" Scholars' journeys from Baghdad to the Levant and Egypt since the end of the Abbasid Caliphate until the Safavid rule "656 - 930 AH"

Abstract

From the end of the Abbasid Caliphate to the Safavid rule in the period between 656 and 930 AH, the city of Baghdad witnessed significant transformations in the field of migration of scholars and thinkers. During the Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad was a thriving cultural and scientific center where scholars and philosophers from all over the Islamic world gathered to exchange knowledge and culture.

With the decline of the influence of the Abbasid Caliphate and the emergence of the Safavid rule, the migration movement of scholars from Baghdad began to be affected. Political tensions and social unrest increased in the region, prompting many scholars and thinkers to leave Baghdad for other areas that provided them with a more stable environment and freedom of thought and innovation.

The society of Baghdad was greatly affected by the departure of scholars, as the intellectual and scientific movement that was considered a gateway to innovation and development declined. Despite this, the contributions of scholars who left Baghdad continued to spread knowledge and culture in the areas where they settled, which contributed to the spread of science and philosophy in new areas and the exchange of thought and knowledge between different cultures.

The research sought to shed light on an important historical fact from the history of the city of Baghdad, where we worked in this research to highlight the real reasons and motives that led to the migration of many scholars and sheikhs in various fields of arts and sciences from the Baghdadi society after the elite and the general public were seeking and traveling to it.

However, the circumstances witnessed by the city since the end of the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate at the hands of the Mongols Ilkhan in the year "656" AH and after them the rule of the Jalayirid and Turkmen in terms of political, social and economic conditions that were characterized by calm, conflicts, wars and sieges that affected security stability and stagnation of economic life.

This is in addition to the high prices and natural disasters, as well as the difference in the language of dialogue between Arab scholars and the Turkmen sultans who ruled the city of Baghdad for two and a half centuries. This is in addition to another important aspect, which is that some of the scholars sought to highlight their worthiness and qualifications in those cities in which they settled and obtained a distinguished position with their rulers and members of society.