testament included the greatest number of teachings and laws pertaining to the sharia, including the Ten Commandments mentioned in chapter 20 of this book. These commandments included a number of divine commands concerning the individual's religious and moral conduct and a number of prohibitions concerning forbidden taboos Abstain from them according to the teachings of the Sharia.

The Torah rabbis took these commandments with a halo of holiness and reverence for being the basis of Jewish religious law and doctrine.

The Koran mentioned the Ten Commandments in several pictures, despite its copy of the Mosaic Jewish religion. The legislator is one, God Almighty, who has instituted the Ten Commandments in both the Torah and the Holy Quran. These commandments have been followed in both Shariahs in terms of command and prohibition. The difference in time and space, however, they differed in clarity and definition. The Torah law did not resolve the matter with regard to these commandments, since it contained a deficiency surrounded by the thumb and ambiguity, but contradicted the Torah itself in the application of many of them, contrary to the Koran, which settled the matter in these commandments with everything In which it was legislated.

Therefore, we will study the ten commandments in the Torah, an analytical linguistic study that includes interpretation and clarification of meanings, comparing them with what is stated in the Holy Quran, a mention of these commandments to indicate the place of deficiency on the one hand. It was mentioned in the Jewish Bible (Old Testament).

Iranian-Russian political and Military Relations 1989-2005

Naeem Jassim Mohammed, Maryam Mahmoud Shaker — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research talks about the nature of the Iranian-Russian relations during the period between 1997-2005, which includes the term of rule of each of the Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani for the period (1989-1997) and Muhammad Khatami for the period (1997-2005), as the most important agreements concluded between the two countries and the visits were clarified carried out by the officials of both countries to the other party, and increased Russian support for Iran in all fields, especially in the field of developing the Iranian nuclear program with the capabilities of Russian experts, as well as increasing and military cooperation between the two countries. From the Russian perspective, Iran is considered a pivotal player and a key player in the Middle East, South Caucasus, Caspian Sea and Central Asia, which are vital files for Moscow. Tehran, with its strategic geographical location, also possesses one of the largest global gas reserves, at around 18%, and relatively controls navigation in the Strait of Hormuz, through which around 40% of the world’s oil supplies pass. Tehran also has a regional project that clashes with the interests of the West, especially the United States of America, which is in Russia’s interest. Iranian-Russian relations had witnessed the beginning of a new page between the two countries in the political and military fields during the term of Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani during the period (1989-1997). Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani’s visit to Moscow in June 1989 was a good start for political relations between the two countries, after his term witnessed the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Russian Federation in 1991. Therefore, distinguished relations between the two countries began during that period through reciprocal visits by officials from the two countries during which a number of agreements were signed. Thus, the rift between the two countries ended, and Iranian President Rafsanjani played a role in the process of restoring relations with Russia, as Iran’s interest required forgetting the past and opening up to neighboring countries, especially since Russia is a large country and has a permanent seat in the United Nations and its decisions have great weight in the UN Security Council.

The Effort of Scientists of Kurdish Provinces in Al-Nizamyya School in Baghdad during (5-7 H/11-13 M) Centuries , A Historical Study

Kamil Aswad Qadir — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The scientific trips of scientists and their travels between centers of science in all parts of the world are among the characteristics of the cultural development and scientific excellence of the various countries, as these trips were characterized by the exchange of various sciences and knowledge and the strengthening of scientific ties between those countries. Many of the scholars of the Kurdish provinces have embarked on their travels to many Islamic countries and other scientific trips to benefit and transfer Sharia sciences from their countries, so that they have a prominent role in scientific relations

This study, entitled (The Effort of Scientists of Kurdish Provinces in Al-Nizamyya School in Baghdad during (5-7 H/11-13 AD) Centuries , A Historical Study, deals with this aspect, as it can be said that most of the students of knowledge from the people of the Kurdish provinces studied in the Nizamiyah School in Baghdad. This school was the most distinguished among the prominent scientific schools that attracted the attention of students of knowledge throughout the Islamic and the Kurdish provinces, as many scholars of the Kurdish provinces emerged in that era, and they made an effective contribution to enriching the legal and other sciences, and they got benefit and benefited others as well. Therefore, it can be said that the Baghdad system gained wide scientific fame at that time which was an incentive for a large number of students of knowledge in the Kurdish provinces to travel to the Nizamyya school in Baghdad to learn from the knowledge of its scholars and to learn more about religious and syntactic sciences. Then, they returned to the Nizamyya school again to teach there, as well as explain the role of those scholars after they received the various sciences and diverse knowledge, which became an important tributary to Islamic civilization in that important era of Islamic history.

Hence, the significance of this study in knowing the role of the scholars of the Kurdish provinces who taught in the Nizamyya school, and also the scholars who studied and received various sciences in that school and the impact of this school later on the scientific movement in the Kurdish provinces and outside it.

Espionage during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II 1876-1909 (Historical Study)

Kazem Hassan Jassim — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The period of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) witnessed a great movement in the work of the espionage department (intelligence) and increasing its work within the Ottoman state, and attributes this to the many conspiracies that are plotted against him and the reason for this is his position on some sensitive issues, including his position on Jewish immigration to Palestine and the Armenian issue and the suspension of the constitution with the formation of associations opposed to his rule such as (the Union and Progress Society) as well as the diplomatic mail that began to enter the country through foreign diplomats all this posed a threat to the Ottoman state and its sultan was forced to pay attention to spying and the large numbers of its enemies with the allocation of large funds for it. On the other hand, nationalist associations began to be established in the European states for the purpose of independence from the Ottoman Empire, as a result of which the Ottoman Empire and its Sultan were interested in the work of the Espionage Directorate, many of which were exposed during the years of Sultan Abdul Hamid II's rule and failed in the other part of them.

Representations of advice in the poetry of the poets of the third Abbasid era, Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi, by choice

Mohammed adnan muter, Hussein Nazeri — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The subject of advising is considered one of the great virtues in life. The problem lies in highlighting the virtue of advising among the ancient virtues known to humanity in general and to poets in particular. Especially after the emergence of Islam, its scope widened and interest and attention towards it increased. Poets took care of it, opened up horizons for it, and dedicated many doors to it. Islam took care of this virtue. In the third century, which is the focus of our research, many poets turned to the subject of advising due to its great benefit in people's souls. This was because of the significant openness that the third century, especially the Abbasid era, witnessed. On the other hand, the significant role played by the caliphs at that time and their generosity led poets to increase their poems about virtues, aiming to obtain gifts and rewards and to influence the minds of their audience and admirers. The researcher in this subject wanted to address an important topic that researchers have not previously addressed, which is to explore its virtues and delve into its depths. The researcher's exploration and examination of various sources, including the internet and most libraries, aimed to shed light on the subject of advising in general and to illustrate it through two great poets known for their profound poetry of advising. This is because of its influence on society's minds, addressing the prevalent bad habits of that time, mentioning noble customs, and praising them. The aim of the research is to understand the role of advising in guiding people, especially Arab societies. It also involves identifying the problems of previous related research. The researcher divided this study into different axes preceded by an introduction. Among these axes are explaining advising in terms of language and terminology, its importance, virtues, and presenting advising topics on three axes: advising in obedience, advising in moral virtues, and advising in other subjects, leading to the most prominent results. The prominent results indicate that the poets addressed many prevalent problems in society because it was a religiously extremist society inclined towards language of war and conflicts. Most poets emphasized social advice through praise poems, aiming for generosity.

Grammatical Preference in Al Kitab Al Farid in Ierab AlQuran Al Majied by Al-Muntjab Al-Hamdhani (d. 643 AH) Nominative nouns are an example

Duaa Saad Abbas Abboud, Wael Abdel Amir Al-Harbi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The unique book is one of the most comprehensive books in terms of parsing Quranic vocabulary, grammatically directing it, and paying attention to its semantic effect in the Holy Text. Al-Muntajab was concerned with turning over the grammatical aspects and grammatical possibilities, and he often balanced between them, preferring one aspect over another. Therefore, Al-Muntajab Al-Farid was one of the most comprehensive books on parsing the Holy Quran in terms of grammatical direction and preference. Because grammatical preference has an effect on enriching the grammatical lesson with multiple grammatical aspects, balancing between them, and ruling on preferring one of them over the other aspects, Al-Muntajab Al-Hamadhani worked on citing the grammatical aspects and preferring one grammatical aspect from them. Al-Muntajab Al-Hamadhani used words and phrases that indicated his preference for the aspect that he saw as stronger than the other grammatical aspects. After I found that preference constitutes a clear phenomenon in this book, I decided to study this topic and write this research on raised nouns in particular. I divided my research into an introduction and two chapters. In the introduction, I gave a brief definition of Al-Muntajab Al-Hamadhani, which included talking about his name, lineage, birth, upbringing, sheikhs, most important students, his writings, and his death. In the first chapter, I dealt with the terms of preference that Al-Muntajab Al-Hamadhani used. I made the second chapter a group of issues related to grammatical preference in raised nouns in Al-Mutajab Al-Hamadhani’s unique book. Then I concluded the research with a conclusion in which I mentioned the results of the research, the most important of which are: Al-Muntajab Al-Hamadhani was Basran in his orientation, as he referred in many of his opinions to the grammarians of the Basran school, especially Sibawayh, so he used to mention a phrase that indicates that. He followed in many issues other scholars such as Abu Al-Barakat Al-Anbari and Al-Akbari in their interpretation of the noble verses, as this became clear to us from the similarity of the analytical expression and the directive treatment of the grammatical aspect mentioned in the interpretation of the Qur’anic word.

The water crisis and its impact on Iraqi national security

Ali Abrahim Mashjel — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The importance of water is considered as a natural and major resource, as it plays an important role in all aspects of life, and it is considered one of the factors which human life and all of economic, political, social, agricultural activities and various other services depend on.especially in dry or semi-dry regions which the rainfall rates are less, Iraq is one, as The Iraqi water reports indicated, that the reality has led to a real water crisis, especially after these water resources were exposed to climate change and many human impacts, the most important of which is the dropping in the levels of rivers descending from neighboring countries.The importance of water resources in Iraq is increasing at the present time as a result there are increasing in population, the development of civilization, and the increase in basic human requirements, as water is considered one of the most important foundations of national security in any country,the weakness of proper exploitation of rivers water, and the misuse of existing water, in addition to climate changes represented by rising temperatures and lack of rainfall. It makes us to aware that the water problem is linked to three main dimensions.The first is linked to global climate changes such as global warming and climate change that has led to a decrease in rainfall, and the second is linked to global climate changes such as global warming and climate change that has led to a decrease in rainfall nternal due to poor planning and management of water resources, represented by the lack of construction of dams and lakes storing water on surface rivers in Iraq, the lack of lining of canals, the absence and weakness of water guidance,the use of traditional irrigation methods, the low cost of water, and the high population numbers, in addition to the drying up of the marshes. As for the third dimension, it is a regional dimension due to the presence of water sources.Iraqi waters are out its borders, as well as political tension, the absence of international law, and the non-compliance of upstream countries with agreements and laws related to the division of water,which makes the situation in Iraq facing challenges related to water now and in the future. Its political, economic and social effects will be reflected in Iraq, and then the water problem will have a negative impact on Iraqi national security.

Malāmiḥ Al-Fikr Al-lughawī Fī Shadharāt Al-Ghazzāwī

Khalfallah Ibn Mohsen Al-Qurashi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The current research deals with the most prominent linguistic thought's topics in the book " Shatharat Althahab" by Ahmed AlGhazawi, the research has concerned with four linguistic topics:

First Topic: linguistic rooting.

Second Topic: Semantic development in its all fields: (generalization of meaning, its specialization, its transfer, its elevation, and its decline).

Third Topic: Arabization and generation.

Fourth Topic: Linguistic correction, in both pronunciation and meaning.

The research aimed to highlight and study these topics; to reach findings that serve linguistic research, the most prominent of which was: adding new meanings in Shatharat AlGhazawi, that he has derived from contemporary usage, enriching the linguistic heritage, and other findings recorded in the research's conclusion.

The study proved that semantic development has an impact on changing the meaning, and is a means of enriching the meaning.

- Al-Ghazawi paid attention to Arabization and generation; because they are among the most important factors that help the growth and expansion of Arabic; to absorb the new meanings and concepts provided by modern civilization.

- The study showed that when Arabic borrows some foreign words, some of their sounds are replaced; with sounds that suit Arabic.

- The study proved that generating new vocabulary that denotes new meanings is common in the modern era through coining and derivation.

- Al-Ghazawi made some mistakes in the aspect of linguistic correction, whether in the verbal or semantic aspect.

- Among the characteristics of a successful linguistic proofreader are patience and deliberation, and exploring the depths of the language before issuing his judgments

Addiction, stimulants and psychotropic substances

Muhammad Haider Younis Al-Mulla — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study aimed to identify the causes of addiction among school students, and to identify the effects of addiction, stimulants and psychotropic substances on school students. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher used the descriptive approach, and the research was limited to the schools of Al-Hamdaniya district for the academic year 2232_2002. The questionnaire was prepared by the researcher on the research sample after verifying its validity and reliability. The scale was applied to a sample of (240 male and female students), with (140 male and (100 female) students. The results showed that difficult economic living conditions and family problems are among the factors that drive students to addiction, as well as browsing websites continuously and relying on it in all life matters. And that drinking alcohol, cigarettes, stimulants, and using the phone and the Internet excessively has an impact on health and poor students’ ability to study and excel. The researcher reached a number of conclusions and made appropriate recommendations and proposals. The study dealt with: addiction, stimulants, and psychotropic substances.

Difficult economic conditions and family problems are factors that push students towards addiction. Excessive use of the phone and the Internet has an impact on health and weakens students' ability to study and excel. Alcohol, stimulants and narcotic drugs cause physical, psychological, social and economic risks and problems for the individual, which require combined local and international efforts to address them.

The Experience of Parliamentary in Iraq in the Royal Age 1924-1958

Fuad Tariq Kadhim Al-Ameedi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The historical studies that are concerned with the parliamentary life in Iraq have been the subject of interest for the researchers concerned with the modern history of Iraq because represents the democratic foundation on which the Iraqi state was established in 1921 and because it was the starting-point in forming the legislative state establishments as well as its cooperation with the operational and legal establishments in the state moreover, it deals with the state and the individuals.

The study aims to reveal the process of performing the parliamentary election in the state and knowing the extent of the British interference as well as the interval one of the kingdom and the ministry to elect certain parliaments biased to them and to achieve their interests. Inspite of all these interferences, the Iraqi Government wanted the Iraqi parliamentary life to be a democratic experience generalized to all parts the state so that Iraqis could participate in it in future. The election was intended to take care of the public states conditions in all fields. It allowed the National Movement parliaments to win because it represented an aspect of democracy in parliamentary. It is worth mentioning that this movement was able to force the government to perform a number of modification on the law of electing the parliaments of 1924 including the modification of the election procedure from indirectness to directness which was a national and public requirement.

The Five Industries of Ibn Rushd

Maher Abbas Mahdi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research, entitled The Five Industries of Ibn Rushd, aims to define the meanings of these concepts in the system of Rushdian philosophy in general, as Ibn Rushd wrote special books that talked about each one of them (the five industries), and he emphasized proof in most of his books ..

The importance of this research is highlighted in defining the statement of Ibn Rushd’s rational tendency more comprehensively in his famous distinction between the five types of industries: proof, dialectic, public speaking, sophistry, and poetry, and his pursuit of proof, which he believes is the highest form of certainty. People differ in their understanding of each type of these industries.

Through the course of this research, It can been said that it has reached a set of results. This study differentiates between the types of syllogism. Then it cannot be understood and studied Ibn Rushd without understanding and defining the types of this syllogism (and the five industries).

In this study, it might not be exaggerate if saying that the key to Ibn Rushd’s entire philosophy is represented in this fundamental distinction, as well as in his elevation of proof over everything else. He believes in certain and demonstrative principles and calls for their application to philosophy and considering them a criterion for sound reasoning. He says: Wisdom is to consider things according to what the nature of reasoning requires. Herein lies the secret of Ibn Rushd’s adherence to Aristotle and his preference for reasoning.

Stylistic expression of the structural sentence in the poetry of Abi Zabeed Al-Tai (d. after 40 AH)

Hassan Ghanem Al-Janabi, Zahraa Shamkhi Jafar — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

After exposure to traditional texts has become a task that does not appeal to researchers - because of the specificity of these texts - either because of the strangeness of their language, the complexity of their meanings, and the ambiguity of their purposes, or because they are no longer in harmony with the mood of the era and do not express its spirit, and nothing remains between them and what people feel today except what These texts still retain commonalities between their creators and us, as those denominators are represented by their expression of feelings, desires, fears, and anxiety... and everything that occupies a person’s mind, and represents his general interests and aspirations

Hence, we tried to find a way to approach one of these (traditional) texts, in our belief that this type of confrontation will contribute to shedding light on a sample of the ancient Arab poetic heritage, which is research into (the poetry of Abi Zabeed al-Tai), the veteran poet, son of the desert and the desert. What is rooted in the nature of his language is its dryness and harshness, while that language retains the roots of its poetry, rhythm, structure, witty imagery, and diversity of subject matter.

In this research, we will focus on the stylistic expression of the constructional sentence, to show the characteristics of the use of that sentence in (the poetry of Abi Zabeed al-Ta’i). Accordingly, we will trace Abi Zabeed al-Ta’i’s uses of the methods (command, question, appeal, and wishful thinking), as stylistic choices with certain characteristics that perform semantic functions. In the structure of its poetic fabric.

Cultural relations between Iraq and Hungary, science and archaeology as a model 1968-1973

Mohammed Yahya Ahmed, Omar Razzaq Hamoud — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The culture sector is one of the most important sectors that the Iraqi government sought to advance in order to create the scientific revolution and lay solid foundations for building a prosperous and developed society. On this basis, the Iraqi government at that time took its effective role in focusing tireless efforts in promoting and developing cultural cooperation with the Hungarian government, which I welcomed this constructive cooperation in order to provide all forms of support, and for Hungary to actually contribute to the development of the cultural sector in Iraq, which made the Iraqi government rush to conclude many agreements and protocols with the Hungarian government related to focusing cultural cooperation, and through these agreements and protocols it can develop cultural cooperation, especially Promoting the reality of education, excavations and archaeology, as well as artistic cooperation and the rest of the other cultural arts, because these aspects have an important role in promoting general culture. Hence, the Iraqi government has worked to create equal opportunities for workers in the cultural field to benefit from the programs that had been provided by the Hungarian government. Whether it is in the field of education, or in the field of excavation and archaeology, or other technical aspects, and hence, in accordance with those agreements and protocols, the need has emerged to send many cadres working in the field of science, art, and archeology on missions to Hungary for the purpose of training and learning about the latest educational programs, field studies, and technical training. To develop this important aspect within the culture sector.

The Development of Capital Markets in the Arab World: Opportunities and Challenges

SALLAMA ZAHRAW JEBUR SARRAY — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study aims to study capital markets, their functions and efficiency. The study specifically addressed Arab capital markets in terms of their characteristics, the challenges they face, and the opportunities that Arab markets have to develop themselves and keep pace with global capital markets. The study concluded with a set of results, the most important of which are: The legislative and legal environment in the Arab countries is still backward compared to the laws and legislation of the leading countries in the field of financial markets, and most Arab countries have sought to establish a public sector and invested huge sums of money in it, so it is necessary for the Arab countries to move to privatization through the privatization of companies. The public sector and transforming them into joint-stock companies listed on the financial markets, as this helps the financial markets to diversify their investments. Arab financial markets must also work to develop awareness among small savers and direct them towards forming investment portfolios that guarantee them acceptable income in exchange for less risk instead of investing their savings in One of the stocks, which exposes them to great risks in the future if the stock suffers a loss. Most Arab countries have worked to establish a broad public sector, and despite all the potential that Arab countries have put in place to develop this sector, it has remained unable to play a real role in developing the economy. Arab financial markets suffer from the concentration of investments in certain sectors and therefore need to be diversified by increasing the number of companies listed on the financial market and diversifying the sectors to which these companies belong.

The legality of UN Security Council resolutions related to the occupation of Iraq

Muntather Falah Marei Hussein — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The Council has issued under the powers granted to it under Chapter VII of the Charter many resolutions, which raised a legal controversy about the mechanism of the Council in cooperation with international crises, due to the randomness of these resolutions, which in turn contributed directly to the occupation of Iraq, and the opportunity arose for the United States of America to disrupt any real effort to resolve the Iraqi crisis by peaceful means. Based on that, the United States began to use the UN Security Council as a tool through which to achieve its interests and goals In the nineties of the last century, after the collapse of the Soviet Union (formerly) and the sole control of the United States of America, where this Council turned into a device for issuing sanctions resolutions against peoples and legitimizing the policy of unilateral power, and its political vision of international affairs and sources of threat and settlement to serve American interests in particular , Based on the powers granted to the Security Council under Chapter VII of the Charter, the Security Council issued from 2 August 1990 until April 1991, during ten resolutions, all of which raised and continue to raise many questions about the way in which the Security Council deals with crises in terms of speed and timing, as all of them are characterized by haste and strictness and work to prepare international resolutions, to strike Iraq away from serious work to find a sound settlement to this crisis. International security, especially the United States of America, to disrupt any real effort To resolve the existing crisis peacefully, although the initiatives were among the initiatives presented at the time by other international parties.

Selections from the poetry of Ibn Hani Al-Andalusi, an analytical artistic study

Mohammed Rajab Askar Mohammed — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The Andalusian era is the era of civilization, literature and prosperity. The beauty of nature in this era made poets innovate in their poetry through the description that the Andalusian poet sees. Andalusian poetry has a prestigious position in the heart of the Andalusians. Through this, I have dealt with a poet from the poets of Andalusia and analyzed some of his verses objectively and artistically through the beauty of the words he uses. He is the famous (Ibn Hani Al-Andalusi). The research method required that I divide it into three sections preceded by an introduction and ending with a conclusion. I was required to clarify in the first section: the poet’s biography in terms of his name, life and social culture. The second section is entitled: The objective study and artistic image in his poetry.

After that, I dealt in the third section: The rhetorical methods and internal music in his poetry. After analyzing the verses of poetry, I found that the poet had used clear words with a clear style through the poetic purposes that he used of praise, satire, elegy and description. He also employed rhetorical methods of simile, metaphor and metonymy, as well as repetition, which makes the internal music a wonderful sensual melody. This employment made the reader dive into the sea of poetic experience. This poetic effect on the recipient of poetry makes the poet creative in his poetry and draws the poetic image for him. This is what our poet Ibn Hadi Al-Andalusi wanted to clarify. The life of the Andalusian poet is full of poetic experiences. Every poet from this era lived his poetic experience differently from the other poet, due to the difference between kings and princes.

Determinants of Iraqi Audience Interactivity with the Content of Journalistic Institution Pages via Social Media Platforms: A Field Study

Azhaar Sabeeh Ghintab, Raghda Salah Mahdi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research aims to understand the nature of the interactivity of the Iraqi audience with the content of the pages of Iraqi journalistic institutions on social media platforms, focusing on identifying the factors that affect this interactivity. Social media platforms are considered among the most prominent modern communication tools that enable journalistic institutions to reach a wide audience and interact with them directly and instantly, providing both the journalistic institution and the audience with the opportunity to build a communicative and interactive trust relationship with each other. The research relied on the survey method using a representative sample of the Iraqi audience, employing the tools of the questionnaire and the scale to apply to a sample of (384) respondents. The sample was characterized by its diversity in terms of age, educational, and social categories to ensure the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the results.

The results showed that the nature of the audience's interactivity with the content of the pages of Iraqi journalistic institutions is symbolic, meaning that the interaction is often formal or limited to simple expressions such as likes, short comments, or using other symbols expressing the users' feelings without engaging in in-depth discussions or actual participation in the dialogue. One of the determinants that affect the audience's trust in the journalistic content of these pages is their adherence to high professional journalism standards, such as accuracy in news reporting, impartiality, and transparency. Additionally, the audience's preference for content on these journalistic pages largely depends on the simplicity and clarity of the information presented, as well as presenting the content in a way that encourages interaction and participation, such as asking direct questions or organizing polls.

These results serve as effective interactive strategies for Iraqi journalistic institutions on social media platforms to enhance audience participation and increase the level of genuine and constructive interaction with their content.

Signs of appearance and world events, a comparative study between Islamic and Christian texts

Jawad Ishaqian, Alaa Rahim Yahya Al-Bahadli — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Belief in the Last Day is considered a fundamental pillar of religion and one of its pillars without which religion cannot stand, and one of the basic beliefs of Islam. Belief in the Last Day and its signs is a belief in the unseen that the mind cannot comprehend, and there is no way to know it except through the texts of revelation, and the status of the Last Day in Religion, we find that God Almighty linked it to many deeds, as the reward for deeds will be on this great day. The Last Day in Islam and Christianity has been associated with signs associated with the appearance of the Savior, and they may be related to each other and similar to some extent. This is what we will try to clarify in our research in accordance with its demands to talk about the signs of the appearance and events of the world in Islam and Christianity and then make a simple comparison between them, asking God for success in what we have chosen.

The Islamic and Christian conceptions agree that only God knows the time of the Hour, but it has signs and preludes, and texts have been mentioned in the Qur’an that agree with the texts of the Gospels in this regard. The signs of the appearance in the distorted texts of the Gospels agree in the general meaning with the signs of the appearance that were mentioned in the Sunnah of the Chosen One - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - with the difference between the generality among Christians and the detail among Muslims. The Christian and Islamic conceptions agree on the appearance of the Antichrist, and that he has attributes and deeds. The descent of Jesus, peace be upon him, at the end of time to kill the Antichrist is something that Islam and Christianity agree upon.

Poetic Dwelling: Heidegger's Reflections on Home in the Poetry of Ada Limon and Kathleen Jamie

Rasha Mohammad Al-Hakeem, Rajabali Askarzadeh Torghabeh, Nasrin Nezamdoost — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study has examined how the poetry of Ada Limon and Kathleen Jamie embodies Martin Heidegger's concept of "poetic dwelling" positing that these poets articulate a profound sense of home and belonging through their literary works. It has investigated the central research question: How do Limón and Jamie's poetic expressions reflect and exemplify Heidegger's notion of dwelling, and what do these reflections reveal about our understanding of home? The study has analyzed imagery and thematic resonances in their poetry, contributing to a broader discourse on home and existential belonging. Through a qualitative, interpretive methodology, it conducts a close reading of selected poems, drawing on Heideggerian philosophy, particularly his ideas in Building, Dwelling, Thinking and Poetry, Language, thought to explain selected poems from Ada Limon's The Carrying (2018) and Jamie Katheen’s The Overhaul (2012). The findings of the study shows that Limón's poetry portrays home as a fluid and dynamic concept intertwined with personal and communal narratives. At the same time, Jamie's work offers a more ecological and relational perspective on dwelling. Through their direct and clear evocations of place, both poets align with Heidegger's vision of dwelling as a poetic act transcending mere physicality, highlighting a holistic, interconnected experience of being. This study underscores the significance of poetic dwelling in contemporary literary and philosophical contexts.

The legal element of the crime of human cloning

MohamedReza Dhafri, Akram Majid Khalaf Al-Azergawi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The legal pillar means the legal texts that criminalize the act based on the principle that there is no crime and no punishment for children according to the law. The importance of criminalizing human cloning, given its modernity, requires research into these texts. The United Arab Emirates is the only country in the Asian continent that absolutely criminalizes cloning operations under a special law. The Emirati legislator stipulated in Law No. 10 of 2008 regarding medical liability (to criminalize human cloning operations), in accordance with Article (10) in Chapter One under the title Medical Liability. Tunisia is the first Arab country that was subjected to the criminalization of human cloning operations according to the provisions of express legality, Or include punitive provisions within the Penal Code, but the Egyptian Code of Ethics for the Medical Profession included a text prohibiting cloning operations, and the Iraqi legislator did not regulate the criminalization of human cloning, and the research problem appears in the lack of legislation regulating human cloning operations. As for the level of foreign countries, the legislator issued Federal law in the United States of America regarding human cloning(2001 issued on July 31, 2001 AD, which ended the controversy surrounding technology for nuclear transfer (cloning) by prohibiting human cloning through this law simply by conducting it or participating in its procedure, and making that act a crime requiring the imposition of a criminal penalty on its perpetrator, considering it a federal crime. At its fifty-sixth session, the General Assembly decided to establish the Ad Hoc Committee to consider the elaboration of an international convention against the cloning of human beings. This committee met for the first time in February 2002 to discuss the proposal presented by France and Germany to prevent human cloning for reproductive purposes, in order to develop initial recommendations on the legal points that the agreement should address. The Islamic Republic of Iran led the public campaign, while Egypt and Jordan played an important role. During the deliberations, the United Nations was unable to reach the approval of an international treaty binding on member states. Rather, it ended with the United Nations Legal Committee agreeing to draft a non-binding political declaration instead of enacting an international treaty prohibiting human cloning. Thus, the international organization rejected the campaign led by the United States of America to impose a comprehensive ban on human cloning operations.

The policy of positive neutrality under the government of Abdul Karim Qasim A historical study in light of Iraqi documents""

Salem Hashem Abbas Abu Dallah — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

There has been a major change in the objectives of foreign policy in Iraq since the revolution of the fourteenth of July 1958 . After foreign policy in the pre-revolution has set goals for it that made Iraq take a biased path towards the west, then the revolution changed this policy and directed it towards another path . Despite the obstacles and shocks that appeared in her way .

And through the principle of positive neutrality that the govement of Abdul-karim Qasim believed in order to preserve the independence of Iraq and try to keep it away from the eastern and western blocs.

Iraq became at the forefront of countries seeking to belong to the Non-Aligned Move ment calling for peace, which included Egypt, India, Yugoslavia and other countries, numbering 127 countries. Perhaps the most important political and military figures who contributed to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement are Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India, and Josip Broz Tito, President of the Republic of Yugoslavia, then Iraq joined the movement during the government of leader Abdul Karim Qasim, Prime Minister of Iraq after 1958.

The first goal of the revolution was to change the state system from a monarchy to a republican system. Then it enacted laws and decisions through which oil companies were nationalized under Resolution No. (80) of 1958. And to liberate the Iraqi peasant from the dominance of feudalism, through the issuance of the Agrarian Reform Law No. (30) on July 30, 1958, which liberated the peasant from the injustice of feudalism, in addition to achieving other national projects represented in building housing and bridges, and caring for education, health... and other national projects.

Descriptions of the Divine Essence Between Absolute Permissibility and Prohibition: A Semantic Study

Shaalan Abdul Ali Sultan — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Descriptions of the Divine Essence are among the subjects of Islamic creed, extensively discussed by scholars of theology, and various Muslim sects have differing views on the matter. This topic is also closely related to linguistic and semantic research. While reading Abu Hilal Al-Askari's book "Al-Farouq Al-Lughawiyya," I noticed the numerous terms he classified as (those that cannot describe God Almighty) due to their semantic content, which is incompatible with the Divine Essence. The attributes of perfection and majesty that God possesses must befit His sacredness, carrying semantic features that indicate perfection and avoid any sense of limitation or corporeality. Therefore, the acceptance or rejection of descriptions of the Divine Essence is based on their semantic origins. In this study, I present examples of these attributes, where acceptance or prohibition is based on their semantic content. I also explore the reasons and constraints that prevent certain descriptions from being accepted for God Almighty and the reasons for resorting to metaphor to validate the description.

The semantic content of the word is an important basis for accepting it as a description of God Almighty, rejecting it, or limiting its application to Him Almighty; because the basic rule for divine descriptions: Every description that indicates absolute perfection is used to describe God, and every word that smells of deficiency and limitation and whose content is mixed with what touches the sanctity of His holiness is not used to describe Him. As for the descriptions mentioned in the Holy Quran or from the Prophet - may God bless him and his family - and from which the smell of blame is smelled, then interpretation is the path that scholars have taken to accept them, even if Muslims differed. Some of them believed in the name without interpretation while denying that the description resembles the creatures, and some of them carried that on the metaphor so that the application of the word is correct, and this is a path that may be imposed even in the most famous names such as the All-Hearing and the All-Seeing.

Al-Hajib Al-Mansur bin Abi Amer’s Shrewdness in Seizing Power in Al-Andalus

Hamza Luay Hamad Hassan — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Al-Mansur Muhammad bin Abi Amer is considered among the important historical figures, who had a great impact on the course of events in Andalusian history, especially in the late Umayyad Caliphate in Andalusia. Al-Mu'ayyad in his palace, and he showed great courage in the struggle against the Spanish kingdoms, and it is credited to him that he did not lose any battle he fought against the Spanish Christians, or even those who rebelled against him from within the Arab Islamic state, in addition to building a great city known as Al-Zahira, which was similar in terms of its construction to the famous cities throughout history. And the day of his death was a holiday for the Spaniards, because he had conquered them throughout the period of his tenure as a veil for the Caliph Hisham Al-Mu'ayyad Billah.

Al-Mansur bin Abi Amir did not hesitate to achieve his goal, as he eliminated his competitors by all legitimate and illegitimate means. It seems that the army's love for Al-Mansur bin Abi Amir and their loyalty to him were the reason for his victory on various battlefronts. The weakness of the personality of the new Caliph Hisham Al-Mu'ayyad and his unsuitability for this dangerous position, especially since he was young and busy playing with his peers, contributed greatly to Al-Mansur bin Abi Amir achieving his ambition to reach power.

A comparative study of the relationship between faith and good deeds in the Qur’an and the two Testaments (the Gospel and the Torah.

Javad Ishaqian Daraja, Ammar Muhammad Ali Khalil Ibrahim Al-Kanani — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This comparative study deals with the relationship between faith and good deeds in the three heavenly books: the Holy Qur’an, the Gospel Testament, and the Torah. The study shows that these three books all emphasize the importance of faith and good deeds, but they differ in some details.

In the Holy Qur’an, faith is considered the basis of good deeds, and good deeds have no value without faith. The Qur’an emphasizes the importance of good deeds in all aspects of life, from worship to social transactions.

In the Gospel Testament, faith in Jesus Christ is considered the basis of salvation, and good deeds are the fruit of faith. The Gospel Testament emphasizes the importance of loving God and people.

In the Torah, faith in God and adherence to His law are considered the basis of good deeds. The Torah emphasizes the importance of justice and mercy.

Faith and good deeds are two interconnected concepts in all three heavenly books. Religion emphasizes the importance of faith and good deeds in achieving happiness in this world and the hereafter.

Comparative religion is an essential part of our daily lives, as it represents a means of transferring information and knowledge between individuals. By studying this science, we learn about the importance of understanding and analyzing information in the rest of the heavenly religions and their impact on shaping the culture of society and knowing and reviewing its origins. The study of religions plays a vital role in understanding and interpreting historical events. Through this science, testimonies and narratives that narrate past events are collected and analyzed, which helps us deduce facts and understand the temporal and social context of these events. Without these sciences, the interpretation of events may be distorted and the true concept may change. In the book Al-Mahasin by Al-Barqi, on the authority of Zurarah, on the authority of Abu Jaafar (peace be upon him), he said: If the servants were to stop when they were ignorant, they would not deny or disbelieve.

Semantic fields of words related to the administration of justice in the book Minhaj al-Baraa fi Sharh Nahj al-Balagha

Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This research undertakes a study of the words indicating justice, whose connotations are linked to the concept of justice and its forms and representations. The researcher proceeded to extrapolate the texts in which there were words revolving around the axis of justice and justice mentioned in the sermons of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), highlighting them and studying the contexts of these words. And the meanings that emerged from it, the words that emerged for him were: “justice, fairness, counterpart, fairness, arbitration, equality, and uprightness.”

As for our approach, it is represented by referring the word to its linguistic meaning, its abstract origin, and the multiple meanings mentioned in the dictionaries, then arriving at a general, comprehensive meaning that can be hinted at in all the texts mentioned by the dictionary makers, as it is the general meaning or the origin in this linguistic root, with quotation on the meaning. Obtained from a verse from the Holy Qur’an, then citing the texts mentioned in Nahj al-Balagha, that is, the researcher relied in this research on the descriptive analytical-deductive method.

The importance of this topic comes from the fact that the book Nahj al-Balagha is the most important book after the Book of God, and the words of His Prophet (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace). It is a lamp by which we shine and guide our path in life. Any study in this field will undoubtedly address its importance in its field from the standpoint of its importance. What I discussed, and therefore our attempt at the beginning came to study the meaning of the word, as the meaning is revealed on its own, but it requires tracking the word within a coherent system, and the semantic fields show the relationship between the word and the meaning in ancient and modern times and among the people of Arabic lexicographers.

From this standpoint and this importance came the idea of studying this topic, as it results in identifying the most important features of the expressions related to the administration of justice within the book “Minhaj al-Baraa’ in explaining Nahj al-Balagha” under the umbrella of semantic fields at the semantic level of the aforementioned sample.

News and construction according to the late scholars of the principles of Imamiyyah

Saadoun Nehme Khudair Al-Janani, Marzieh Abad, Adnan Hafez Gouda — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research presented the opinion of the later fundamentalists regarding predicate and construction. The importance of the research comes from its connection to important semantic issues, such as commands, prohibitions, and others, because their goal behind this is to diagnose the legal ruling. So they discussed constructional methods in the introduction to their fundamentalist books. They discussed the declarative sentence in a manner similar to rhetorical research, but they differed from the rhetoricians in the trends. Among them is that the constructive sentence finds its meaning and the declarative sentence tells about it. The declarative sentence, according to them, is created to establish or not establish the relation outside, while the constructive sentences are created to find the meaning outside, which is expressed by the constructive presence, meaning the sentence has the meaning outside when it is uttered, or as the investigator goes. Al-Khurasani states that the difference between the two sentences of predicate and construction is the intention or the motive, and this is close to the theory of the Western philosopher (John Austin) in his book (The Theory of Speech Acts), who was born in the same year in which Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Khurasani died.

Through this research, a group of important theories emerged for us in interpreting the predicate and construction of the late fundamentalists, which today is considered at the core of the modern linguistic lesson. This was the goal of the research, as these theories were presented using the descriptive and analytical research method.

Amro Ibn Hurait (died in 85 A.H./704 A.D.) A study of his biography and economic status

Mohammed Najman Yaseen AlJuboori — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Despite the young age of Amr ibn Harith, who lived in the era of the message, he was one of those who lived during the era of the message, and it was said that they spoke directly about him, in addition to his talk about some of the companions about the Messenger (peace be upon him) or his talk about religious, political, social and economic issues during the period in which he lived, extending from the era of the message through the Rashidun era, until his death in the year 85 AH/704 AD, during the era of the Umayyads. He had a role in the Rashidun era in the Battle of Al-Qadisiyah in the year (16 AH/637 AD) and participated in the Arab Islamic conquests, in addition to his commercial role. In the Umayyad era, he carried out political, social and economic activities, and appeared clearly in the commercial field, so he became one of the major merchants in Iraq in both eras. He was famous for his vast wealth, especially with regard to the trade of spoils, as the origin of his vast wealth came from that, in addition to the possibility of He benefited from the work of his loyalists and their correspondence, as most of them worked in several economic professions, so he was one of the richest men in Kufa. It was noted that he was an observer of the balance of political power, and he had the ability to maneuver, and then change his political positions, in a way that was consistent and harmonious with his personal and economic interests, and to this he knew how to benefit from some of the active political forces, in other words this Quraishi merchant was a representative of the spirit of commerce that found that achieving profits and its self-interest was the first driver In human motives away from moral values, so interest is the source, and it is the outlet in the behavior of Amr bin Harith, who was the product of a turbulent and heated era, and he kept pace with his era and acted according to an opportunistic, utilitarian vision, biased towards the rule of the Umayyads and their system.

Supplication in War: A Comparative Study between the Holy Qur’an and Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya

Ali Reda Noubri, Ahmed Ghazi Tawfiq Al-Shammari — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Supplication is considered one of the best acts of worship to draw closer to the Creator, the Almighty, and it has been encouraged by God Almighty, the prophets, the imams, and all the scholars. Supplication is a divine command, it came in the form of a supplication request, and it is pure worship coupled with an answer and a gift. Accordingly, the study aimed to know the effects of supplication on the military side in the light of the Holy Qur’an and the Sahifa al-Sajjadiyyah.

The research was divided into an introduction, a preface, and three sections. The first section was entitled (The Verses of Supplication in War), and it included identifying the Qur’anic verses, the types of supplication in war, and the role of supplication in the steadfastness of Muslims, followed by the second section entitled: (Supplication in War in Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya), which contained On the significance of supplication in war in Sahifa al-Sajjadiyyah. As for the third section, it is entitled (Comparison between the two styles of supplication in the Qur’an and Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya), arriving at the conclusion that supplication is described as the strongest means of repelling harm, achieving what is desired, and making hearts attached to their Creator, Glory be to Him.

The research adopted the descriptive analytical method and its tools in induction, collection, analysis, and description. It followed the Qur’anic verses concerned with the subject of the research, in addition to tracking the relevant supplications in Sahifa al-Sajjadiyyah, extracting them, analyzing their ideas and describing them in order to achieve the desired goal of the research.

The reality of Arabic grammar In light of the digital transformation on the Internet

Sharifa bint Ali Al-Zubaidi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

He pointed out (the reality of Arabic grammar in light of the digital transformation on the Internet) and the widespread presence of Arabic grammar on the Internet on YouTube, search engines, and educational platforms.

The grammar lesson occupied a fair amount of space on specialized channels on YouTube, and the interest in this lesson varied in terms of: explanations of many old and modern books, courses and seminars, explanation of specific grammatical topics, and using YouTube as an educational means to explain the grammar lessons prescribed to male and female students in the academic stages. Various topics, providing advice and recommendations for the masters of Arabic grammar, and paying attention to the origins of grammar, its history, theory, rules, and figures.

There are many digital encyclopedias that contain grammar books, but by searching on Google I did not find a digital encyclopedia specifically for Arabic grammar alone, and therefore we are looking forward to designing a digital encyclopedia for Arabic grammar.

Most Arabic and non-Arabic books, printed and published in paper, were published electronically in parallel on the Internet, and this is true for ancient and modern grammar books. There are a number of digital libraries on the Google search engine with thousands of books published, but I have not found a library that specializes in publishing Arabic grammar. Arabic grammar has received its share of pure electronic publishing. Examples include: e-books, articles published directly on search engines, articles and research published in peer-reviewed journals, and short grammatical topics.

There are dozens of applications concerned with parsing and grammar issues, which can be downloaded on mobile devices running Windows and Android operating systems, presenting grammar and parsing in various forms, in an easy manner.

Grammar, as a course in the basic stages, had its share of presence on the (My School) platform, and it had its share of presence at the university and post-university levels on the (Blackpore) platform. Teaching, discussion, activities, exercises, and tests.

introductory chapter The nature of military intervention in terrorist crimes

Mohsen Qadiri, Ishraq Talib Yasser Jodeh — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Military intervention became a character for this decade, due to the increase of crisis through the use of power as the only mean to solve it, ignoring the other canals, in one hand the existence of different justifications, the surpass of the International legitimacy and the violation of the human laws. Amid these interventions which take the humanity back to decades in which it suffers from wars and colonization, who was not aware of its extension, neither the respect of the life and dignity of colonized population. The cases of Iraq and Libya shows the surpass of the International legitimacy and the violation of the human laws in 2003 and 2011. The opening of their fields to the same violations amid the intervention of DAACHE(ISIS), so violations of laws will lead to worst which is a serious alarm not only on the two countries but also, to the rest of countries all over the world which intervenes in all interests of western countries.

Hitler's personality, skill, insane audacity, and combative nature played a major role in fueling conflicts and turning them into a world war in which many countries entered, different in terms of their political systems and varying in terms of their military strength. As an example, Hitler brought Germany into the war with the Soviet Union before settling the war with Britain. In addition to that, Hitler's racist ideology made him commit grave mistakes and deprived him of extremely important tools in his management of the ongoing conflict.

Presumption Of Innocence Of The Accused – Presumption Of Primary – A Comparative Study

Mehdi Shedayaian, Samir Naeem Huwaidi Al-Aqili — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The principle of the presumption of innocence is considered one of the most basic guarantees of procedural legitimacy in favor of the accused. Because of this principle’s importance, it has been stipulated in most contemporary criminal constitutions and legislation, as well as international conventions and agreements and international criminal courts, meaning that any action taken against the accused without assuming the presumption of innocence will affect him. Proving his innocence, in a clearer sense, transfers the burden of proving innocence to the accused, and this violates human rights principles, the most important of which is the principle of innocence The principle of innocence is one of the foundations on which criminal law is based, and the importance of the principle also appears in the fact that the presumption of innocence is the starting point that addresses various issues related to criminal procedures. In a clearer sense, it is an important guarantee to protect the interest of individuals against the control of the authority in the face of the accused of committing a crime. Every procedure Taken against the accused without assuming his innocence means shifting the burden of proving his innocence of the charge against him. This is considered contrary to logic and may be impossible. In addition to not initiating criminal procedures that affect the personal freedom of the accused, they cannot be taken except within the framework of guarantees and controls stipulated by the law, and because the principle is linked to freedom. The identity of the accused covers all stages of the criminal case from investigation to trial, It produces results that are in the interest of the accused. Also, the presumption of innocence means that it can be assumed with doubt, while conviction (convicting the accused) is only based on certainty and certainty, and among the legal effects of the presumption of innocence is the burden of proving guilt falls on the accusing authority, the accused’s failure to prove his innocence, and the freedom of the parties to the case in criminal proof. The principle of the presumption of innocence is considered one of the recognized and accepted principles, even if there is no text stating it. However, we find that most of the constitutional and internal legal legislation at the level of all legal systems of countries have stipulated the principle of the presumption of innocence in constitutions and laws, as well as stipulated in international laws, conventions and courts.

(Media campaign to combat drugs in Iraq) An analytical study of academic studies in Iraq

Badr Nasser Hussein — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The phenomenon of drug addiction and abuse has begun to occupy a place in the interests of local and international public opinion, as it is one of the most dangerous plagues that we suffer from in our current era, due to its frightening spread in recent times, and the seriousness of the effects it leaves on the psychological and physical abilities of individuals, and the tampering with their view of things, their judgments and their ways of life. The harms of drugs are not limited to the individual, but rather extend to include the family and society as a whole, which means the danger of the spread of moral corruption, violence, and organized crime. One of the problems facing society is allowing the issue of drugs to worsen in a country like Iraq. This research is dedicated to supporting the state's activities to combat drugs, and building a media plan that contributes, in cooperation with all official and unofficial state agencies, to reducing drug abuse rates, as the media is one of the tools for combating drugs in the context of the expansion of drugs, and the calls to warn of the danger of the growing phenomenon of drug abuse and trafficking among the world, in addition to the fact that Iraq is now facing the risks of the spread of drug abuse and trafficking, and it is now a popular market for drugs, and there are reports talking about the arrest of 230 drug trafficking networks during the current year, according to local media reports. Hence the importance of the media's participation in its various means for the media campaign to be the leader of this practice.

Characteristics of rhythmic harmony among Al-Mutanabbi and their impact on Al-Jawahiri’s poetry

Adil Mayoof Tuama Alduraye, Sayyed reza mosavi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This study aims to explore the features of rhythmic harmony in Al-Mutanabbi’s poetry, and to analyze their impact on Al-Jawahiri’s poetry. The study examines the rhythmic elements in Al-Mutanabbi's poetry, including meter, rhyme, repetition, and vocal patterns, and examines how these elements are used to enhance artistic beauty and poetic meaning.

The study relies on a critical analytical approach, in which selected texts from the poetry of Al-Mutanabbi and Al-Jawahiri are analyzed, with the aim of comparing the ways in which the two poets used rhythm to communicate their thoughts and feelings. The results show that Al-Jawahiri was greatly influenced by Al-Mutanabbi's rhythmic methods, as he used similar meters and rhymes, and relied on repetition and sound techniques to achieve certain musical effects in his poems.

The study also highlights the differences between the two poets’ use of rhythm, which reflects the development of poetic styles over time, and is influenced by different cultural and political contexts. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding the Arab poetic heritage and its continuing impact on the development of modern Arabic poetry.

This study contributes to enriching Arab literary criticism and opens a new horizon for understanding the relationship between great poets throughout the ages, and sheds light on the mutual influences between different poetic works, which enhances our understanding of the development of Arabic literature and its creative dimensions.

The image of the other and its impact on Al-Buhturi’s ppoetry

Maysaa Muhammad Karim — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The title may have a great meaning in the Arab literary life, as poetry is the Diwan of the Arabs, and therefore it includes the thought of the Arabs towards the other according to the time period and the prevailing doctrinal thought.The relationship of the Arabs with the other is an old relationship that goes back to before Islam, when the Arabs contacted the Persians and the Romans through neighborhood and trade.The image of the other appeared intensely in the poetry of the great poets of the Abbasid era, such as Abu Tammam, al-Mutanabi and al-Buhturi, which is the focus of our research in the study.The study built that the presence of the other among the Arab poets had various manifestations related to the poet's knowledge of the breadth of his culture, and his contemporaneity of the relationship between the Arabs and the other, and based on the development of Arab life, its transparency and its real desire for creative human interaction with the other.And if the image of the other is difficult in the concept of the difference between peoples and peoples in the ancient time, due to the difficulty and hardship of communication and travel, as shown by the travels of Ibn Jubayr, Ibn Battuta and Ibn Fadlan in Arab history, which is in contrast to the modern development and the different and numerous means of communication, where approaches are not among the problems he suffers from. Modern civilization dimension.

Aramaic words borrowed from the Arabic language

Mazin Muhammed Husain — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The proximity of peoples to each other is a natural phenomenon, and from this proximity comes the proximity of languages and their overlap with each other, and this leads to the influence of these languages and the influence of each on the other. And the transfer of part of them to the other, and according to the strength of the language and the strength of its influence on the language next to it, the linguistic overlap in the neighboring languages becomes, the Aramaic language has influenced and been influenced by the rest of the languages in the region, including our Arabic language, so today we find a huge amount of vocabulary with Aramaic origins foreign to the Arabic language, especially in our colloquial or popular spoken language, and if we return to the dictionaries, we will find them of Aramaic and Syriac origins, the keeping pace of Syriac and Aramaic with Arabic made this overlap take up a large space between them and the transfer of vocabulary became available between the two languages, and this transfer has its objective reasons, and in turn these reasons led to the transfer of these words. The study of the phenomenon of linguistic interference is of great importance in its study and the study of its causes through its impact on the mother tongue and the factors of its decline and the factors of its strength. We find through research and investigation that there are many factors that affect negatively and positively the phenomenon of the transfer of vocabulary from one language to another, and these factors are worthy of study. It must be noted that the phenomenon of linguistic interference and mutual influence between neighboring languages is a natural phenomenon due to the environmental proximity and the factors of influence it carries, not only between Aramaic and Arabic, but it occurs in various languages and all environments. Aramaic words are abundant in the Arabic language and we find their use almost daily through the colloquial words in the Iraqi dialect, for example. If we return to the root of the word, we find that it goes back to that root to the Aramaic language and its various Syriac and Mandaic dialects and for the known reasons leading to this interference. It is necessary for us to deal with this phenomenon as a civilizational and natural phenomenon in all nations and in all languages. The research deals with this linguistic problem and its causes. And the factors affecting it on neighbouring languages and environments, with a presentation of linguistic models of this phenomenon and what the Aramaic and Arabic languages represent as a living example of the phenomenon of linguistic interference in Semitic languages .

The role of Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) in promoting Islamic culture during the period of reconciliation

Alaa Mohammed Naji, Mohammed Shakhir, Ali obayes Hussein Ali Al-Mamouri — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The period of reconciliation between Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) bin Ali (peace be upon him) and Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan is one of the most prominent periods in the history of the Islamic nation, during which the nation faced serious political and social challenges, and reconciliation came as a decisive solution to reduce internal tensions and conflicts, and Imam Hassan (peace be upon him) had a pivotal role at this stage, as he worked to promote Islamic culture and preserve religious values amid crises, and that he (peace be upon him) thanks to his wisdom and insightful outlook, chose reconciliation with Muawiya as a way to avoid, More conflicts and strife, but this reconciliation was not just a political agreement, but rather the embodiment of a deeper vision aimed at preserving the essence of religion and its principles in times of turmoil, as the goal of reconciliation was to preserve the unity and stability of the nation, reduce tensions, promote internal peace, embody the supreme values of Islam and seek to strengthen the unity of the nation and avoid strife, which helped preserve and strengthen Islamic principles under difficult circumstances.

Limits of the influence of social networking sites on developing communication skills with others

Thanaa Ismail Rashid, Azim Kamel Zarzeb — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research aims to reveal the extent of the impact of social media on developing communication skills with others, and to clarify the levels of correlation between the preference for communication skills and the preference for exposure to social media, as well as gender and a set of variables, namely: preferred journalistic arts, preference for topics related to developing communication skills with others, and preference for exposure to social media.

The research used a survey methodology and a questionnaire tool with a scale composed of three axes, including 27 items related to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains to measure communication skills among a purposive sample of students from the Faculty of Arts. The research revealed several results, the most prominent of which are:

- Social media has a high impact on developing communication skills in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains with others.

-There are statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between most of the actual means of respondents' answers and the hypothetical mean of the measures regarding the role of social media in the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains in developing communication skills with others.

-There are statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between respondents' answers on the items of the scale regarding the role of social media in developing communication skills in the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral domains with others.

-There is a moderate correlation between the preference for exposure to social media and the preference for topics related to developing communication skills with others, as well as between gender and preferred journalistic arts, while there is a weak correlation between gender and the preference for topics related to talking with others, and between gender and the preference for social media regarding exposure to topics related to developing communication skills with others.

-The research revealed several data in its analysis of the causal relationship between social media and communication skills, including:

-There is a desire among social media users to acquire communication skills due to their significant role in shaping their digital identity and expressing themselves.

-Social media users are divided between those seeking information easily through their preferences for journalistic arts and those who want in-depth and comprehensive information. There is a tendency among most users to prefer visual texts supported by multimedia over written texts.

-The majority of social media users are influenced by the communication skills possessed by others in the virtual world, as well as by topics related to developing communication skills, due to their desire to enhance their knowledge and experiences and to utilize them in their communicative interactions on social media.

- Social media users vary in their interests, culture, inclinations, digital identities, and communicative moods; therefore, different levels of relationships have emerged between gender, preferred journalistic arts, topics for talking with others, social media, and the type of journalistic art.

Antithetical binaries in the poetry of Ibn Shahid al- Andalusia

Raja Hussein Ali — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The binary oppositions are widely dealt with by the Linguistic and literary studies. Andalusian bin- Shahids anthology consists of a big bulk of these oppositions by and through which he portrays beautiful poetic images. These images are laden with rich signifiers throughout the whole anthology.

The antithetical dualities that created dissonance between two adjacent images in Ibn Shaheed’s poetry were of great importance through which he expressed his feelings and the conflicts and suffering he was exposed to, which the poet could not express in a direct manner. In addition to what the antithetical binaries constituted as an element of excitement and attraction for the recipient who sees the contradictions in one verse for one poetic purpose, even if it was different, the collection was full of antithetical binaries such as night and day, sun and moon, gray hair and youth, distance and closeness, east and west... etc. and employing these binaries at this high level proves to us the poetic quality of Ibn Shaheed and his mastery of his texts and his ability to manipulate words and add movement and stillness to his verses at the time he sees fit for his poetic purpose, and this is only for a distinguished and accomplished poet. At the end of the study, it becomes clear to us how the poet employed a number of antithetical binaries (such as death and life / night and day / gray hair and youth / closeness and distance / east and west) in his poetry and what these beautiful binaries represented in terms of unique images that gave the text beauty and additional dimension, so the poet combined these many binaries between the thing and its opposite, which gave the texts a deeper impact and more beautiful poetic images, as the creative poet exploited what is between the thing and its opposite to highlight the beauty of his texts.

Verbs structures in Musnad of Imam Al-Shafi’i

Abdul Wahab Salman Dawoud, Adel Hadi Hammadi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Morphology is a clear indication of the capacity, flexibility, and willingness of Arabic to absorb new meanings and express them in Arabic words. This means generating new forms that enrich the language and provide words with different meanings. For example, if I want to indicate an event related to time, I use a verb in one of its forms (past, present, imperative). However, if I want to indicate an event that is abstract from time, I use an infinitive, and if I want to indicate who carried out the event, or to whom the event occurred, or to differentiate between two things, or to indicate a description that is described in a fixed manner, I use derivatives, the means of brevity and brevity that the science of morphology provides for our Arabic language. . I took the book Musnad of Imam al-Shafi’i, as the book Musnad of Imam al-Shafi’i is considered one of the books of hadith, and it is one of the Imam’s works, which are almost full of the verbs required from this research, which are specific to the verbs. The first topic: taking the abstract verbs from the triple and its six chapters, from and the quadrilateral, which is meter pentathlon and more than three letters, more with one letter, two letters, or three, and four with more with one letter. The second topic: He also took the correct one, which includes the sound, the weak, and the weak, and also the defective, which pertains to the example, with its two types, the separated, the coupled, and the incomplete, and I have mentioned the most important. The actions that were allocated in this approach. At the conclusion of this research, I concluded several results.

Spatial analysis of some urban indicators of the residential reality in Al Qasim city for the year 2023

Ruqaya Fadel Abdullah Fairouz Al-Hassan, Fadel Hussein Hamza Al-Ghassiri — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

for each stage. The study also addressed the impact of natural and human geographical characteristics on the emergence of the city, and studied the city's geographical and astronomical location. The study adopted the historical approach, the fundamentalist approach, and the analytical approach. The study showed that the city consists of (9) sectors that include (20) residential neighborhoods. The city's population estimates for the year (2023) amounted to about (92,613), with an area estimated at about (1,308,27) hectares. The study relied on office data, data from the relevant departments, field studies, and data collection. The questionnaire form was distributed to the residential neighborhoods according to the sample size, as the city community consisted of (11,939) dwellings and (14,195) families. The study showed the most suitable neighborhoods for housing through urban and human indicators. The study concluded that many residential units are not included in the basic design of the city, which led to an increase in slums. The optimal direction for expansion and the best types of growth in the city is the controlled city growth model. In addition, the study referred to the problems that residential units suffer from, such as high prices, high wages, etc. As for future trends, the study expanded the city’s population in the year (2033) to (119,714) people by relying on population estimates for the year (2023) as a base year. The study clarified the city’s future need for community and basic services, and the study reached a set of recommendations and conclusions that contribute to making the city more suitable for housing.

Literature of the scholar and the learner in the story of Mossa and Alkhidr

Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

Science occupies a prominent position in society, as it is the reason for the advancement of nations and the secret of their backwardness and stagnation. One of the great things that God has bestowed upon us is the blessing of the mind that develops thinking and is nourished by the effort of the mind to seek knowledge so that hearts thirsty for wisdom, good morals, and good conduct can be quenched. Imam Al-Rida, peace be upon him, says ((( The friend of every person is his mind and his enemy is his ignorance.

The benefit of knowledge extends to its possessor. Imam Hussein, peace be upon him, said: “Knowledge is the vaccine for knowledge.” Knowledge is the pursuit of something, not the attainment of it. It is half the way, and the other half is to benefit from it, as the foundations of education in Human life is based on controlling and correcting human behavior in the areas of life and giving him good morals and good manners. The need for literature is no less important than the need for knowledge.

The story of the Prophet of God, Moses, and Al-Khidr, peace be upon them, has a scientific storehouse full of gifts, in which the benefits, purposes, and principles that establish the rules of right behavior become clear, through vivid situations and anecdotal scenes that were revealed in a few verses from Surat Al-Kahf, which God Almighty set as an example for us to show the important message that Al-Khidr delivers. Peace be upon him, to convey the knowledge that God gave him with the wisdom of his heart to our master Moses, peace be upon him, with what he understood with the intelligence of his mind, as he meant it with all kindness and politeness as he sought to gain more from the secular knowledge based on the heart and insight, in contrast to the apparent knowledge that is built on the visible reality, the mind and the senses within a narrative dialogue context that draws the lines of etiquette. Educational methods for seeking knowledge and the appropriate behavior that a student should have in the presence of his teacher, in whom he finds a role model illuminated by the light of his knowledge, as well as what a teacher should have in terms of mastery of his work and presenting it with dedication, intending the face of God. Each of us has rights and duties that regulate the system of interaction between the scholar and the learner.

The principle of the legitimacy of criminal law and its place in Iraqi law

Abbas Mansour Abadi, Wathiq Muhammad Majoul Abbas — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The principle of legality means that the state, with all its bodies and individuals, is subject to the provisions of the law and does not deviate from its limits. This principle requires that the administration respect the provisions of the law in its actions, otherwise its actions are considered unlawful and subject to invalidation. The basis of this principle depends on the different political, social and economic conditions in different countries, as the aspect of criminal sanction may be procedural, represented in the invalidation and exclusion of evidence derived from the procedure that violates the rule of legality, and may be of a punitive nature represented in the punishment of those who carried out the procedure violating the legality and the appropriate method for studying this topic was the descriptive and analytical research method, by trying to collect the elements of this topic spread among the folds of Arab laws, especially the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, and the research reached a set of results, including that the characterization and criminal characterization of acts by

Thematic Progression in Ernest Hemingway's "Cat in the Rain"

Dhuha Ahmed Hamadi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study analyzes a short story and identifies its thematic progression patterns in terms of S. Eggins thematic patterns (2004 ), as a part of Sسغسفثةهؤ atterns, as a part of Srt of on patternsrySSystemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). It aims to find the most dominant thematic progression that is used in it. The data of the study is a short story entitled 'Cat in the Rain' written by Ernest Hemingway. It shows how Hemingway organized and distributed the information development , and the consequence of the story events, in such a way to make the story cohesive and coherent. Plus, how the development of the story events organized is paved the way for readers to be more comprehensive and more effective in the flow of information that Hemingway intended. The results proved that the most dominant thematic progression pattern was the theme reiteration. Then , the zigzag theme pattern came in the second place and the multiple - rheme occupied the third position.

((Imam Seraj AlDeen Omar Ibn Raslan AlBalqeeni A historical study of his biography and scientific role)) (724 - 805 AH / 1323 - 1403 AD)

Senaa’ Fadul Mohammad Dhaher AL-Bajaree — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The research tackled the biography of Imam Seraj AlDeen AlBalqeeni and investigate his character and traits in addition to his scientific and social as well as his qualifications. The study manifested the high activity of this Imam, which began since he was young as he paid a great attention to Quran memorization and scientific domain. His education became vast with wide horizons of knowledge and he lived in an important transitional period in the history of Egypt that was characterized with the weakness of Mamluki state in the last years of their reign and the rise of Burgi Mamluki state and the disorders and revolts at that era, which were manifested with the Mongol danger. His contribution was great in promoting the science and writing it down and the evidence for that is his adroitness in writing and classification and he occupied several positions including working as an orator, Mufti, teacher as well as a judge. Those jobs were only given to a high-ranked educated people. Section two of the research involved his age, positions and his books. The researcher relied on several references and included an introduction and a conclusions as well.

(Guiding the narrators to Al-Farouq Al-Madawi due to his inability to interpret Al-Baydawi( By Sheikh Al-Sadiqi Al-Kilani, who died in the year: (970 AH) Surah Al-Qaraa, (study and investigation)

Alaa Ibrahim Dahi — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

This is an investigation of a footnote on Al-Baydawi’s interpretation called: (Guidance of Narrators to Al-Faruq Al-Madawi, due to the inability to interpret Al-Baydawi, by Al-Sadiqi Al-Kilani, who died in the year: (970 AH), from which I dealt with the investigation of Surat Al-Qara’ah, through study and investigation.

Its importance lies in studying the surah from one of the important footnotes in the interpretation of Al-Qadi Al-Baydawi. He dealt with the interpretation and analysis of words by explaining the words and explaining the meanings. Shedding light on the linguistic and rhetorical dimensions of the surah.

The focus was on the phenomena addressed in the surah, such as talking about the horrors of the Day of Resurrection, resurrection, and resurrection.

I divided the research into an introduction and two parts: The first: a study section, to study the author and the author, in which I mentioned the author’s personal life, mentioning his name, surname, lineage, birth, upbringing, and death.

It also explained his scientific life, by explaining his jurisprudential doctrine, and his writings.

I also discussed the author's approach in his footnote, as well as the author's sources in Surat Al-Qara'ah, and his approach in transmitting from them. I also explained the study of the book, its copying, and my approach to investigation.

In the second section, I dealt with the verified text. I edited the text according to the rules of modern orthography, and attributed the opinions and sayings attributed by the author to their authors, by referring to the approved sources. I explained the strange things and knew the terminology

The Qur’anic verses and the noble Prophetic hadiths were also documented, mentioning their extraction and judgment from the books of respected scholars. The Qur’anic readings were documented and the arguments for reading them were made. Then I made a conclusion in which I explained the most important findings, after which I included a list of sources and references at the end of the research.

Livelihood crises in Egypt (274-598 AH / 887-1201 AD)

Muhammad Maysar Muhammad Bahaa El-Din — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study of livelihood crises in Egypt covers a rather long period of time extending (274-598AH/887-1201AD)، and highlights the importance of the research in shedding light on the natural and human factors that lead to the occurrence of these crises، such as the flooding of the Nile River، earthquakes، drought، the decline of the Nile River، and epidemics. Plant، animal، etc.، and human factors from political and military conflicts. The research also sheds light on the phenomena of these crises، and the state’s measures to reduce their effects.

The researcher followed the method of historical narration of these livelihood crises and the analytical approach to the texts cited by historians. The research was divided into several axes. In each axis, we dealt with an era within the time period of the research (274-598AH/ 887-1201 AD). The first axis was titled “Living Crises in the Tulunid Era,” then we discussed the “Living Crises in the Abbasid Era,” and the next axis was devoted to “Living Crises.” In the Ikhshidid era, the other topic was about the economic crises in the Fatimid era, and finally the last topic was about the livelihood crises in the Ayyubid era.

It is observed by tracking the research axes that these livelihood crises rise or fall from one era to another as a result of the natural and human factors that cause temporary economic (livelihood) crises، by which we mean the occurrence of a loss of food supplies and an increase in their prices as a result of an imbalance in the economic base of supply and demand، which leads to the occurrence of effects Emergency situations such as famine، human diseases، etc.، and then the role of the state in dealing with livelihood crises is sometimes highlighted.

Climate Change and Trend Analysis of Temperature: The Case of Sulaymaniah Region, Iraq

Nabard Jabar Hassan — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The study aims to illustrate Climate change and trend analysis of temperature: the case of Sulaymaniah, Iraq. For this purpose, the study used a descriptive-analytic method using Temperature data from (1973-2021). In addition, the researcher benefited from several statistical tests, including (moving mean for (3, 5, and 7 years), mean deviation, temperature Anomaly index (positive and negative variabilities), and Köppen - Trewartha climate classification Index using the SPSS. Results found that Over the past 50 years, the annual average temperature has steadily increased, and the warmest years occurred in succession in the last years (2020, 2021, and 2022). Also, The Köppen-Trewartha classification and STI test indicate annual average temperature increases. Seasonally, with the first to fourth places, this study found that the linear trends of the average temperature in winter (0.4), summer (0.31), spring (0.3), and autumn (0.14) have slightly risen. In addition, Over decades, the coldest days (0 and below) have decreased in cold loss and shifted from very cold to moderate-to-low-cold, especially after 2009.

Furthermore, Temperatures reaching (44°C or higher) increased between 1992 and 2023. Moreover, the average annual maximum temperature rose from hot to very hot. The lowest average temperature increased steadily and transformed from cold to extremely hot., Climate change has been at a high and dangerous level in the study area in a way that is hard to predict. Hence, this study suggests more research on climate change and its adverse impacts for accelerating adaptation and mitigation approaches.

(The effect of the PowerPoint educational games on the collection of fifth grade primary students in the subject of Arabic grammar)

Zainab Mardan Hammoud Al-Jumaa — Tue, 07 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0300

The current research seeks to know: (The effect of the PowerPoint educational games on the collection of fifth grade primary students in the subject of Arabic grammar). The researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: (There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of students who study Arabic grammar using PowerPoint games and the average scores of students who study Arabic grammar in the traditional way in the achievement post-test). The research boundaries included a intentional sample of the students of the researcher’s school itself, as it is a teacher of Arabic language in the same school in the Babil Governorate Center for the academic year (2023-2024). The research sample reached (60) students distributed in two groups, including the experimental group, and reached (30) students in the Division (A), and the control group reached (30) pupils in the Division (B). They studied the same Arabic grammar subject in the fifth grade curriculum for two months in the second semester. The researcher used two tools that she prepared herself. The first tool was to design a blended lesson in which the independent variable was interwoven (PowerPoint games), and the second tool was (the achievement test). After conducting the experiment, the research concluded that the experimental group was superior to the control group. In light of this result, the researcher recommends the following:

Adopting the blended learning method as a result of the preventive change imposed after the events of Corona.
Self-training for the teacher on contemporary teaching design techniques and strategies through research, review, and use of specific electronic technologies.
Benefit from current research as a theoretical and applied reference.

4. Conducting the experiment in different grade levels and subjects other than the Arabic language.