General conditions in Indonesia during the period (1995-2015) historical study

Abstract

It is an attempt to stand and take note of the most important historical paths and political transformations witnessed by Indonesia and its transition from a totalitarian state to the third largest democratic country after India and the United States of America according to the standards of Freedom House and its economy is described as its ability to exceed Crises.                                                                                          

       Indonesia is one of the countries that offer experience in democratic transformation and achieving political, economic and social gains, despite the ethnic, racial, linguistic and religious diversity it is experiencing, and the political transformations it has witnessed since gaining independence to this day, as well as international and regional pressures and crises that it is exposed to, And the constitutional, doubtfully.

       The shift from central administration to decentralization and the recognition of individuals’ freedoms and rights to contribute to expression through political participation and the formation of parties and civil society organizations have contributed to crystallizing the trend toward a state of institutions and separation of powers. The inefficiency of local governments as a result of the practices of previous regimes poses a difficulty in implementing administrative decentralization. Transferring funds to local governments without accurate knowledge of the necessary expenditures and without administrative monitoring and preventive measures may encourage the spread of bribery and corruption to lower levels of government. Therefore, work must be done to raise the efficiency of local governments by strengthening monitoring and imposing preventive measures and administrative penalties to prevent any manipulation by administrative officials. However, in light of the legal legislation and constitutional amendments, Indonesia is able to provide a model to be emulated in the process of democratic transformation.