The Islamic Expansions in Southern Europe during the Umayyad Era (1st_4th Centuries AD/ 7th_10th Centuries AD).

Abstract

The Muslim expansions into Southern Europe during the 1st-4th centuries AH (7th-10th centuries AD) represent a major turning point in world history. This occurred after the Umayyad state succeeded in extending its authority beyond the borders of the Middle East toward a new phase of expansion. This movement reached parts of the European continent and is considered one of the most significant historical events globally, impacting not only the religious sphere but also having profound political, economic, cultural, and scientific implications. During these expansions, Muslims reached Andalusia (the Iberian Peninsula), France, and several Mediterranean islands such as Cyprus, Sicily, Rhodes, Crete, and Malta. This followed the complete consolidation of Muslim control over North Africa (the Arab Maghreb), which opened the gateways of the Mediterranean. Under the banner of Islam and the strategic leadership of the Umayyad state, plans were devised for the Muslim armies to cross into the European continent. Despite the existence of sources on this subject, but because there are no sources in Kurdish on this subject, we have tried to explain the spread of Islam in southern Europe, especially Andalusia, France and the islands in Kurdish Let's define the Mediterranean Sea. It is also important to note that not only did Islam spread during this expansion, but the lives of the social communities in this region were completely changed and most areas of life improved Science, Economics, Business,.

The motives behind the Muslim expansions into Southern Europe were multi-dimensional. On one hand, it was an endeavor to spread the religion of Islam as a universal message. On the other hand, it was a response to the tyranny and oppression practiced by the Western kings (the Visigoths) in Spain and other regions against their subjects.