Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Publication ethics and research misconduct 1- The research should be in conformity with the UN human rights laws. 2 - The research must be unpublished and not acceptable for publication anywhere else and is not subject to evaluation elsewhere. Scientific honesty in quoting from previous sources and research and attributing it to its original owners. The research provided shall be commensurate with the needs of society in the field of human knowledge. 5 - not to prejudice the scientific or literary figures with an insulting and offensive criticism that there is a constructive criticism based on accurate scientific foundations and constants. 6 - not to be exposed in the search for offensive ideas stemming from personal, religious, ethnic, sectarian or political motives. Confronting new views and ideas may be contrary to the ideas of the persons interviewed in a professional and scientific manner, away from ridicule or abuse. 8 - The researcher must distance himself in writing his research of his personal relations and emotional tendencies and committed to work under the scientific profession. 9 - The researcher must be not response to external pressures in writing research to achieve personal interests or benefits of those parties. 10 - The researcher should be open out to the opinions of other colleagues and accept constructive criticism to improve the image of research and address the mistakes that may be contained in it. If a mistake is discovered in the research after publication, the researcher must cooperate with the editor of the journal to correct the error by the appropriate means (re-publication with correction, withdrawal of the search, apology) and as necessary. Any form of research misconduct as submitting a search that is being published or is being reviewed elsewhere, or already published elsewhere, with the same content or similar content or others' work rates without citing the source of the quotation, plagiarism, forgery or fabrication if discovered at any stage of the editing process, or during printing or even after publication will result in immediate rejection of the search, , And the fees will not be refunded. 13- The journal monitors ethics by the editor-in-chief, assistant editors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, authors, and readers.
Iraqi Youth's Use of TikTok and the Gratifications Derived From It (A Field Study of University of Babylon Students)
This study examines the nature of University of Babylon students' use of the TikTok application and the gratifications they derive from it. Based on the importance of the study, the researcher defined the research problem with the following main question: What gratifications do University of Babylon students derive from using the TikTok application? The researcher found it necessary to conduct a scientific study, which was essentially a field study. The researcher employed a survey methodology, utilizing a questionnaire distributed to a sample of (90) students from the University of Babylon to collect the required data. This period was defined as (November 1, 2025 – February 1, 2026), as it allowed for accurate and comprehensive results, ultimately achieving the study's objectives. The researcher reached important conclusions, summarized as follows: 1-It was found that the majority of TikTok users are keen to access media and communication platforms for entertainment and leisure. The prevailing political climate appears to be the primary reason for this motivation. 2-The research revealed that the TikTok application plays a significant role in disseminating information among young people, as evidenced by the majority of students at the University of Babylon who support and endorse this practice. 3. It was found that the majority of students interact with information circulating on TikTok in various ways, including liking, commenting, saving videos, and sharing content. This indicates that information shared on the TikTok app captures students' interest and attention. 4. It was found that students’ reliance on the TikTok application for information is moderate, as most of the respondents rely on it to a moderate or rare degree, which reflects limited confidence in the application as a primary source of information, or they may have other preferred sources.
Gratifications, TikTok app, University of Babylon students
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Human security from the perspective of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him))
human security, Hussein bin Ali, moral values, behavioral capabilities
Explanation of Tasrif al-Badi' by al-Muzhari al-Zaydani (d. 662 AH): A Descriptive and Methodological Study
This research sheds light on a book of morphological heritage that had been hidden away in manuscript shelves. Our master's degree studies have brought this scientific heritage to light by verifying and studying it. This research focuses on examining the methodology of this book, defining its features, and providing examples. We titled it "Explanation of the Tasrif al-Badi' by al-Mazhari al-Zaydani: A Descriptive Methodological Study." In this study, we relied on the descriptive method, which seeks to highlight the features of this method and provide examples to gain a general understanding of the features of this commentary. We introduced this method with a brief study of the author of this commentary. May God Almighty grant us help and success The study provided a comprehensive overview of the author, highlighting his scholarly standing and his contributions to numerous books on Islamic jurisprudence. Regarding morphology, the study drew attention to the morphological insights that Mazhari included in his commentary on *Tasrif al-Badi'*. Mazhari explained the unfamiliar terms used by the author in his book. The study also emphasized the importance of clearly defining words in all their categories, such as specifying the grammatical case, indicating the metrical pattern, or providing examples. This helps the reader to read and pronounce correctly. The study further confirmed that Mazhari's approach involved emphasizing the fundamental principles of Arabic linguistics before addressing non-Arabic elements.
al-Mazhari, morphology, method, description
Disorganization and its relationship to social identity
Erikson believes that Disorganization is not just a behavioral defect,May be the product of an identity crisis that needs solutions because it feeds on the conflict of cultural and social values. Therefore, providing a supportive environment for a cohesive identity that allows the girl to express herself without rejection or contradiction leads to reducing anarchy among female students, the mothers of the future and the makers of generations. Therefore, this study aimed to: - Determine the level of disruptive behavior among female students. - Determine the social identity of female students. - Determine the correlation between disruptive behavior and social identity among female students. The study reached the following conclusions: - The behavior of the sample group is characterized by disorganization. - The sample group has a negative self-image regarding their social identity. - There is a positive correlation between disorganization and negative social identity. Based on these findings, the study offers several recommendations and suggestions.
Disorganization, Identity, Social, Female Students, Adolescents
The Impact of The Communist threat on the American Orientation towards Venezuelan until 1961, Documentary Study
Venezuela was the richest country in Latin America and a major supplier of oil to the world, making it a focal point for major powers during the Cold War. This was especially true after the United States underwent fundamental changes in the first half of the 20th century, directly linked to the communist threat to the world and the emergence of intense rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States, leading to a bipolar world order. Consequently, the United States considered Venezuela strategically important in its global calculations and a vital area for its national security. This was clearly reflected in its approach and became an integral part of the Soviet-American conflict, particularly as communism began to focus its attention on Latin America, posing a threat to the American economy in Venezuela. The United States' fears of communist expansion intensified, leading it to adopt a policy of supporting friendly regimes or indirectly intervening in their internal affairs by strengthening political and economic ties and supporting governments, especially Venezuela, which was transitioning to democracy.
America, Venezuela, Communist threat, cold war.
The impact of revelation and miracles on the sciences of the Qur’an and interpretation until the fourth century AH
The sciences of the Qur’an and its interpretation witnessed a remarkable development during the first three Hijri centuries, as revelation had a profound impact on shaping the nature of these sciences. This was evident through: The discovery of the miracle: which contributed to strengthening the status of the Qur’an in the Islamic community, and made it a rich reference for linguistic and rhetorical studies. Early interpretation: where the Prophet and his family, peace be upon them, contributed to clarifying the meanings of the verses, which resulted in laying precise foundations for interpreting the Holy Qur’an. Breadth of content: scholars’ eagerness to interpret the verses according to the historical and psychological context, which added a new depth to understanding. In sum, these effects formed the cornerstone on which all Qur’anic studies were built in the following centuries.
Evaluating the epistemic curiosity behaviors of students at the University of Mosul
The study aimed to build a scale to measure the level of cognitive curiosity among students of the University of Mosul, and to identify the level of cognitive curiosity among students of the University of Mosul. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach by using the survey and correlation methods. The researchers identified the research community as students of the University of Mosul during the academic year (2024-2025), which amounted to (43,072) male and female students. These students are distributed among (24) colleges, as this community includes students of humanities colleges, and students of the science college. These students belong to four academic stages for each college, as the first grade included (11,720) male and female students, while the second grade included (11,988) male and female students, while the third grade included (8,967) male and female students, and the fourth grade included (8,301) male and female students. The researchers chose (1,420) male and female students to form the main research sample, which was divided into sub-samples, which is the exploratory sample with a number of (40) male and female students, the statistical analysis sample numbered (420) male and female students, the stability sample numbered (100) male and female students, and the final application sample numbered (860) male and female students. To collect data, the researchers constructed a scale of cognitive curiosity among University of Mosul students, which was applied after ensuring that the necessary scientific conditions were met. Following the completion of the final application process, the data were collected and statistically processed using a set of statistical methods. Based on the results obtained, the researcher reached several conclusions, including: - The cognitive curiosity scale is effective in measuring the level of cognitive curiosity among University of Mosul students. - University of Mosul students possess a good level of cognitive curiosity.
cognitive curiosity, University of Mosul students.
Belgium during the Years of the Global Economic Crisis (1929 – 1933)
The global economic crisis (1929 – 1933) exposed the vulnerability of the Belgian economy to external shocks, as the collapse of global demand led to a sharp contraction in national production and a rise in unemployment to historic levels exceeding 20% by 1932, highlighting the limited capacity of traditional policies to protect both the economy and society. In the early stages, the government relied on strict austerity measures and adherence to the gold standard for the franc, aiming to maintain currency stability and financial confidence; however, these measures, from a legal and economic perspective, exacerbated the contraction and increased pressure on wages, prices, and domestic demand. As the crisis deepened and social protests escalated, the need for legal and political flexibility became apparent. Abandoning the gold standard and devaluing the franc constituted a decisive step to stimulate exports and restore economic activity, while the Plan de Man of 1933 embodied the state’s interventionist vision in regulating credit and strategic sectors, seeking to balance market freedom with the protection of the most vulnerable groups, reflecting the profound interconnection between law, economics, and public policy in responding to major shocks.
Belgium, Economy, Crisis, Collapse, Recession.
The obstacles of Arabes tribes nigration to the Iraq provinces between the 4th century A.H/ 10th A.D and the end of the Abassid age
This study provides an analytical examination of the political and cultural obstacles that prevented the tribes adjacent to the Iraqi province from establishing stable political entities or imposing full control over the region from the 4th century A.H. until the end of the Abbasid era. Despite favorable historical opportunities during periods of central weakness and regional power struggles between the Buyids and Seljuks, the research argues that a lack of political consciousness among these tribes (such as the Banu Mazyad, Khafaja, and Uqaylids) was the primary impediment. This lack of strategic vision rendered them tools for the central authorities in Baghdad to exploit against one another. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of the Abbasid moral hegemony and the promotion of the "sanctity of the Caliphate" in undermining the political ambitions of these tribes. Additionally, the cultural and social disparities between the migratory nomadic lifestyle and the settled Iraqi urban population hindered social integration. The study concludes that these factors, combined with the superior organization of eastern powers, resulted in the failure of the tribes to fill the political vacuum in Iraq, ultimately leaving the stage open for foreign dominance leading up to the Mongol invasion and the fall of Baghdad in 656 A.H.
Tribes, Arabian Peninsula, Lack of political consciousness, Banu Mazyad, Banu Uqayl.
الحصانة، الموظف العام، الفساد، القانون العراقي، القانون المصري، القانون الإيراني.
This research offers a comparative analytical study of the consequences of public employee immunity in the face of anti-corruption efforts under Iraqi, Egyptian, and Iranian law. It aims to reveal the extent to which legal immunity impacts the effectiveness of integrity and accountability systems in these countries' administrative systems. The importance of the research lies in highlighting the critical balance between protecting employees in the performance of their duties and preventing immunity from becoming a means of impunity, especially in light of the escalating corruption cases in public institutions. The research adopts a comparative, descriptive, and analytical approach by examining national legal texts and analyzing relevant judicial applications, comparing similarities and differences in the legal regulation of immunity. The research reaches a number of conclusions, most notably that immunity in its current form may contribute to obstructing the accountability of corrupt individuals, delaying investigations, and perpetuating a culture of inequality before the law. Furthermore, the weakness of immunity-lifting mechanisms gives immunized employees the opportunity to influence the course of justice. Accordingly, the study recommended the need to review legislation related to immunity by codifying it and clearly defining its scope, activating mechanisms for lifting it within specific timeframes, enhancing the independence of oversight bodies, and emphasizing the need to spread legal awareness of the risks of excessive immunity, thus achieving a balance between protecting public office and ensuring accountability for those who misuse it.
Immunity, public employee, corruption, Iraqi law, Egyptian law, Iranian law.
Population Growth and its Impact on Urban Expansion in Al-Khalis City from 2014 to 2024
This research examines population growth and its impact on the urban development of Al-Khalis city. To achieve its objectives, the research studied population growth, population density, and urban development, as well as the city's morphological stages. The research employed descriptive, analytical, and historical methodologies, utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques to highlight areas of urban expansion. Field studies were also conducted to understand the nature and future of urban growth. The research aimed to identify urban changes that occurred during the study period and pinpoint the locations of these changes compared to previous years. This was achieved through satellite imagery and calculations of built-up and vacant land areas. The research's significance stems from the importance of Al-Khalis city as the administrative center of Al-Khalis district. It holds economic, social, and service-related importance due to the services it provides to the city's residents and those of the district. Improved security has led to a population increase, resulting in both population growth and urban expansion. While this expansion is necessary, it also has potential drawbacks that may manifest in the near future, necessitating further study to determine the extent and nature of this expansion. The research concluded that the population of Al-Khalis city has increased. (59992) people in 2014 to (71075) in 2024 and to (75789) people in 2025. It also reached an increase in the area of ​​urban growth, as the percentage of built area increased from (2.75%) in 2014 to (3.78%) in 2024, with an area of ​​(0.675686) hectares in 2014 to (0.928352) hectares in 2024, an increase of (0.252666) hectares, while the percentage of vacant area decreased from (85.90%) in 2014 to (82.56) in 2024, with an area of ​​(0.81805) hectares, while the percentage of cultivated area increased from (11.35%) in 2014 to (13.66%) in 2024, with an increase of (2.31%).
The grammatical structure of the conditional sentence in the poetry of Muhammad Salih Bahr al-Ulum
This research is an analytical study of the grammatical structure of the conditional sentence in the collection of poems of the Iraqi poet Muhammad Salih Bahr al-Ulum. It highlights the role of the conditional sentence as a linguistic device that links cause and effect in poetic texts. The research examines in detail the affirmative conditional tools such as "if, who, what, no matter, where, when, how, which" and the non-affirmative conditional tools such as "if, if, if not, when, when, whenever, and as for", explaining their grammatical characteristics and the temporal and contextual connotations they confer on the poem. It also reveals the poet's extensive use of this device to express various psychological states such as challenge, pain, and wishful thinking, while adhering to grammatical rules in most cases and departing from them at times with justified poetic ingenuity, such as omitting the connecting "fa" or using uncommon structures. The research concludes that the conditional sentence forms a fundamental structure in shaping meaning and enriching connotation in his poetry, making it an effective tool for expressing poetic vision and emotional stances.
Syntax - Grammar - Conditional clauses, poetic devices, analysis - Semantics
Spatial analysis of the interaction of some major cities in Maysan Governorate using spatial interaction metrics and models
The study aimed to determine the extent of interaction between the first city in Maysan Governorate, which is Amarah, as the administrative center of the governorate, and the cities of Qalat Saleh and Ali al-Gharbi, which are affiliated with it within its functional region, and to determine the extent ofThis interaction involved applying several theories and spatial interaction models, including spatial interaction theory, segment theory, and the relative proximity model, to measure the degree of interaction and relationships between the cities under study.Based on the population size in 2025 for each of the cities of Amarah, Qalat Saleh, and Ali al-Gharbi, and the distance between them, three main cities were chosen: Amarah, which is located in the middle of the governorate and is the administrative center of the governorate; Ali al-Gharbi, a city in the north; and Qalat Saleh, a city in the south. The results, based on spatial interaction theory, showed that the highest value of spatial interaction was between the cities of Amarah and Qalat Saleh, reaching (20184.42), while the lowest value of the interaction score was between the cities of Amarah and Ali al-Gharbi.With a rate of (81.75), the theory of cutting clarified the variation and disparity of distances between the first city and the other cities at the governorate level. The relative proximity model clarified the duration of the attraction of the residents of Amarah city to the city itself, and the great interaction between Amarah city and Thal’at Saleh, while the opposite appears with Ali Al-Gharbi city due to its relative distance.
Spatial interaction theory, Rayleigh's cut-off theory, relative proximity model.
The Comparative Methodology of the Orientalist Henry George Farmer in Writing the History of Islamic and Western Music
Henry George Farmer, after )60( years of research and collecting manuscripts and books from European and Eastern libraries, gathered more than 1,600 books on music. He identified the contributions of Muslim scholars and Western scholars in the field of music. Through the method he employed in writing the history of music, he compared the texts and musical instruments of Muslim scholars with those of famous musicians of the Middle Ages. He demonstrated the influence of that knowledge on the theoretical foundations of European music. He also refuted the claims of most earlier Orientalists and, with verified scientific evidence, established the position of Muslim scholars in the science of music. Furthermore, he discovered two theories of Islamic music within the history of sciences. Thanks to his comparative methodology, Farmer traced the origins of music theory back to Islamic civilization, a theory not found in earlier civilizations. He considered Ishaq al-Mawsili the originator of this theory, which persisted until the 13th century CE. The most prominent example was Safi al-Din's theory of "Nuzum" (arrangement), which influenced Western music. Despite numerous criticisms, this theory remains valid. Spanish music theory, a source for Western music, arose under the influence of Islamic music theory. Muslim scholars in Spain played a crucial role in transmitting this theory to Spain. As a result of his comparative methodology, Farmer corrected many historical inaccuracies regarding the invention of musical instruments. He traced the origins of over 90 musical instruments to Eastern peoples, documenting the history of each instrument and identifying their influence on European musicology.
Music theory, systematic theoretical organization, musical instruments, melody, vocal harmony.
الحذف، التقديم والتأخير، مقصورة ابن دريد، الكماري.
Ellipsis and fronting are among the most prominent stylistic features in Arabic, given their significant role in achieving eloquence, conciseness, and highlighting the intended meaning. These two techniques are clearly evident in the commentary on Ibn Duraid's Maqsura by the linguist Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Kumari, a scholar of the sixth century AH, who analyzed the verses of the Maqsura linguistically, rhetorically, and grammatically. This research aims to demonstrate how al-Kumari employed ellipsis and fronting in his commentary and their impact on clarifying meanings and highlighting the rhetorical aspects of the text. Al-Kumari relied on an analysis of linguistic structures, clarifying instances where certain elements of the sentence were omitted based on verbal or contextual clues. This reflects the Arabic language's capacity for conciseness without compromising meaning. He also explained that ellipsis can occur in the subject, predicate, or object, and the omitted element is understood from the context. As for the phenomenon of fronting and backshifting, al-Kumari explained that it is used to achieve multiple rhetorical purposes, such as emphasizing the first element, specifying it, or maintaining the poetic meter. Often, what should be delayed is brought forward to highlight its importance in the context, or to create musical harmony with the poem's meter and rhyme. Al-Kumari cited several verses from Ibn Duraid's Maqsura to illustrate this phenomenon, demonstrating how changing the order of the elements in a sentence contributes to shaping the meaning and enriching the connotation. The research concluded that al-Kumari's commentary on Ibn Duraid's Maqsura is an important model in linguistic and rhetorical studies, as it reveals his profound understanding of Arabic stylistic devices and his ability to analyze poetic texts meticulously. It also highlights the role of ellipsis, fronting, and backshifting in achieving stylistic beauty and rhetorical conciseness in Arabic poetry. It offers a deeper understanding of the structure of the Arabic text and its expressive methods, and demonstrates the richness and flexibility of the Arabic language in expressing diverse meanings.
deletion, presentation and delay, Ibn Dureid's cabin, Al Kamari.
Al-Majrur bi-Min Al-Za'idah in the Contexts of Negation and Interrogation in the Holy Quran: A Linguistic Study
The Holy Qur'an, with its unique linguistic fabric and miraculous eloquence, constitutes a fertile ground for linguistic studies that seek to unravel the secrets of its expression. In this context, this research sheds light on a precise grammatical phenomenon: the use of the supernumerary (extra) from/of in a genitive function in negative and interrogative contexts—a phenomenon that has long piqued the interest of both grammarians and rhetoricians. The ultimate goal of this study is not merely a grammatical observation but a deep dive into the semantic and rhetorical dimensions that this small particle adds to the Qur'anic text, which contribute to deepening the meaning and strengthening the impact. The Qur'an, Allah's miraculous book, includes nothing except for a profound reason, and every letter in it performs an essential function that enriches the semantics and elevates the level of linguistic inimitability. This study presents a comprehensive linguistic analysis that is not limited to the syntactic aspect alone but extends beyond it to trace the morphological, semantic, and rhetorical effects of the supernumerary from/of. This is done through a precise methodology based on the inductive study of Qur'anic verses containing this phenomenon, followed by their analysis and interpretation in light of the statements of scholars and exegetes. The focus is on uncovering the connotative functions that the supernumerary from/of performs in different grammatical and rhetorical contexts, and how it increases the power of the Qur'anic discourse. The research journey begins with a comprehensive introduction that clarifies the utmost importance of this topic in Qur'anic and linguistic studies. It also clearly defines the research problem, highlighting the key questions that the research seeks to answer. This introduction also outlines the study's objectives and the methodology adopted, which combines description, analysis, and induction. This is followed by a preliminary chapter that paves the way for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. This chapter reviews the concept of the supernumerary from/of in Arabic in general, detailing the conditions for its use as seen by both ancient and contemporary grammarians. It also provides a brief overview of the main disagreements and opinions about its grammatical and semantic functions, providing both the researcher and the reader with a solid knowledge base from which to embark on the specialized Qur'anic analysis. Following this prelude, the research moves to the core of the subject through two main sections. The first section focuses on the supernumerary from/of in the context of negation in the Holy Qur'an. Here, the research presents ample Qur'anic examples of verses in which this phenomenon appears and provides a precise analysis of how the supernumerary from/of affects the strength and emphasis of the negation. It reveals rhetorical dimensions that increase the eloquence of the Qur'anic style and its ability to influence the recipient. This section also highlights the subtle differences in meaning that the supernumerary from/of creates in various negative contexts, and how it contributes to negating universality or negating even the slightest amount, which enhances the precision of Qur'anic expression. The research then moves, in the second section, to study the supernumerary from/of in the context of interrogation in the Holy Qur'an. This chapter is dedicated to analyzing verses that include this phenomenon in diverse interrogative contexts. It clarifies how the supernumerary from/of contributes to determining the nature and connotation of the interrogation, whether it is one of disapproval, confirmation, wonder, or other meanings intended by the Qur'anic text. It also sheds light on the rhetorical and artistic effect of this addition in strengthening the interrogation, deepening its meaning, and adding layers of semantics that cannot be achieved without it.
The genitive case, the extra preposition, conditions of the extra preposition, negation, interrogation.
The impact of meaning in the context according to Jalal al-Din al-Tabrizi (d.: 838 AH) in his commentary on the adequacy of Ibn al-Hajib (d.: 646 AH(
This research dealt with the hadith on the impact of meaning in the context of the grammatical sentence in (Sharh Kafi Ibn al-Hajib), for (Jalal al-Din Tabrizi: T: 838 AH) because of this grammatical phenomenon in this explanation of great importance to what I found in it, which Tabrizi often relies on this meaning to prove his views and direct grammatical issues correctly, It should be noted that many took care of the appearance of the text and moved away from what is in its hollow, which led to neglecting the meaning and not giving it great importance, and did not call special books in the meaning before, such as the one developed by Dr. Fadel Al-Samarrai in his book (Meanings of Grammar), which is one of the valuable books that showed the grammatical meaning in the Arabic sentence and deciphered its puzzles, and this does not mean that the ancient and modern grammarians overlooked that and did not address it or did notBe interested in the meaning, but was present in their books, but lacks to appear only, including what I found in the explanation of sufficient Ibn al-Hajib to Jalal al-Din Muhammad bin Yusuf al-Halwai al-Sara'i Tabrizi (d.: 838 e), which is one of the explanations that have recently achieved that contained a variety of grammatical topics, including: (grammatical meaning), and divided this research into an introduction, three demands and a conclusion in which the most important findings were mentioned, and followed the descriptive analytical approach, by presenting issues The grammar discussed by Tabrizi in his explanation, indicating the sayings of the early grammarians, the explanations of the sufficient others, and modern scholars, if any, concluding the issue with the position of Tabrizi and his opinion on it, and from God success.
Sharh، Ibn al-Hajib، Tabrizi، meaning، context.
Manuscript of the keys of the unseen by Ismail Al-Anqrawi from verse (1 to 2) of Surat Yusuf Study and investigation
This study presents a critical edition and analytical investigation of the manuscript “Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb” by Ismail ibn Muhammad al-Anqrawi, focusing on the interpretation of verses (1–2) of Surat Yusuf. The research highlights the scholarly significance of this work within the field of Qur’anic exegesis and aims to introduce the author’s personal and intellectual background. Al-Anqrawi is identified as an Ottoman scholar affiliated with the Hanafi school of jurisprudence and the Ash‘ari theological tradition, with a clear inclination toward Sufi thought reflected in his writings. The study also examines his teachers, students, and major works, demonstrating his scholarly status among his contemporaries. The manuscript is edited according to established academic methods, including the comparison of available copies, textual verification, and proper documentation, alongside referencing Qur’anic verses and Hadiths and clarifying obscure terms. The edited text reveals al-Anqrawi’s interpretive methodology, which combines transmitted knowledge (riwāyah) and rational analysis (dirāyah), with particular emphasis on moral and spiritual guidance. It also addresses his treatment of the disjointed letters at the beginnings of surahs, presenting various scholarly perspectives—ranging from viewing them as part of the unseen known only to God, to interpretations that align with linguistic and rational principles. The importance of this study lies in reviving and presenting a valuable manuscript, enriching Qur’anic studies and shedding light on the intellectual contributions of past scholars in interpreting the Holy Qur’an.
Keys, Anqarawi, Ismail, Aydini, doctrine, belief.
Simile as an Interpretive Mechanism A Study of the Commentaries on al-Mutanabbī’s Poetry until the End of the 5th Century AH
Al-Mutanabbī’s poetry represents a unique phenomenon in the Arab poetic and critical tradition. His works have inspired numerous commentaries, rebuttals, and critical treatises—some supportive, others oppositional. Due to his status as one of the most distinguished poets of his era and Arab literary history as a whole, his poetry became central to many rhetorical and linguistic studies. His verses are frequently cited in works on Arabic eloquence, reflecting the deep rhetorical and structural richness of his texts. Hence, he is aptly described as “the one who filled the world and preoccupied the people.”Rather than addressing his poetry directly, this research focuses on the body of commentaries written on his work from its emergence up to the end of the 5th century AH. These commentaries form a range of interpretive readings that vary due to the layered structure of the poetic text. Meaning often does not lie at the surface level but requires deeper analysis and interpretation.Simile emerges as a central interpretive mechanism in these commentaries. It was not merely used to highlight aesthetic aspects of the text but served as a tool to uncover meanings embedded beneath rhetorical constructs. Commentators employed simile to reshape, redirect, and reconstruct poetic meaning, giving it an essential role in literary analysis.This study aims to reveal how simile enabled commentators to go beyond the surface of poetic expression and access its deeper semantic layers. The research traces instances where simile was used as a means of interpretation, showing how varying literary standards among commentators led to different readings. Simile, as such, stands out as a dynamic tool that bridges rhetorical artistry and critical understanding in classical Arabic poetry.
Simile / Mechanism / Interpretation / al-Mutanabbī / Commentary / 5th Century AH.
Contributions of the Al-Ru'ayni family to the intellectual life of Andalusia
In this research, we have discussed the Al-Ra'ini family in scientific life in Andalusia. The Al-Ra'ini family was one of the prominent Arab families that settled in Andalusia during the period of Islamic rule. The presence of the Al-Ra'ini family was not limited to Seville only, but extended to other regions in Andalusia, which indicates the spread of its influence and impact in the region. Many scholars, poets and judges emerged from it, belonging to the Ra'ini tribe, which is a Qahtaini tribe of Yemeni origin. Their scientific activity was not limited to one field, but rather included various fields. This family held many and varied positions, including religious and scientific, where it had a great impact. This family contributed to enriching scientific life in Andalusia through: writing and classification: where they left books in various sciences and arts, teaching and reading: where they taught sciences and disseminated them among people, poetry and literature: where they excelled in poetry and literature and left immortal traces. The book "Program of the Sheikhs of Ibn Al-Fakhar Al-Ra'ini" is an important reference in the history of Andalusian literature, as it contains hundreds of biographies of scientific figures from that period and the judiciary: Some of its members held the position of judge. In general, it can be said that the Al-Ra'ini family was one of the prominent scientific families in Andalusia, which contributed to the prosperity of the scientific and cultural movement in that period. In conclusion, the Al-Ra'ini family is considered a model for the Andalusian families that contributed to building the Islamic civilization in Andalusia, and left a rich cultural and scientific legacy that is still respected today.
Al-Ra'ini, Andalusia, Scientific, Religious, Literary
The Theory of Obligation in Jurisprudence and Law
Commitment (obligation) is defined as a duty or a binding requirement. However, not every duty qualifies as a legal obligation; rather, the duty that rises to the level of an obligation is the legal duty—that is, one that can be enforced through a lawsuit before the القضاء (courts). It goes beyond the realm of morality. Although legal duty and moral duty coincide in several respects, they differ in others. The importance of this theory lies in the breadth of its application, as it encompasses all aspects of financial life. It regulates contractual relationships between individuals (Article 166 of the Civil Code), whether these contracts are civil—such as gifts, wills, and various everyday transactions like purchasing food or household appliances—or commercial. Moreover, the theory of obligation is not limited to legal acts alone; it also includes all acts that may affect a person’s financial liability, whether intentional or unintentional. For example, if a child breaks a laptop, the owner has the right to seek compensation from the child’s father, in accordance with Article 134 of the Civil Code. Thus, the source of obligation lies in a person’s voluntary actions through which they impose a right upon themselves—whether this right is owed to another person, such as obligations arising from contracts, undertakings, oaths, and stipulated conditions, or owed to God, such as vows to perform prayer, fasting, retreat (iʿtikāf), or charity. This study focuses on the theory of obligation in both Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and law, examining the transactions associated with this theory from various perspectives—such as delivering the sold item to the buyer and the price to the seller, returning a deposited item to its owner upon request, and returning a leased property to the lessor upon the expiration of the lease term, among many other examples. It also clarifies related terms connected to the theory of obligation, explains their legal rulings in Islamic law, and identifies the corresponding legal provisions for each issue. Furthermore, Islamic law has established rules that are consistent with and suitable for both individuals and society, enabling them to function harmoniously in regulating personal and social affairs.
Commitment, reflection, knowledge, life, contracts, sale, theory, jurisprudence.
Artificial Intelligence and Its Role in Combating Fake News on Satellite Channels: An Applied Study on Al-Iraqiya News and UTV Channels
through satellite channels, with a case study of Al-Iraqiya News and Utv. The study emerges within the context of the growing global concern over the dangers of fake news and its threats to media credibility and societal stability, particularly in Arab media environments that face additional challenges amid rapid digital transformation. The study employed the media survey method, collecting data from a sample of fifty (50) experts and specialists in AI working within news institutions. In addition, the research analyzed the mechanisms of employing AI in the stages of news production, editing, and dissemination, with particular emphasis on how to address misleading content and assess the reliability of news generated through AI technologies. The findings revealed that Iraqi media institutions have begun to recognize the importance of integrating AI applications into their daily work, whether in monitoring news sources or analyzing large datasets related to events. However, the use of these applications to counter fake news remains limited and unstructured, as institutions lack advanced tools that enable automated verification of news authenticity. Results also indicated that AI-generated news often suffers from reduced levels of credibility and accuracy, which highlights the need for strengthening human oversight and developing more efficient technologies. The study further identified several challenges, most notably the misuse of digital technologies by both journalists and audiences, the weakness of technical literacy in developing countries, and the shortage of specialized professionals in this field. The study concludes with a call for greater investment in building advanced professional and technical capacities, as well as adopting innovative media strategies to confront disinformation, thereby enhancing the credibility of Arab satellite media.
Fake News, Artificial Intelligence, Al-Iraqiya News Channel, Diffusion of Innovations Theory, Media Spin Theory.
Urban Modernization and its Relationship to some Social Changes A practical study in modern residential areas in the centre of Erbil city
This study intends to identify the role of urban modernization represented by vertical housing (apartments) and villas on the nature of social relations in terms of cooperation and a sense of pleasure and safety among the residents of those modern neighbourhoods. Fifty families from four neighbourhoods participated and were asked to fill out questionnaires for this purpose. The results showed that 86% of the respondents reported that the social relationship between the population ranges from reasonable to good while a significant number of participants mentioned that regular visits occur among them as well. The current research examines the role of urban modernization (high-rise housing) in shaping the relationships among residents of these modern neighborhoods within the city of Erbil. This is particularly relevant given the new experience families are having of living in these high-rise buildings. The construction of these types of housing (apartments and villas) has flourished as a form of urban modernization in the region's cities since 2003, driven by the provision of security and public services, as well as the resulting high demand for these residences. These housing developments necessitate a different set of relationships and a different approach to navigating the complexities of life within these modern neighborhoods. Therefore, it is essential to examine the nature of these social relationships from multiple perspectives using a scientific methodology, which is the objective of this study.
Social changes, vertical housing, urban modernization.
(A Study of the Tax System in the Ur Ш Period(2004-2112 B.C))
The study examines the tax system of the Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2004 BCE), considered one of the most advanced and complex systems of the ancient Near East. It highlights the high level of administrative and economic organization within the kingdom. The system was based on two main types of taxation,The first was the bala system, a state-imposed tax that operated through a monthly rotational scheme among the provinces. Each province was required to supply resources such as grain, livestock, and agricultural products, with the amount varying according to the province. These resources were collected in a central treasury and redistributed to cities and provinces according to need,The second was the gún-mada tax, a regional levy paid in kind exclusively in livestock and delivered to the livestock enclosures at Puzriš-Dagān. It was imposed on distant regions and military settlements that were not directly under Ur’s authority. This system began in the forty-third year of King Šulgi’s reign and continued until the second year of King Ibbi-Sin. Tax revenues were distributed to military officials and soldiers according to a strict hierarchical structure, with fixed amounts assigned to each rank ,Overall, the tax system reflects a highly centralized administrative and financial structure. Taxes were not limited to monetary payments but included agricultural produce, livestock, craft goods, and labor services, collected for the palace or temple. Taxation functioned not only as a means of financing institutions but also as a tool for resource management, economic planning, and political control over subject territories through the imposition of tribute.
tax system ,Ur Ш ,Bala ,gun-ma-da ,Provinces.
“Manifestations of Love in Andalusian Poetry: A Study of Ibn Zaydun”
This study explores a central theme in the poetry of Ibn Zaydun: the profound impact of his personal emotional experience on his poetic output. His unstable and intense love affair with Wallada bint al-Mustakfi left a noticeable imprint on the themes and moods of his poetry, reflecting the shifting phases of their relationship. The research examines the emotional journey that shaped this poetic voice, identifying the key stages of the experience and analyzing the reasons behind its fluctuations. Each stage—whether marked by joy, anxiety, or sorrow—gave rise to distinct poetic expressions, making his poetry a mirror of his emotional life. The study positions Ibn Zaydun’s love experience as a foundational element in the evolution of his poetry. It delves into the interaction between the poet’s internal world and the external context, highlighting how his environment and personal circumstances influenced the tone and content of his work. The research also emphasizes how the poet’s deep emotional involvement did not reduce the artistic quality of his work. On the contrary, it enriched his poetry with a wide emotional spectrum and thematic diversity. His love poems, in particular, stand out as vivid records of his personal experience, infused with artistic finesse rather than mere sentimentality. The poet’s journey is traced through three main stages: union, separation, and remembrance. Each stage inspired different poetic tones—romantic longing during union, complaint and reproach during separation, and nostalgia in the final stage, often expressed through yearning, regret, and sorrow. Ultimately, the study concludes that love was a dominant force in Ibn Zaydun’s poetry, shaping not only its themes but also its artistic excellence.
Ibn Zaydun, Wallada, personal experience, love, al-Andalus.
The effect of intonation and its impact on conveying meaning in the sura named after the prophets
Intonation is one of the terms of the modern linguistics lesson, and it refers to the changes in pitch that occur in the speaker’s voice during continuous speech, and it is a natural result of the oscillation of the vocal cords. Intonation is one of the characteristics of spoken language, as it is limited to audible structures and not read structures, and it is rare for any human language to be devoid of it. Intonation among the ancient Arabs was not subject to extensive research application based on specific rules. This means that their vast heritage was devoid of references to this phonetic phenomenon that affects meaning. But they are unanimously agreed that it is closely linked to artistic beauty, and that it is the common denominator between all the arts. Hence, intonation - as a verbal context - has been linked to the expression of psychological and grammatical meanings, making it one of the most important tools that have an impact on the soul of the reader, or the recipient, and his conscience. Intonation is a phonetic phenomenon found in most languages, and performs multiple semantic and expressive functions such as confirmation, affirmation, exclamation, questioning, negation, denial, sarcasm, and warning, in addition to expressing emotions such as joy, sadness, and anger. This occurs through the diversity of intonation levels to clarify meanings, support structures, direct pauses, reinforce functions, and maintain vocal rhythm. The Qur’anic surahs that bear the names of prophets contain most of the intonation styles except for exclamation, warning, and enticement. Previous Studies: 1. Ghanem Qaddouri Al-Hamad: The efforts of Tajweed scholars in studying sounds, characteristics, and phonetic phenomena, and their connection to linguistics and the Qur'an. 2. Ahmed Ragheb Ahmed: The rules of Tajweed from the perspective of modern phonetics, with theoretical and applied aspects of linguistic sound in the Qur'an. 3. Suad Buthaina: Stress and intonation in the Hafs and Warsh narrations, and their differences through an analysis of Qur'anic models. 4. Younes Zouari: Phonetic reasoning among Tajweed scholars until the 12th century AH, and a comparison with modern phonetic studies. 5. Sahl Layli: Intonation and its effect on changing meaning, expressing emotions, and speech functions. Our study of intonation is from a grammatical, linguistic, and philosophical perspective, with partial overlap with the third study.
intonation, meaning direction, chapters named after prophets, intonation methods, verse intonation.
الأندلس، المضمر، الهوية السياسية، ابن جبير.
This study aims to examine the contribution of Andalusian writings—specifically travel literature—in shaping a political identity for the Eastern Islamic world, through an analytical reading of Ibn Jubayr’s travelogue as a prominent example of such texts. The significance of this research lies in its illumination of the cultural and political interactions between two major poles of the Arab and Islamic world: al-Andalus and the Mashriq. These interactions reveal the role of Andalusian travelers in documenting pivotal transformations within the Islamic world during the 6th century AH, particularly in the realms of politics and society, with a focus on the symbolic structure of discourse. The central research question revolves around how Ibn Jubayr perceived and portrayed the political identity of the East during his travels, the extent to which his Andalusian background influenced his vision of the political and social spheres, and how latent violence is manifested within his narrative. The study adopts a pragmatic-hermeneutic approach that explores the implicit dimensions of the text to uncover indirect meanings and actions in the travel discourse. It also analyzes symbolic violence through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts, aiming to reveal representations of submission and domination. The research draws on contextual analysis to link discourse with Eastern transformations and employs literary comparison to identify both the specific and the universal in the studied narrative. The findings indicate that Ibn Jubayr’s journey expressed a sharp political awareness of the Eastern situation, particularly amid the conflicts among Islamic powers such as the Fatimids, Ayyubids, and Abbasids. The study uncovers a pragmatic subtext that conveys critical stances toward certain forms of governance, while also offering justificatory views grounded in religious contexts. Violence in the discourse is evident in the depiction of certain social groups or rituals, implicitly reflecting ideological positions. Ultimately, Ibn Jubayr articulated a distinctly Andalusian identity—yet one that remained open to the unity of the ummah, balancing between local affiliation and broader belonging.
Andalusia, implicit, political identity, Ibn Jubayr.
The Impact of Green Marketing Strategies on Consumer Attitudes Toward Environmentally Friendly Products A Survey Study of the Opinions of a Sample of Mall Managers in Mosul
The researcher aims through the current study to reveal the impact of green marketing strategies on consumer attitudes towards environmentally friendly products in a number of commercial centers in the city of Mosul. To achieve this, the researcher adopted the (descriptive analytical) approach in presenting theoretical frameworks, processing the study data, and then analyzing and interpreting them. This was after the study community was identified in a number of commercial centers in the city of Mosul, and a random sample was selected, the size of which was (60) managers. The researcher adopted a set of statistical tools and methods associated with analyzing the study sample’s response, which included (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficients of variation, correlation, response rate, and analysis of the effect relationship), through the use of statistical software (SPSS V.26). The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the presence of a direct and significant impact of green marketing strategies on consumer attitudes towards environmentally friendly products. Environmentally friendly, indicating that malls' adoption of these strategies in all their dimensions contributes to shaping positive consumer attitudes toward products that take environmental aspects into account. The study concludes with a set of proposals, the most important of which is the need to strengthen partnerships with suppliers and manufacturers who adhere to environmental standards in their production and packaging processes. This ensures the provision of high-quality, environmentally friendly products at reasonable prices, thus strengthening the credibility of malls in the local market.
Green Marketing-Consumer Trends-Cognitive component-Emotional component-Behavioral component-Environmentally Friendly Products.
Multilingual Voices: How Code-Switching Shapes Power and Identity in the Novel
This study explores code-switching as a dynamic literary device in English novels, highlighting its role in revealing cultural identity, social relations, and character complexity. By alternating between languages or dialects, authors authentically represent multilingual societies and illuminate issues of power, inclusion, exclusion, and cultural negotiation. Code-switching enhances the realism of dialogue while exposing the emotional and psychological dimensions of communication. It serves multiple narrative functions—expressing solidarity, concealing meaning, asserting resistance, or marking social boundaries—thereby illustrating the interplay between language, power, and identity. This paper argues that literary code-switching enriches storytelling by foregrounding linguistic diversity as a reflection of lived multicultural experience. The study emphasizes how code-switching deepens readers’ engagement and understanding of the cultural and psychological nuances embedded in multilingual narratives.
Multilingual Voices; Code-Switching; Identity Construction in the Novel; Narrative Power Formation; Multilingualism in Literary Discourse.
The family Is the nucleus of society, and upon It rests its well-being. Therefore, attention to the topic of divorce must always receive the utmost attention from specialists, whether at the religious or legal level. Divorce is the breaking of a tight bond within society. Therefore, we decided to examine an aspect of the divorce formula, as the formula Is one of the pillars of divorce upon which Its legal status depends. It Is of utmost Importance, because any defect may result in the continuation of the marital relationship despite its members thinking that they have been divorced, and thus the possibility of starting anotherr marriage project for the woman or the man; and this Inevitably, if we look at It closely, constitutes a disaster on the family level; becausee the woman goes to marry anotherr person after completing her waiting period, thinking that she has separated from her first husband, but the matter may not be so; The first divorce, for a reason that some people may not pay attention to, may result in the woman remaining under the responsibility of her first husband, as a result of the fIrst divorce not having taken place. This is because the wording uttered by the divorcer did not meet the legal aspect. In contrast, In the Iraqi and comparative legal systems, we find some who pay attention to the wording of the divorce, while others leave it to the legal aspect.
divorce, melody, the language,legal formula, distortion