Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Publication ethics and research misconduct 1- The research should be in conformity with the UN human rights laws. 2 - The research must be unpublished and not acceptable for publication anywhere else and is not subject to evaluation elsewhere. Scientific honesty in quoting from previous sources and research and attributing it to its original owners. The research provided shall be commensurate with the needs of society in the field of human knowledge. 5 - not to prejudice the scientific or literary figures with an insulting and offensive criticism that there is a constructive criticism based on accurate scientific foundations and constants. 6 - not to be exposed in the search for offensive ideas stemming from personal, religious, ethnic, sectarian or political motives. Confronting new views and ideas may be contrary to the ideas of the persons interviewed in a professional and scientific manner, away from ridicule or abuse. 8 - The researcher must distance himself in writing his research of his personal relations and emotional tendencies and committed to work under the scientific profession. 9 - The researcher must be not response to external pressures in writing research to achieve personal interests or benefits of those parties. 10 - The researcher should be open out to the opinions of other colleagues and accept constructive criticism to improve the image of research and address the mistakes that may be contained in it. If a mistake is discovered in the research after publication, the researcher must cooperate with the editor of the journal to correct the error by the appropriate means (re-publication with correction, withdrawal of the search, apology) and as necessary. Any form of research misconduct as submitting a search that is being published or is being reviewed elsewhere, or already published elsewhere, with the same content or similar content or others' work rates without citing the source of the quotation, plagiarism, forgery or fabrication if discovered at any stage of the editing process, or during printing or even after publication will result in immediate rejection of the search, , And the fees will not be refunded. 13- The journal monitors ethics by the editor-in-chief, assistant editors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, authors, and readers.
The impact of language on character building in Nahj al-Balagha
This study came in order to reveal the importance of language in building a sound individual personality in the book Nahj al-Balagha. The language used in Nahj al-Balagha was a means for the integration of man and the consolidation of values ​​and principles that God Almighty and our noble Messenger (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) wanted. The language in Nahj al-Balagha performs multiple functions that serve man in every aspect of life. And especially the sound or upright personality of the individual, and we have chosen Nahjul Balagha because it contains a rich linguistic material, it is considered to be below the status of the speech of God - Glory be to Him - and above the status of the speech of humans, then it is a book that no book can match in eloquence, and no author can equal it in rhetoric, in addition to it containing a large number of wisdom and sermons that polish and refine the human self, In our research, we relied on selected models from this book. The components of personality were many, but we relied on the most important of them, such as: piety and righteousness, knowledge and learning, courage and steadfastness, wisdom and reason, asceticism and humility, honesty and trustworthiness, patience and endurance. We have noticed that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) diversified his choice of linguistic styles. Sometimes he used a news style, and sometimes he used a request style. Among these styles are command, prohibition, emphasis, and others. However, he often used the calling style, in order to call people to reform in a way of friendliness and endearment. So that they do not turn away from religion, following the approach of God - Glory be to Him - in the Holy Qur’an, such as His Almighty saying: O people, and the approach of our noble Prophet (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) in his sermons, such as the Farewell Sermon.
Nahjul Balagha, language, linguistic methods, Imam Ali (peace be upon him), character building.
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The limits of the impact of borrowed identities on social media in the digital presence
The problem of the study was to explore the extent of the impact of using borrowed identities on social media in relation to digital presence. A survey methodology was employed, using a questionnaire and a scale that included three dimensions of digital presence (privacy protection, social relations, honesty, and trust). The questionnaire targeted students from the media departments at the University of Babylon, the University of Mustaqbal , Al-Ahl al-Bayt University, and the Islamic University in Najaf, who use pseudonymous identities on social media, specifically on Facebook, with a purposive sample size of 144 respondents. The study included hypotheses related to the differences in respondents' answers and the impact of pseudonymous identities on the dimensions of digital presence. It also examined the nature of the correlation between the type of pseudonymous identity and the motivations for using Facebook, as well as the reasons for using pseudonymous identities based on gender. Among the key findings of the study: · There are statistically significant differences in respondents' answers regarding the impact of pseudonymous identities on privacy protection, social relations, and honesty and trust. · The impact of using pseudonymous identities on privacy protection, social relations, and honesty and trust for media students in the sample was average, except for the statement "It allows me more freedom to express myself," which had a high impact. · The correlation coefficient between the type of pseudonymous identity and the motivations for using Facebook among respondents from the media departments at the Colleges of Arts at the University of Babylon and the University of Mustaqbal was found to be low, while it was medium among respondents in the media departments at the College of Media in Najaf and the College of Arts at Al-Ahl al-Bayt University. · The correlation coefficient regarding the relationship between the form of the pseudonymous identity and the reasons for its use among the media department respondents showed an average level of correlation. · The correlation coefficient ranged from weak to very weak regarding the relationship between gender and the motivations for using pseudonymous identities on Facebook among the media department respondents. · The correlation coefficient showed a weak level concerning the relationship between gender and the reasons for using pseudonymous identities on Facebook among the sample of media department respondents. · Users tend to adopt pseudonymous identities on social media for the sake of protecting their privacy. · The positive effects, compared to the negative effects of using pseudonymous identities on honesty and trust, led users to prefer them for their digital presence.
Pseudonymous identities, social media, digital presence.
The Abbasid Call between Organization and Secrecy
<a href="https://www.reverso.net/translationresults.aspx?lang=FR&sourcetext=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9%20%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%20%D8%A8%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%20%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AA%20%D9%83%D9%84%20%D8%A5%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9%D8%8C&action_form=translate&direction_translation=ara-eng-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Abbasid Caliphate was established on a solid foundation built as a result of the Abbasid advocacy, which rocked all its potential material physical, cognitive, and even scientific capabilities. This study sheds highlight on defining the Abbasid advocacy and tackles its phases, as well as the circumstances of its foundation. The paper discusses also <a href="https://www.reverso.net/translationresults.aspx?lang=FR&sourcetext=%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%20%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%20%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%20%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AC%20%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AA%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9&action_form=translate&direction_translation=ara-eng-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the reasons that helped achieve inevitable results represented in the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate by an army of the organized Abbasid advocacy supported by followers, leaders and weapons. Based on its ruins, the Abbasid Caliphate and its first successors were built, <a href="https://www.reverso.net/translationresults.aspx?lang=FR&sourcetext=%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%20%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%20%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%20%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%20%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89%20%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B6%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%20%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89%20%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5&action_form=translate&direction_translation=ara-eng-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">and after a bitter struggle with the late successors of the Umayyad State, down to some leaders of the Abbasid advocacy who wanted to change the rule to their own, after its thorn strengthened. It became a military and human force, but these prevented the occurrence of one thing, which is the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate; a caliphate that lasted for decades.
advocacy, the Abbasid advocacy, the Umayyad Caliphate, Kufa, Khurasan, Abu Muslim El-Khurasani
Political socialization and the national identity crisis in Iraq: An analysis of the dynamics of power
Political socialization, through its various tools and mechanisms, contributes to shaping individual psychology and societal structure, directly influencing collective consciousness and national identity. It is a fundamental factor in building a conscious society that feels a sense of belonging and loyalty to its national identity. However, this role can be reversed if political socialization is used to serve the ideology of the ruling power, leading to the biased politicization of public consciousness. This research sheds light on the impact of political socialization in Iraqi society before and after 2003, and discusses its importance in establishing national dialogue and strengthening national identity. Political socialization in Iraq faces numerous challenges, and the central question of this study is: What is the impact of political, social, and economic crises on political socialization? What is the impact of the relationship between power and society on political socialization? What is the impact of the political model on political socialization? We must recognize that political socialization is a complex process influenced by numerous factors, including the relationship between power and society, and political, social, and economic crises. Therefore, we must work to strengthen political socialization in Iraq by improving the relationship between power and society and addressing political, social, and economic crises.
Political socialization, national identity, national belonging, Iraqi society, social awareness.
The Role of Linguistic and Cultural Adaptation in POSM Effectiveness in Iraqi Kurdistan
This study investigates the multifaceted influence of linguistic and cultural adaptation on the effectiveness of Point-of-Sale Materials (POSM) within the unique socio-cultural landscape of Iraqi Kurdistan, a region characterized by both its resilient cultural identity and its rapidly expanding consumer market. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative insights derived from consumer surveys with qualitative perspectives gathered through in-depth interviews with marketing experts. This methodological triangulation enables a comprehensive examination of how translated Kurdish slogans impact consumer purchase intentions and overall brand perception.The core findings reveal that while the strategic use of Kurdish translations in POSM generally resonates favourably with consumers across the region, the degree of effectiveness exhibits notable variations across different cities, underscoring the critical need for marketers to adopt localized adaptation strategies that meticulously account for nuanced regional differences in dialect, cultural norms, and consumer preferences. The study highlights two prime examples, such as the struggles Coca Cola had in Erbil and Duhok due to not creating nuanced understanding of the cultural expectations. The experiences of both Coca-Cola, a globally recognized brand, and Karwanchi, a prominent local brand, serve to illustrate the inherent challenges and potential opportunities associated with aligning marketing messages with deeply ingrained local cultural values and consumer aspirations. Furthermore, the findings underscore the value of the multi-modal learning, and what needs to work more on English for specific Purpose ( ESP) skills. This shows the importance of cultural sensitivity. This is why it should help others build more nuanced framework. This research contributes valuable insights for ESP teachers by emphasizing their own experience, which gives better information on how to make lesson plans that can work in Iraqi Kurdistan.
(Point-of-Sale Materials, Cultural Adaptation, Linguistic Adaptation, Kurdish Consumers)
Images of the Other: Women in the Iraqi Novel
The study aims to reveal the image of women in the Iraqi feminist novel in the light of the theory of cultural criticism by clarifying the concepts and elements of the formation of the cultural image of the other; And the image of the Iraqi woman (Struggler - Unwilling) in the Iraqi feminist novel. The openness of the Iraqi feminist novelist text, we found the narrative texts multiple and diverse, employed all tools, languages, polyphony, and dialogues, and absorbed other literary genres, to serve the narrative narrative text. The image in the light of cultural studies has become a representation of cultural behavioral patterns. Cultural patterns revealed through the general reading of the interpretation of the fictional text the portrayal of women as Struggler activists or Unwilling from male society. The openness of Iraqi feminist fiction is evident in its diverse and multifaceted narratives, which employ a wide range of tools, languages, voices, and dialogues, and incorporate other literary genres to serve the narrative form. In light of cultural studies, the image has become a representation of cultural behavioral patterns. A general reading and interpretation of the novel reveals cultural patterns that portray women as either strong fighters or marginalized figures within a patriarchal society
activist, alienated, images of the other, mirror.
Cursing The Mute And The Blind - A Comparative Study
The process of Liaan is a legal system that is distinctive to Islamic Sharia in addressing issues of lineage and safeguarding honor, as it was established to protect the family and society from collapse when a husband accuses his wife of adultery, or denies the paternity of a child from her. It is an exceptional procedure that involves solemn oaths taken by both spouses, delivered in a specific manner before the court, leading to serious legal consequences including permanent separation and denial of paternity. However, when the scholars discussed the conditions for the establishment of Liaan, they encountered intricate issues concerning individuals with disabilities, such as a mute person who cannot articulate, or a blind person who cannot see the witnesses, and even more challenging when both disabilities are present together. Hence, this study aims to explore the issue of Liaan for the mute and the blind, whether each case stands alone with its disability or both are combined, by presenting the opinions of scholars, discussing their textual and rational evidence, identifying the prevailing opinion that aligns more closely with the objectives of Sharia, and then proposing a text in the Iraqi Personal Status Law to resolve this issue.
Liaan of the blind, Liaan of the mute, Liaan oath, Liaan testimony, combination of disabilities.
Legal jurisprudence in Islamic legislation
This research aims to explore the fundamental principles of environmental jurisprudence in Islamic law and its practical applications in Islamic communities. We will analyze relevant religious texts, study environmental legislation based on Sharia, and review sustainable practices that have been implemented in some Islamic countries. We will also highlight the challenges facing environmental jurisprudence and the future prospects for its development. Therefore, we must adhere to the principles of Islamic jurisprudence and the Prophet's Sunnah in preserving water and the environment in general. Modern technologies such as water filtration and purification can be used to make it usable, reflecting a contemporary application of these principles.
Environmental Jurisprudence, Islamic Law, Environmental Legislation.
Morphological Facilitation According to Ibn Jinni in the Secret of the Art of Syntax ((The Structures of Broken Plural as a Model))
Since language is one of the essential components of social life and humanity has an inherent need for it, mankind has never been able to dispense with it. Rather, societies have been inclined to preserve language by all possible means, even struggling and defending it. With the advent of the Qur’an, this defense became even stronger, and scholars competed in safeguarding and serving the language. One of the demands of the age that undertook this task was facilitation (al-taysīr), a principle encompassing all linguistic elements. As Ibn Jinnī was both a member of the Arab community and a devoted son of the Arabic language—indeed, a prominent scholar—he exerted considerable effort to enrich his works with various forms of facilitation. Among his writings, Sirr Ṣināʿat al-Iʿrāb reveals clear traces of this principle, with numerous examples related to its manifestations. Since morphology dominates this work, particularly the structures of plural formation, we have selected the patterns of irregular plurals as a focal point. These fall into two main types: the patterns of paucity plurals and the patterns of abundance plurals. Hence, the study has been titled: “Morphological Facilitation in Ibn Jinnī’s Sirr Ṣināʿat al-Iʿrāb: Irregular Plural Patterns as a Model”. It should be noted that Sirr Ṣināʿa does not encompass all the possible irregular plural patterns. The reason for this may be the organizational framework upon which Ibn Jinnī constructed his book. For this reason, the present study is confined to what serves its purpose, shedding light on how Ibn Jinnī engaged with the texts and how this engagement can be understood as an instance of morphological facilitation.
Facilitation, morphology, secret of the art of parsing, broken plural.
Urban Thermal Contrasts Across Regions Comparing Land Surface Temperature in Erbil, London, Paris and São Paulo 2014–2024
Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter for understanding climate–surface interactions and urban thermal environments, yet comparative analyses across different climatic zones remain limited. In this study, we used Landsat 8 and 9 thermal data and the Mono-Window Algorithm to evaluate spatio-temporal variations in LST between 2013 and 2024 across four metropolitan regions representing contrasting climates: Erbil (semi-arid), London (temperate maritime), Paris (continental), and São Paulo (tropical). The results reveal a consistent trend of surface warming across all cities, with substantial variation in magnitude and spatial distribution depending on climate zone. São Paulo exhibited the most pronounced increase (0.197 °C per year), followed by Paris (0.078 °C per year), Erbil (0.059 °C per year), and London (0.015 °C per year). While tropical and continental cities showed extensive and continuous warming across their urban cores, semi-arid Erbil displayed a more heterogeneous pattern with concentrated increases in the urban centre, and temperate London showed gradual but spatially limited changes. These findings align with previous research on urban heat islands while providing new evidence of the role of climate context in modulating LST dynamics. The study underscores that mitigation and adaptation strategies must be climate-zone specific, as urban warming manifests differently in tropical, continental, temperate, and semi-arid settings.
Land Surface Temperature ; Urban Expansion ; Climate Zones; Time Series
Morphological Disagreement in Nouns in the Commentary on the Poem "Al-Farāʾid al-Wafiyya bi-Dhikr Mā Lam Taḥwih al-Alfiyya" by Ali al-Mansouri
This research aims to address an important issue in morphology: the morphological disagreement regarding nouns as discussed by Ali Al-Mansouri in his book titled Sharḥ Manẓūmat al-Farāʾid al-Wafiyya. The significance of this topic lies in the value scholars have given to the concept of disagreement, as well as the central role that nouns occupy in speech—being one of its primary pillars and the first of the three categories (noun, verb, particle). The objective of the research is to compile the views of scholars, highlight the key controversial issues addressed by Al-Mansouri, and present their stances on these matters. It also aims to trace their arguments and evidences used to validate the opinions of one school over another. The structure of the research consists of an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The introduction provides a summary explanation of disagreement, defining it linguistically and technically. The first section introduces the author and his book. The second section deals with selected controversial morphological issues. The conclusion presents the findings of the research, including the persistent conflict between the Basrans and the Kufans, showing that both groups engaged in debate, complexity, and justification based on rare or anomalous usages. Both schools leaned toward intense morphological argumentation. The study also reveals that while both sides showed similarity in their reasoning and use of evidence, the Kufans were more expansive in their disagreements and had a stronger inclination toward adopting rare opinions.
disagreement, morphology, noun, Al-Mansouri, controversial issues.
The Influence of Concubines on Political Decision-Making in the Abbasid Era (Caliph Al-Muqtadir Billah as a Model) (295-320 AH / 907-932 AD)
Abstract : The Abbasid era, during the reign of Caliph Al-Muqtadir, witnessed a remarkable fundamental transformation in the political and social status of female slaves within the palace. Their role was not limited to service or entertainment alone, but extended beyond that to include direct or indirect influence on politics and high-level decision-making. This transformation was facilitated by the increase in the number of female slaves within the palace, especially those who enjoyed high degrees of intelligence, culture, and beauty. Over time, some female slaves, thanks to their close proximity to the Caliph, were able to gain his trust, which gave them the opportunity to learn about the state's internal affairs. Through this closeness, some female slaves succeeded in gaining political and social influence. Indeed, at that time, the political and administrative vacuum and the weakness of the Caliph's personality were characterized by a clear influence on the administration of the state and the balance of power within the Abbasid court. Their possession of influence contributed to their actual participation in directing state policy, even reaching the point of directly influencing the Caliph's decisions.
Conversation, Caliph Al-Muqtadir, Abbasid palace, political influence.
Criminal liability for illegal dealing in narcotic plants in Iraqi law
In Iraqi law, the illegal dealing of narcotics is regulated by the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017, which defines the criminal liability of individuals who deal with drugs, whether by manufacturing, importing, exporting, transporting, promoting, trading, or even illegal use. Criminal liability in Iraqi law is criminalization and penalties, as anyone who imports, exports, or manufactures drugs with the intent to trade is punished by death or life imprisonment. Anyone who plants narcotic plants with the intent to produce narcotic substances is punished by life imprisonment or temporary imprisonment. Anyone who deals with drugs in any way without the intent to trade is punished by temporary imprisonment, as well as anyone who uses drugs or possesses them for personal use is punished by imprisonment and a fine. Iraqi law adopts a strict approach to combating drugs, as it imposes severe penalties on trafficking and promotion, but allows some flexibility in dealing with users if they need treatment instead of strict punishment. The original penalties imposed for the illegal dealing of narcotic substances vary in severity according to the times at which the rumor is spread and the interest to be protected. The Iraqi legislator has taken these matters into consideration, as he imposed the penalty that is appropriate to the crime committed, whether the perpetrator is the main perpetrator or an accomplice in the crime. The same penalty is imposed on the perpetrator of the crime and the accomplice in it. Therefore, the illegal dealing of narcotic substances has a main or secondary contributor according to the primary or secondary activity he performs in it.
Criminal liability, illegal drug dealing, Iraq
Liberal Feminism In Contemporary Philosophy, Martha Nussbaum As A Model
This research aims to examine liberal feminism as one of the most prominent philosophical movements in contemporary Western thought, focusing on the contributions of American philosopher Martha Nussbaum as a model for this trend. Liberal feminism is based on the principles of individual freedom and legal and political equality, and emphasizes the need to provide women with fair opportunities in various areas of life, whether in education, employment, or political participation. However, Nussbaum goes beyond the traditional approach of liberal feminism to present a deeper philosophical framework through the Capabilities Approach, which seeks to define what humans—and women in particular—need to live a dignified life characterized by human dignity and social justice. This theory is based on a set of essential capabilities that the state and society must guarantee for every individual, such as health, education, political freedom, family formation, and living with dignity. Through this theory, Nussbaum contributed to reframing the concept of justice beyond formal equality to substantive equality that enables women to realistically exercise their rights, making her one of the most influential voices in contemporary feminist philosophy. However, her project sparks widespread debate about its universal applicability, given the cultural and economic disparities between societies.
liberal feminism, philosophy, Martha Nussbaum.
Sheikh Muhammad bin Ali al-Jurjani’s grammatical objections in his book “Arab Investigations in Explaining al-Kafiya al-Hajibiyya: The Majruraat as an Example”
Grammatical objections are a manifestation of grammatical thinking among Arab grammarians. Among the scholars in whose scientific efforts objections appeared is Sheikh Muhammad bin Ali al-Jurjani (who was alive in 730 AH). In most of his objections, he justified his objection with evidence through which he revealed the scientific ability to state his grammatical opinion. For this reason, I devoted myself in this study to (Sheikh Muhammad bin Ali al-Jurjani’s grammatical objections in his book Al-Mabahith Al-Arabiyyah fi Sharh Al-Kafiya Al-Hajibiya: Al-Majruraat as a model), especially since he often makes Ibn Al-Hajib’s opinions a field for his objections, which prompted me to collect his grammatical objections in Al-Majruraat to be an example of his efforts in objection, criticism, and diligence. In this study, I relied on the descriptive approach in dealing with the issues that Sheikh Al-Jurjani objected to. I begin with what Ibn Al-Hajib said, then I mention his objection to it with the evidence that prompted him to object, and I explain what he sees as more appropriate in his view, and then discuss the issue in light of what the scholars have mentioned, arriving at forming an opinion on it by balancing the statements. I divided this research into two sections, the first section: was the biography of the Sheikh and his works, and the second section: the objections of Sheikh Muhammad bin Ali Al-Jurjani in the grammatical issues of the Majrurat, then I concluded the research with a set of results, and I appended the research with a list of sources and references that I used in writing this research.
Grammatical objections - Sheikh Muhammad bin Ali Al-Jurjani - Majrurat - Ibn Al-Hajib.
Moving the headquarters of the capital to the south and its impact on the division of the Hittite Kingdom
Abstract: Given the importance of the step taken by Muwatalli II, which was relocating the capital from the north (Hattusa) to the south (Tarhuntassa), this study aims to conduct a focused historical analysis on this significant move, which encompasses two main aspects: Firstly, a religious reform aimed at appeasing the southern deities that had been neglected during the reign of his father, Mursili II. Muwatalli introduced a new deity, his personal god, the Storm God. This reform was met with acceptance by some and rejection by others. Secondly, it was a precautionary political measure before the most significant event of his reign, the Battle of Kadesh. Despite the geographical importance of the capital, Hattusa, and its protection by natural borders, its climate was unfavorable, and its natural borders did not prevent the Kaska from storming and rebelling. Among the religious changes he made to appease the gods was his relocation from the capital, Hattusa, which had previously been declared a cursed site, to a new location. This was an attempt to appease the southern deities who had been neglected under his father's reign. The environmental conditions were harsh, as snow isolated the capital, Hattusa, from the rest of the kingdom. This negatively impacted life, both in terms of preparedness to confront enemies and in terms of livelihood, as the kingdom relied on agricultural products, which were unavailable due to the extreme temperature fluctuations.
Hittites, relocation, capital Hattusa, capital Tarhuntassa, Hittite deities.
Antonio De Olivera Salazar and his domestic in Portugal
Portugal is one of the old colonial powers, and was the focus of attention of many countries around the world, especially since it had foreign colonies that allowed it to maintain its position among the colonial powers in the world. This is what made the researcher choose Portugal as the subject of the study to address its domestic policy from 1932 to 1968, the period that witnessed the emergence of a powerful figure known as Antonio de Oliveira Salazar. The study, which contained an introduction and a preface reviewing Salazar’s upbringing and his assumption of the position of Minister of Finance until his arrival to the presidency of the government. The research also addressed the new state and the elimination of labor unions 1934-1939 and the internal situation of Portugal during World War II, in addition to the internal developments in Portugal until 1968. Salazar succeeded in directly interfering in the elections that took place in Portugal over the years in which he became Prime Minister, to impose his candidate, and their victory in the elections. This is the most controversial matter in Portugal and caused him many problems. However, due to his strict policy, he kept them away from power, thus preserving his regime for a long time until he reached 1968 when he suffered a stroke that ended his life. In the end, Salazar succeeded greatly in preserving the republican regime for a long time, but that regime became dependent on his presence, and with its end, the disintegration began, ending with a coup in 1974 that overthrew the regime of his country, which he had preserved so much, and changed the map of Portugal, leaving it without foreign colonies.
International Intervention to Confront Violent Extremism in Light of United Nations Resolutions
In our study of this research, we have clarified the legal framework governing international intervention in cases of violent extremism by stating the legitimacy of international intervention, clarifying the exceptions to cases of international intervention by the United Nations Charter, stating the efforts of the United Nations General Assembly, and analyzing the relevant Security Council resolutions related to the title of our research. A number of international resolutions were analyzed, their legal contents were reviewed, their binding nature was stated, and their impact on the behavior of member states was explained. We concluded that international resolutions contributed to the crystallization of a comprehensive international approach to combating violent extremism through international cooperation and coordination, criminalizing extremism, and preventing its financing, in accordance with human rights and taking humanitarian considerations into account. International intervention is required in situations that require intervention by the international community, especially if there is a threat to international peace and security. Security Council resolutions are the legal basis for combating violent extremism under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter and Article 39 of the United Nations Charter, which grants the authority to determine the existence of a threat to international peace and security to take mandatory measures. Violent extremism is one of the phenomena that threaten international peace and security, which prompted the United Nations to issue international resolutions to confront it, as we indicated in the body of the research.
international intervention , extremism, , violent, United Nations.
Cyber security Tasks in the Framework of Intellectual Property
Intellectual property, with its diverse dimensions, occupies the security and legal thought of many scientific and even humanitarian works, and because this era constitutes a large and noticeable production of publishing and creativity, such that it has become easy to view and even attack in any way this property and the rights it contains, whether material or literary. Accordingly, it requires specialists to place it within a comprehensive protection framework and according to systems, instructions and legislation that achieve solid security for it. If the laws achieve the goal of protection and achieve the interest, then the goal of intellectual property is also linked to the highest thing that a person possesses, which is the mind. Therefore, we shed light in this study on the possibility of activating cybersecurity within the framework of intellectual property by stating its concept and the extent of its role in enhancing protection as a preventive means, and whether it includes all types of intellectual property and its classifications. All of this is being researched within a legal legislative framework that affects the reality of legal studies.
Intellectual property protection, cybersecurity, digital documentation, digital works, digital violations.
The approach of Ibn Khatib Jibrin (739 AH) in controlling and explaining words in his book: Explanation of Strange Words
This research explores the methodology of Ibn Khatib Jibrin (d. 739 AH) in the vocalization and explanation of obscure words in his book: Explanation of Obscure Words Found in the Orations of Ibn Nubatah, the Diwan of Al-Mutanabbi, the Maqamat of Al-Hariri, and the Book of Al-Hamasah by Abu Tammam*, authored by Abu Amr Uthman ibn Ali al-Ta’i al-Halabi, known as Ibn Khatib Jibrin (d. 739 AH). The book focuses on interpreting obscure words from four works—two poetic and two prose. Despite the vast material covered, the author paid careful attention to vocalizing and accurately rendering words and expressions using various methods of diacritical notation, such as phonetic annotation, metrical annotation, and annotation by example. His goal was to guide the reader towards correct pronunciation and reading, avoiding distortion, such as misplacing or omitting a diacritical dot. The author's indication of these annotation methods greatly contributes to preserving the linguistic integrity of the texts. The book stands out for its frequent use of such techniques. Moreover, Ibn Khatib Jibrin employed multiple strategies for explaining obscure vocabulary, including explanation by synonym, by antonym, and by definition, among others. He used a variety of expressions and linguistic tools for these purposes.
Khatib Jibrin, Explanation of Obscure Words, Ibn Nubatah’s Orations, Al-Mutanabbi’s Diwan, Al-Hariri’s Maqamat, Abu Tammam’s Hamasah.
Syntactic Irregularities in Predicative Sentence Structures in the Poetry of Ibn Khātima al-Anṣārī (d. 770 AH)
Poetry is distinguished by its eloquent and rhythmic language, relying heavily on deepening the impact of the idea conveyed by the poet. As is well known, the language of poetry is characterized by conciseness, semantic density, suggestion, and imagination, among other features. With such qualities, it is only natural that poetry does not consistently adhere to conventional grammatical structures—particularly predicative sentences, which are the focus of this study. Conveying the expressive power of poetic language often requires flexibility in the application of grammatical rules, without compromising the essence or integrity of those rules. Linguists and grammarians established grammatical rules to ensure structural precision and word formation, allowing meaning to be conveyed accurately and smoothly, avoiding misinterpretation. At the same time, they provided space for broader, richer meanings and deeper ideas through certain linguistic elements or structures that integrate into the grammatically sound sentence without violating or disrupting the grammatical framework. These elements are as essential as the meanings or effects they aim to enhance, even though they are not inherently required by the core rules of predicative syntax. This means they are syntactic modifiers, and they are numerous and varied. These include: additions, omissions, inversions, and separations, among others. Each plays a significant role in the structure of a text—whether poetic or prose. Our applied field of study was the Diwan (poetic collection) of Ibn Khātimah al-Anṣārī al-Andalusī, as edited and annotated by Dr. Muhammad Ridwan al-Dayah. Ibn Khātimah possessed a unique poetic sensibility shaped by a religious culture influenced by the Sufi tendencies prevalent among a group of Andalusian scholars and preachers at the time—especially considering that many of them were his teachers. Thus, the impact of this influence on his poetry is natural. We selected examples from his Diwan in hopes of clarifying the effect of syntactic modifiers on the predicative sentences he employed, and their significance in reinforcing meaning and conveying it eloquently. In doing so, we adopted an analytical methodology based, in its simplest form, on collecting available data, analyzing and interpreting it, then offering critique and evaluation, with the aim of reaching precise conclusions and clear interpretations.
Structures ,Predication,Syntactic Modifiers, Sentences,Grammar, Ibn Khātimah.
"Cultural Patterns in Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri's Poem Lughat al-Thiyab"
Modern and postmodern critical studies draw upon specific cultural values that significantly impact the construction of poetic discourse and the formulation of its fundamental principles. Among the most notable approaches that emphasize the discursive aspect and aid in interpreting texts, by connecting them to the contexts in which they were created, is one that focuses on the social, political, and intellectual dimensions surrounding the poet. These factors influence the poet’s thoughts and crystallize their visions, allowing critics to use this context as a means to explore the deeper meanings within the text. By following certain standards that address its need to understand creative language, modern criticism aims to offer methods for interpreting symbols and exploring the meanings that lie beneath. This is accomplished by examining linguistic signs and symbolic themes to achieve a thorough understanding of the author's intentions through analysis and interpretation. This involves emphasizing the dimension of cultural patterns, which is inseparable from discourse analysis due to the tight relationship between cultural patterns and their emotional impact. This emotion will then serve as the central concept for the discourse. Considering the procedural requirements and methodologies employed in cultural analysis for innovative texts, this study aims to interpret the poetic language found in one of the most renowned poems that showcases the intertwining of reality in all its aspects along with the poet's thoughts, fantasies, and imaginative imagery. This is exemplified in “Lughat al-Thiyab” by Iraqi poet Mohammed Mahdi Al-Jawahiri. The poem's underlying meanings allow for an analysis through this methodology, reflecting a genuine sensitivity to the poet's intended message. Relying solely on the aesthetic use of language, as practiced by certain poets, proves inadequate for a detailed textual analysis and understanding of their aims; thus, postmodern criticism has sought to offer alternative strategies for a deeper engagement with poetic discourse.
Cultural Criticism – Mechanisms of Textual Interpretation – Historical Language – The Authority of Political Consciousness – Social Referentiality.
Mongol Expansion in the Caucasus and Persia through the Book Nihayat al-Arab fi Funun al-Adab by al-Nuwayri (d.733AH/1332AD
The seventh century AH/thirteenth century AD witnessed the rise of the Mongol threat, which began planning, primarily, to invade and overthrow the Khwarazmian state and then expand into the countries of the Islamic world , This research attempts to assess the scholarly value of Nihayat al-Arab in the field of Mongol studies and to understand its position as a literary book compared to other contemporary historical sources, as well as later sources , It also sheds light on the intellectual and cultural dimensions that shaped al-Nuwayri's view of the Mongols , This makes studying this topic almost essential for anyone attempting to understand Islamic awareness of the Mongol invasion during the seventh and eighth centuries AH/thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD. Al-Nuwayri addressed the events of the Mongol invasion and its consequences for the Islamic world. He expressed an advanced historical awareness due to the political changes, as his presentation of historical events was not merely a narration, but rather offered reflections on the reasons for the fall of states and the weakness of the Islamic nation in the face of the Mongol enemy. Al-Nuwayri's material on the Mongols was distinguished by its comprehensiveness, as he did not limit himself to mentioning only historical military events, but also referred to the shifts in authority and the change in centers of power, and the disintegration of administrative structures in some Islamic regions, which led to the Mongol invasion.
The role of organizational loyalty in job performance among secondary school principals
The current research aims to identify the role of organizational loyalty in the job performance of secondary school principals. The researcher followed the descriptive approach because it suits the nature of the research. The current research community may consist of all secondary school principals who are continuing permanently for the academic year 2024-2025 AD in middle, preparatory and secondary schools in the city of Mosul, the center of Nineveh Governorate. A sample was drawn Randomly, it consisted of (60) principals distributed among (60) middle, preparatory and secondary schools on both sides of Mosul city (right and left), the center of Nineveh Governorate. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher built two research tools, the first tool: the organizational loyalty scale consisting of (40) paragraphs, and each paragraph corresponds to three alternatives. It was verified From its validity and reliability, as it reached (0.810) using the Cronbach’s alpha equation, the second tool: the job performance scale consisting of (36) paragraphs with a five-point scale, its validity and reliability were confirmed, as it reached (0.862) using the Cronbach’s alpha equation, and they were applied to the research sample. After collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher used the following methods: Appropriate statistics and the statistical package (SPSS) were used to analyze the results. The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: 1- The research sample enjoys organizational loyalty. 2- The research sample enjoys good job performance. 3- There is a statistically significant correlation between organizational loyalty and job performance, with a direct relationship, meaning that the greater the organizational loyalty, the greater the job performance. To fulfill the research requirements, the researcher recommended increasing support for principals' ideas and their participation in decisions made at the directorate level. She also proposed conducting a study titled "A Proposed Vision for Developing Organizational Loyalty among School Leaders in Iraq." organizational loyalty, the greater the job performance.
Organizational loyalty, job performance, managers, schools, high school.
British Government of India's position from influence of Muhammad Ali in the Arabian Gulf basin (1837-1840 AD)
The Arab Gulf region represented one of the strategically significant focal points in international politics by the late 1830s (1837–1840 CE). Britain regarded it as a critical link in its communications with India, especially following the emergence of projects advocating the use of Iraq’s rivers as routes for Anglo-Indian transportation. Its importance grew further with the disruption of the international balance due to the rise of Muhammad Ali in Egypt, the Levant, and the Gulf, as well as his ambitions to extend his influence over Ottoman territories in Iraq. This situation prompted some international powers, such as Russia and France, to exploit it for their own gains, making the Gulf region a mirror reflecting the ambitions of global politics during that period. For Muhammad Ali, the Arab Gulf region was considered one of the most crucial areas for building the foundation of his imperial structure in the East. He viewed it as a leverage card that could yield significant regional and international gains through new relationships his agents would establish with local powers in the Gulf during that phase. He was well aware of the region’s economic importance and the benefits it could offer to the desert hinterland in Najd, while also recognizing it as the only viable outlet through which to penetrate Iraq and complete the integration of his state’s parts in the Levant, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula. Initially, Muhammad Ali succeeded to a large extent in achieving these objectives. The sheikhdoms of the Arab Gulf looked with admiration at this emerging regional power, which they could rely on to counter British arrogance and the harsh protection imposed through oppressive and binding treaties affecting all Arab entities bordering the Gulf. The British Indian government was not prepared to allow Muhammad Ali to realize his ambitions in the Arab Gulf region. Consequently, it employed all possible means—treaties, alliances, military demonstrations, and other methods detailed by the researcher in the study—to thwart these ambitions. It was only with the tragic end of Muhammad Ali in Egypt, following the London Convention of 1840, that these aspirations were ultimately curtailed.
Egypt, the Gulf, Britain, 19th Century, Political relations.
The Iraq's Foreign Policy towards Kuwait: A Study in the Crises of Mubarak Port and Al-Faw Port
The topic of the research is of great importance to specialists in Iraqi political affairs, as well as to the foreign decision-maker, especially since Iraqi foreign policy towards Kuwait has changed its directions after 2003 and is moving towards achieving goals consistent with developments in the Iraqi national interest, but there are some issues of the relationship between the two countries The issue of Mubarak Port, which is still standing, has not been resolved, as the establishment of this port has great and serious damage to Iraqi ports in general and the great port of Faw in particular. Therefore, a solution must be developed for this crisis between the two countries. The research aims to identify Mubarak Port and explain its effects. The negativity of Al-Faw as well as identifying the great port of Al-Faw and explaining the importance and advantages of the Iraqi state in all fields, and the research was divided into two axes. The issue of Mubarak Port remains open. The construction of this port will cause a number of negative impacts, including the narrowing of the navigation channel in Khor Abdullah leading to the Grand Faw Port project. Therefore, it will weaken the project because it will cause restrictions on large ships in particular, and this will have a negative impact on the Grand Faw Port project and all other Iraqi ports. These negative impacts are due to the narrowness of the Khor Abdullah channel and its containing only one navigation channel, as it will lead to a reduction in productivity and an increase in costs, which will lead to a weakening of its competitiveness and the reluctance of shipping companies to deal with the Grand Faw Port, and it will lose the economic feasibility of its construction.
Iraqi foreign policy, Kuwait, Mubarak Port, Al-Faw Grand Port.
Semantic inclusion of the image in advertising design
In most cases, the image is stronger than the rest of the internal elements in any design, including advertising design. Its structure emerges from the activation of technology, computer software, and the visual work it performs to give it a wide impact and make it readable and analyzable. Its purpose is to understand the connotations it contains that aim to convey the idea to the recipient, and this is what the research represents and its vision of the subject by asking the following question: - (What is the semantic implication of the image and its role in enhancing understanding of the advertising idea and extracting the desired meaning?), the goal of the research is also represented in (identifying On the semantic inclusion of the image in advertising design), The research dealt with topics related to inclusion in the advertising image, the connotations of the image in advertising and its semiotic dimension, as well as the implicit analysis of the advertising image. The research was limited to a population representing a group of commercial advertisements (10 advertisements), of which 5 were chosen in an intentional way whose idea and design were compatible with the research topic. The research models were analyzed following the descriptive approach. The research came out with a set of results, the most prominent of which is (the image provided possibilities for thinking and understanding its structure because of its semantic density and symbolic enrichment. It does not merely show what is visually visible, but rather its semantic contents are intertwined in it to reach the intended meaning of the advertising idea). one of the most important conclusions that the research came out with )A successful advertisement is closer and more intimate to the recipient by employing imagery that is characterized by aesthetics and high expression in its connotations. It carries a visual embodiment whose goal is to convey the idea to the recipient( .
Implication, connotation, image, advertisement.
Ear Slabs in Ancient Egypt during the New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)
The ancient Egyptians often tried to express their inner spiritual needs in a material way, especially the common people who constituted the vast majority of the ancient Egyptian people. Among the things that the ancient Egyptians expressed was the creation of many paintings with different concepts, although they shared a spiritual concept, which was of interest to the elite of the people, from kings and nobles to the common people.Especially in the era of the modern state, in which many religious concepts developed, especially the concept of “personal piety,” which reflects the relationship between the individual and the deity, which led to the invention of new tools for communicating with deities, including what is known as “ear plates.” It is a means by which the deity could listen to the requests, pleas and appeals of individuals and then fulfill them. These tablets became popular in the era of the New Kingdom, which was its golden age, as they disappeared in the era of the Twentieth Dynasty.
Ancient Egypt , Ear tablets , Religious thought.
Factors for amnesty for civil liability for electric vehicle accidents in Iraqi and Iranian laws
One of the specific issues of civil liability is the issue of damages resulting from traffic accidents. Especially today, accidents caused by smart cars have been added to this problem. One of the important questions in this regard is the factors of exemption of the defendant in the lawsuit related to damages resulting from traffic accidents. This research is conducted in a descriptive, analytical and comparative manner. According to the findings of this research, in both legal systems, external factors, including third-party intervention, the injured party's action and the Cairo force, cause the defendant's exemption from civil liability. In the Iranian and Iraqi legal context, I believe that in some cases, the driver's exemption from liability is strongly linked to natural factors, such as bad weather or unforeseen accidents. However, the driver's exemption from liability should not be a mere legal indulgence; rather, it should be based on a careful examination of the circumstances. In my opinion, natural factors are an essential part of the exemption in electric vehicle accidents, but a prerequisite must be that the driver was in a position to take preventive measures. Exemption should be granted if it is proven that the driver did everything possible to avoid the accident, but if it is found that the driver was negligent in taking appropriate measures, they should remain liable for the accident.
Factors of exemption from civil liability, force Major, injured party's action, third-party intervention
Poetic Debate in the Abbasid Court (The Aesthetics of Competition and Its Impact on the Development of Poetry)
Abstract Baghdad was the center of the Abbasid Caliphate and a destination for scholars and writers during one of the most distinguished periods in Islamic history. Science, literature, and art flourished there, and poetic debates became a distinctive phenomenon during that period. The research aims to study poetic debate in the texts of the great poets of the Abbasid era and the princes of poetry known to the Abbasid courts, and whose artistic work dominated the model of effective poetry among the audience, especially that which was associated with heroism and confrontation with opponents. The importance of the research in studying poetic debate in the Abbasid era is evident through examining the aesthetics of competition between opponents and its impact on the development of the poem through the use of mechanisms of dialogue, imagination and symbolism. Debate is a linguistic discourse conducted in natural language, an intellectual dialogue between two conflicting parties, addressing a specific topic, and aiming to influence and convince the listeners. It is a persuasive discourse through which the words of argument and debate exchange positions in some words, where one of the parties raises the problem, so the opponent seeks to invalidate it, and this is done with argument and proof. The debate takes place in the presence of a judge who is knowledgeable in the science of theology, and the foundations of debate, its rules, conditions and etiquette. The debate ends with the silence of one of the parties when defeated or confused, or with the intervention of the judge to resolve the debate. If one party is obstinate, despite the invalidity of their argument, the most common of these topics relates to heroism and chivalry. These are among the most prominent manifestations of dialogue in ancient Arabic literature. Dialogue sessions were held, known as "debates." Abu Firas's debate with his cousin Sayf al-Dawla is one of the most symbolic imaginative debates that has occupied a significant space in productive reading. It has become a model for alluding to the pain inflicted on the hero during his captivity after his leader abandons him. The study was conducted using a descriptive and analytical approach; by tracing the mechanisms of debate in poetic texts, describing and analyzing their meaning, and revealing the text's implications and artistic symbols upon which the knight poet built his debate.
debate, poetry, sessions, symbolism and imagination, dialogue.