Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Publication ethics and research misconduct 1- The research should be in conformity with the UN human rights laws. 2 - The research must be unpublished and not acceptable for publication anywhere else and is not subject to evaluation elsewhere. Scientific honesty in quoting from previous sources and research and attributing it to its original owners. The research provided shall be commensurate with the needs of society in the field of human knowledge. 5 - not to prejudice the scientific or literary figures with an insulting and offensive criticism that there is a constructive criticism based on accurate scientific foundations and constants. 6 - not to be exposed in the search for offensive ideas stemming from personal, religious, ethnic, sectarian or political motives. Confronting new views and ideas may be contrary to the ideas of the persons interviewed in a professional and scientific manner, away from ridicule or abuse. 8 - The researcher must distance himself in writing his research of his personal relations and emotional tendencies and committed to work under the scientific profession. 9 - The researcher must be not response to external pressures in writing research to achieve personal interests or benefits of those parties. 10 - The researcher should be open out to the opinions of other colleagues and accept constructive criticism to improve the image of research and address the mistakes that may be contained in it. If a mistake is discovered in the research after publication, the researcher must cooperate with the editor of the journal to correct the error by the appropriate means (re-publication with correction, withdrawal of the search, apology) and as necessary. Any form of research misconduct as submitting a search that is being published or is being reviewed elsewhere, or already published elsewhere, with the same content or similar content or others' work rates without citing the source of the quotation, plagiarism, forgery or fabrication if discovered at any stage of the editing process, or during printing or even after publication will result in immediate rejection of the search, , And the fees will not be refunded. 13- The journal monitors ethics by the editor-in-chief, assistant editors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, authors, and readers.
Syntactic Cohesion in the Poetry of Boutros Al-Bustani
The world of literature is rich with famous figures throughout the ages, from ancient literature to modern literature, passing through the literature of the Renaissance—a period considered one of the richest in terms of these celebrities. These famous figures, through their works and literary output, represented a central pillar of literature in the era to which they belonged. They were notable points in literary history as well as in literary production. Perhaps one of the most prominent of these famous figures in the Renaissance was (Butrus al-Bustani), who was a writer, encyclopedist, educator, and historian. The study addresses syntactic links in the poetry of Boutros Al-Bustani; it focuses on presenting examples from his poetry to delve into the issue of syntactic coherence across different structures, whether nominal or verbal, in their various aspects (wording and meaning, unity of theme and purpose, rhythmic level). These aspects appear in different types of poetic structures and are interconnected, with none being separable or dispensable. This interconnectedness becomes clear in Al-Bustani's poetry across his diverse purposes, which the study will demonstrate through the presentation and in-depth analysis of examples, relying on the descriptive-analytical method to explore these examples according to the requirements of the study and its objectives.
cohesion, syntax, poetry, language, words
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Iraqi Audience Attitudes Toward the Use of User-Generated Videos and Images in Enhancing Persuasion in Breaking News on Satellite Channels
This study aims to identify the attitudes of the Iraqi audience toward the use of user-generated videos and images in enhancing persuasion in breaking news on satellite channels, by examining the level and nature of these attitudes, as well as measuring the role of this type of content in enhancing news credibility and the audience’s level of persuasion. The study also seeks to determine the relationship between audience characteristics and the extent of their influence by user-generated visual content in the context of breaking news. The study adopts a descriptive survey method. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to a convenience random sample of (150) respondents from the Iraqi audience who follow breaking news on satellite channels. The data were statistically analyzed to identify audience attitudes and their level of influence by this type of content, in addition to determining the effect of trust in visual content on enhancing persuasion. The findings revealed that the attitudes of the Iraqi audience toward the use of user-generated videos and images tend to be positive, and that this type of content contributes to enhancing persuasion in breaking news, particularly when there is a high level of trust in the source. The results also showed a statistically significant relationship between the intensity of exposure to breaking news and the level of influence by visual content, as well as indicating that perceived credibility plays a crucial role in increasing the audience’s level of persuasion with the news message.
Audience Attitudes – Iraqi Audience – User-Generated Content – Media Persuasion – Breaking News – Satellite Channels
Obligation of Good Faith in Insurance Contracts
The principle of good faith is considered one of the fundamental principles upon which insurance contracts are based, due to the special nature of such contracts that rely heavily on mutual trust between the insurer and the insured. This principle requires both parties to disclose all substantial and essential information related to the insured risk honestly and accurately, in order to ensure the validity of the contract and maintain contractual balance between the parties. The importance of good faith in insurance contracts lies in its role in protecting the interests of the parties and reducing cases of fraud, misrepresentation, and concealment of facts that may affect the insurer’s acceptance of the contract or the determination of the insurance premium. This research addresses the concept of good faith in insurance contracts and the legal basis upon which it is founded. It also explains the forms of commitment to good faith before concluding the contract, during its execution, and upon the occurrence of the insured risk. Furthermore, the study highlights the obligations of the insured regarding the disclosure of substantial information unfair terms that may undermine contractual balance The research also discusses the legal consequences resulting from the breach of the principle of good faith, including the nullification or termination of the insurance contract and the loss of the insured’s right to compensation. In addition, it examines the position of comparative n granted to this .
Good Faith, Insurance Contracts, Duty of Disclosure, Insurer, Insured, Insurance Compensation, Nullity, Insurance Fraud.
Criminal protection of national unity: A philosophical reading of the criminalization of acts that undermine social peace.
Acts that undermine social peace are among the most serious violations of the principle of freedom, a fundamental principle enshrined in constitutions and national legislation. This principle guarantees freedom of thought, belief, opinion, and expression. Defining the scope of criminal protection for national unity clarifies the validity of the theory of restricted freedom. This ranges from unrestricted freedom of speech, except in matters affecting public order, to freedom of opinion on all matters that contradict the ruler's views. Ultimately, it necessitates a balance between freedom and restriction. Since neither absolute freedom nor absolute restriction is possible, and given that the fundamental principle is freedom of opinion while restrictions apply to anything that violates morality, ethics, or public security, the legislator has prohibited individuals from engaging in activities that infringe upon the principles of morality, ethics, and public order. By observing these restrictions, individuals are prevented from committing acts of aggression, ensuring that no one is deprived of any rights. The framework for criminal protection of national unity is thus established, recognizing that aggression can never be a right nor a means to attain such a right. Our study will be divided into two sections. The first section will address the conceptual framework of national unity and the philosophy of criminal protection, divided into two subsections: the first subsection will examine the concept of national unity and social peace, while the second will explore the philosophy of criminal protection for social peace. The second section will focus on the limits of legislative authority in criminalizing acts that threaten social peace, also divided into two subsections: the first, entitled "Criminalizing Acts that Threaten Social Peace," and the second, "Proportionality and Guarantees Against Arbitrariness in Criminalization." The study will conclude with a summary of our findings and recommendations.
Criminal protection, national unity, philosophy, criminalization of acts, social peace
((The Status of the City and Civilization in the Islamic Era)) (An Analytical Theoretical Study)
Cities and civilization in the Islamic era is considered one of the pillars of the development of society and human progress, Islam is always with the progress and construction and the creation of a happy society According to human needs, the formation of each city had a number of reasons behind their creation, including political reasons, strategic location, geographical reasons, religious, economic and social reasons, etc It is a vivid and comprehensive picture of history. It tries to completely revive the past, as we describe how the intellectual and spiritual products of people in the past in the fields of (urbanization, science, literature, art, music, writing, politics and religion). Education , economics, culture, and human relations. At the beginning of the Islamic state, then Islamic civilization paid attention to the construction of mosques, schools, libraries, hospitals and streets and markets as an important structure of the city. Finally, cities and civilization in the Islamic era were the main basis for the formation of an advanced society. Their influences have remained in the history and civilization of the world. Civilization is not a new concept. Throughout history, ancient nations have worked on it. Civilization in general means material and intellectual activities of human beings that play a role in the development of cultural, social, political and economic aspects Step by step, cities were built and urban structures were divided into urban building units. This research is a reason to further reveal the meaning and concept of Islamic cities and civilization that has had a strong position in the past, and will introduce the original culture of these regions to the present and future generations. In addition to obtaining the necessary information about the concept of city and civilization, as well as the importance of the formation of archaeological and cultural cities, which has become the interest of researchers to conduct scientific research in this regard
Civilization, city, architecture, mosque
The impact of Turkish projects and dams in exacerbating the crisis of the receding waters of the Euphrates River and its on the repercussions on Iraq
The water issue has always been and remains a problem around which debates often intensify; indeed, water security is considered one of the most significant gaps in national security. All indicators confirm that in the coming years, water will be one of the main causes of conflict and dispute between riparian countries. The future carries signs of serious crises affecting Iraqi affairs, especially Iraq's concerns about Turkish water policies, which began to emerge in the mid-1970s when Turkey started implementing a series of dams on the Euphrates River and became capable of controlling the river's water flow at the expense of Iraqi water interests. Perhaps the most dangerous Turkish projects for Syrian and Iraqi interests is the multi-purpose GAP project, which includes essential projects for irrigation and electricity generation, as well as several projects in other sectors. This study elucidated the adverse effects of dams and irrigation projects constructed on the Euphrates River, specifically highlighting their contribution to the diminished water level of the river and the deterioration in the quality and quantity of water resources reaching Iraq. Crucially, these impacts have severely affected agricultural lands, particularly in central and southern Iraq, where the reduction in water inflow and the elevated concentrations of pollutants in irrigation water have collectively resulted in the loss of 40% of Iraq's arable land." The study was divided into three main topics: Topic 1: Water situation in Turkey and Iraq. Discussion 2: Turkey's water projects on the Euphrates River and their objectives. and the third discussion: the impact of the Euphrates water scarcity crisis on the water situation in Iraq.
Turkish water policy, water and food security, GAP project, environmental impacts, riparian states. Abstract
The Effect of the S.N.I.P.S strategy on the Academic Achievement in the subject of sociaI studies/Geography by Eighth_grade students and their attitude Towards the subject
The aim of this study is to determine”The Effect of the S.N.I.P.S strategy on the Academic Achivement in the subject of sociaI studies/Geography by Eighth_grade student and their attitude towards the subject” The researcher in his resrarch depended on the experience design of the equavaIent group ,wich incIoudes two groups ,the experimentaI group that studied their Iesson according to the S.N.I.P.S strategy , but the other group wich was controI group studied their subject in the traditionaI and simpIe way post tests for the the view changing and the post _testing for the study achievement . The research community consisted Of the eighth grade students at the Iower secondary schooIs Of KaIar Directorate Of Education for the Years (2024_2025) . There were (38) Iower Seconddary SchooIs . The researcher chose QaIIa Iower Secondary SchooIe as the exampIe Of the resrarch . Then the researcher Made abaIance among two groups (their back ground knowIedge on the subject , students Iast years in sosiaI subjects and age ) . The researcher started preparing the achievement test of the study wich consisted of (30) items of the muItipIe choice type , in severaI onse endducted according of four IeveIes of BIooms taxtonomy (Rememberance , understanding Comperehension , AppIication and AnaIysis ) and attited towards matter ,it consisted of (25)items,then the researcher used the (T.test) test to process the data of the research groups using the (spss) program for staticaI anaIaysis. At the end of the study ,the researcher presented the finding of the study with asset of recommendations foe stakehoIders and made some suggestion for future researcher .
ExperimentaIdesign،Academic Achivement،study،attiude ،S.N.I.P.S strategy
Environmental Analysis of Water Resources Situation and Usage Pressures in Kalar City (2006-2023)
This study provides an environmental analysis of the state of water resources and usage pressures in Kalar City during the period (2006–2023). With the expansion of the urban area and the growth of human activities, the demand for water has increased significantly, placing immense pressure on the city's limited surface and groundwater resources. The study highlights how inefficient water usage across agricultural, industrial, and residential sectors has disrupted the environmental balance, particularly during the summer season when demand peaks. The findings indicate that persistent pressures pose a real threat to the sustainability and quality of water resources. Therefore, the study proposes a strategic environmental plan to rationalize water usage, such as adopting new technologies for monitoring and metering, raising community awareness, and investing in water infrastructure through the construction of dams and the improvement of distribution networks to minimize wastage. Finally, the study emphasizes the need for new policies to regulate water consumption across various sectors to ensure water security and maintain ecological balance for future generations. Kalar is a city located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and has the largest jurisdictions in the region. Located in the southeastern part of the region. It is expected to increase the area of ​​Kalar to 20.30 square kilometers by 2024 (Hussein, 2025). The administrative unity of Kafri district from the west, Khanaqin district from the southeast, and Darbandkhan district from the northeast. Kalar is 145 kilometers from Sulaimaniyah, 170 kilometers from Baquba, 175 kilometers from Kirkuk, and 34 kilometers from the international border (Bruizkhan). Kalar is located between 34.36 and 34.39 degrees north and 45.17 and 45.22 degrees east.
Environmental Analysis, Water Resources, Usage Pressures, Water Security, Kalar.
The Problem of National Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Between the Principle of Non-Intervention and State Responsibility
The problem of national sovereignty in cyberspace stems from the erosion of traditional territoriality principles, as the borderless, intangible nature of digital data and activities undermines the foundation of state jurisdiction. This issue gains critical importance with the rise of cross‑border cyberattacks that exploit the legal vacuum created by the mismatch between classic international law rules (attribution, state responsibility, non‑intervention) and the unique features of the digital environment. This article examines the legal basis for extending territorial sovereignty to cyberspace and the obligations of states to protect their sovereignty from cyber threats, focusing on the principle of non‑intervention, the circumstances precluding wrongfulness such as consent (intervention by request of the affected state), and the right of self‑defence as an exception to the prohibition of the use of force. The research adopts a comparative analytical methodology, drawing on primary sources of public international law (UN Charter, ILC Draft Articles on State Responsibility 2001), interpretative international documents (UNGGE reports, Tallinn Manual 2.0), as well as comparative Arab national legislation and regional/international instruments. Key findings include: the absence of a comprehensive binding treaty on cyber sovereignty and due diligence creates a dangerous legal vacuum exploited by technologically advanced states to launch destructive cyberattacks that remain below the “armed attack” threshold triggering self‑defence; traditional attribution criteria (e.g., effective control) are hardly applicable in the context of cyber proxies, making the establishment of international responsibility almost impossible without an independent technical fact‑finding mechanism; and current Arab legislative approaches focus on punitive measures while neglecting proactive oversight of private entities, thereby undermining due diligence. The article recommends a dynamic interpretation of traditional rules, the establishment of an urgent‑procedure cyber chamber within the ICJ, and a binding Arab regional protocol for intervention by request of the affected state, along with objective standards for attribution and evidentiary presumptions.
national sovereignty, cyberspace, principle of non‑intervention, state responsibility, due diligence.
The Design Residues of Mesopotamian Ziggurat Architecture and Their Impact on the Structural Evolution of the Islamic Minaret in Iraq: A Comparative Archaeological and Architectural Study of Selected Models
This research is titled (The Design Residues of Mesopotamian Ziggurat Architecture and Their Impact on the Structural Evolution of the Islamic Minaret in Iraq: A Comparative Archaeological and Architectural Study of Selected Models). The study highlights the history of construction in Mesopotamia as a reflection of a religious philosophy that perceives vertical elevation as a means of communication between Earth and Heaven. This vision was embodied in the "Ziggurat (Zaqāru)," meaning: the high structure or peak, serving as an "artificial mountain" to reach the realm of the gods. With the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate and the shift of the political center to Baghdad, Islamic architecture was profoundly influenced by the local materials and architectural techniques of Mesopotamia. This interaction led to the transition of the symbolic and national role of the Ziggurat to the "Minaret"; thus, the minaret evolved from a simple functional purpose like the call to prayer into a prominent urban landmark and a symbol of the Caliphate's prestige and political identity. The research conducts an archaeological analysis and architectural comparison between ancient Ziggurat examples, such as (Ur, Aqarquf, Nimrud), and unique Islamic minarets, such as (Samarra, Abu Dulaf, Suq al-Ghazl, the Choli Minaret). The central theme of this comparison involves investigating similarities in construction techniques, the materials used (particularly brick), and the spiral philosophy that was transmitted as a genetic civilizational heritage from the Ziggurats to the renowned minarets of Iraq. This research adopted a theoretical analytical approach and a scientific comparison between (7) models of archaeological architecture. The analytical reading of this research is the product and result of reviewing multiple sources that dealt with different civilizations and religions that succeeded one another in a single geographical area within the borders of Mesopotamia.
Ziggurat, Minaret, Mesopotamia, Iraq, Choli Minaret, Ziggurat of Nimrud.
Consumer Protection from the Harmful Effects of Franchise Companies in Comparative Law (Iraq, Iran, Egypt(
The core problem addressed by this research lies in the legal challenges that arise when a consumer suffers material, physical, or moral harm as a result of consuming a defective product or receiving substandard service from a franchisee. Under traditional rules of civil liability and the principle of the relativity of contractual effects, the legal and financial independence of the franchisee acts as a formidable legal barrier, often preventing the harmed consumer from seeking recourse against the franchisee, which is, in reality, the financially stronger company and the primary beneficiary of product promotion. This situation creates a legislative and practical vacuum that threatens consumer rights, especially given the variations in national legislation regarding how to address this complex relationship. This raises profound questions about the adequacy of general rules of contractual and tortious liability and current consumer protection laws to provide effective and efficient protection that redresses harm suffered by the consumer and guarantees their right to fair compensation. The paramount importance of this study lies in highlighting this contemporary issue within a comparative legal framework encompassing the legal systems of Iraq, Iran, and Egypt—countries experiencing significant growth in both foreign and domestic franchise activity. This study derives its significance from the pressing need to strike a fair balance between encouraging investment and stimulating commercial activity, on the one hand, and providing maximum consumer protection, on the other. This is particularly crucial given that the legislation in the countries under comparison may vary in its understanding of the specific nature of franchise agreements and in the mechanisms for applying consumer protection provisions to the parties involved. Therefore, this research aims to explore and analyze the legal basis upon which parties to a franchise agreement—whether the franchisor or franchisee—can be held jointly or severally liable for damages suffered by the end consumer.
Consumer protection, harms, franchise, Iraq, Iran, Egypt
The crime of disclosing confidential (internal) information in the financial market under Iraqi, Egyptian, and Algerian law
This research aims to study the crime of disclosing confidential or insider information in the financial market, comparing the legal and penal frameworks in Iraq, Egypt, and Algeria. It analyzes the elements of the crime in terms of legal, material, and moral components, along with the primary and secondary penalties and the preventive measures established to combat it. The research is significant because of the vital role these crimes play in threatening the integrity of financial markets and undermining confidence in investment transactions. This necessitates the study of comparative law to develop national legislation and enhance investor protection. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, based on an examination of legal texts, implementing regulations, and judicial rulings related to the crime of disclosing confidential information. A comparative approach is also utilized to highlight the similarities and differences between the three legal systems. The research findings revealed that Iraqi legislation still needs to develop clear and specific provisions to define insider information and precisely determine penalties. In contrast, Egyptian and Algerian law provide a more precise definition of the legal and moral elements of the crime, along with primary, supplementary, and accessory penalties that contribute to effective deterrence. The research also demonstrated that preventative measures and administrative sanctions play a pivotal role in protecting the financial market and enhancing transparency, and that there is a pressing need to strengthen awareness and training to reduce unlawful disclosure and ensure equality among market participants.
Insider Disclosure, Stock Market, Iraqi Law, Egyptian Law, Algerian Law
The Ethical Dimension of Sustainable Development: A Maqasid-Based Perspective
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">This study aims to demonstrate the essential role of ethical foundations in achieving sustainable development through a Maqasid-based perspective that links Islamic values to modern development frameworks. To achieve this purpose, two methodological approaches were employed: the descriptive-analytical method, used to examine the conceptual foundations of ethics, Maqasid, and sustainable development, and the comparative method, applied to analyze the alignment and divergence between Islamic ethical principles and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The study reached several key findings: ethics in Islamic jurisprudence constitute a binding framework rather than a complementary element; the core objectives of sustainable development closely correspond to the higher objectives of Sharia, particularly in preserving life, wealth, family, intellect, and the environment; and the absence of a strong ethical dimension in global development models reduces long-term sustainability. The research concludes that integrating moral values into development policies is a fundamental requirement for achieving genuine and lasting sustainability. <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;">This research consists of three main sections. The first section deals with the conceptual framework of the ethical dimension and sustainable development by explaining the legal concept of the ethical dimension and its dimensions in Islamic jurisprudence, in addition to clarifying the contemporary concept of sustainable development and its overall goals. The second section deals with the features of the relationship between Islamic ethics and sustainable development, by highlighting the points of convergence between ethical values ​​and development principles, and explaining the manifestations of divergence between the Islamic perspective and the international perspective, while looking forward to the prospects of integration between them. As for the third section, it is concerned with establishing the correlation between the ethical dimension and sustainable development, by explaining the purposive basis of this correlation, and highlighting its practical applications in various fields of development.
Ethics, ethical dimension, sustainable development, objectives, development
Adapting civil liability for damages caused by a child with autism (spatial and temporal scope)
This research addresses the legal characterization of civil liability for damages caused by a child with autism under the provisions of Iraqi civil law, with a focus on identifying the legal basis of such liability and defining its spatial and temporal scope. The problem lies in the absence of explicit legal regulation governing this situation, which raises questions بشأن whether liability rests with the child himself or shifts to the guardian or the person responsible for supervision. The study adopts both the analytical method, through examining relevant legal texts, and the descriptive method, to explain the nature of autism spectrum disorder. It concludes that civil liability in this context is based on a dual system that combines the absence or limitation of the child’s personal liability due to lack of full awareness, with the imposition of liability on the supervisor based on presumed fault. This liability is closely linked to the existence of actual supervision in both time and place. This research employs an analytical approach, analyzing relevant Iraqi legal texts, alongside a descriptive approach aimed at clarifying the nature of autism and comprehensively defining the legal status of children with autism. The researcher divided the study into two sections. The first section, "The Legal Framework for Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Children with Autism," comprises two subsections: the first addresses the concept of civil liability in relation to children with autism, and the second examines the basis for civil liability for damages caused by children with autism. The second section, "The Spatial and Temporal Scope of Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Children with Autism," also includes two subsections: the first addresses the spatial scope of civil liability, and the second addresses the temporal scope of civil liability.
Civil liability, autistic child, legal characterization, tort liability, supervisor responsibility, spatial scope, temporal scope.
Guarantees of a Fair Trial During and After Administrative Disputes in National Legislation
This research addresses the topic of procedural guarantees following administrative disputes in constitutional legislation, given its importance in strengthening the principle of legality and protecting individual rights before public authorities. Administrative disputes are not limited to adjudication by the administrative judiciary; rather, the need arises for subsequent guarantees that ensure the enforcement of judgments and protect individuals from any administrative abuse that may occur later. The research analyzes the constitutional basis of these guarantees in both the Iraqi and Lebanese experiences, with reference to some comparative models. It also highlights the role of constitutional and administrative courts in strengthening these guarantees. The research aims to clarify shortcomings in some legislation and offer solutions that enhance administrative justice. Through a comparative analytical approach, the research seeks to provide a precise legal treatment of this vital topic. This research aims to analyze the constitutional framework of these guarantees in the Iraqi and Lebanese experiences, drawing on comparative studies, to assess the success of these systems in enshrining procedural safeguards and achieving administrative justice in its various dimensions. It also highlights the constitutional foundations of these guarantees, reveals shortcomings or ambiguities in current legislation, and offers a comparative analysis that clarifies the differences and similarities with other constitutional systems. This approach strengthens the Arab experience and contributes to practical solutions that support the rule of law and enhance citizens' trust in state institutions.
Procedural guarantees – Administrative disputes – Constitutional legislation – Administrative judiciary – Constitutional justice.
The Role of the United States of America in Establishing Democracy in Iraq Post-2003
This study examines the role of the United States of America in establishing democracy in Iraq following the 2003 military intervention. It analyzes the political, institutional, and security dimensions of U.S. involvement and evaluates whether externally driven democratization produced sustainable democratic outcomes. The study is grounded in four principal theoretical frameworks: democratic transition theory, state-building theory, external intervention theory, and liberal internationalism. By integrating these approaches, the study assesses both the structural conditions of Iraq’s political transformation and the strategic choices made by U.S. policymakers. The study adopts a qualitative case study approach, relying on academic literature, policy documents, institutional reports, and secondary data covering the period from 2003 to the present. It traces the dismantling of Saddam Hussein’s regime, the policies of the Coalition Provisional Authority, the drafting of the 2005 Constitution, the formation of electoral institutions, and subsequent democratic performance. Particular attention is given to early decisions such as de-Ba’athification and the dissolution of the Iraqi army, as well as their long-term effects on state capacity and political stability. The findings indicate that while the U.S. intervention succeeded in removing authoritarian rule and establishing formal democratic institutions-including elections, constitutional governance, and multiparty competition-it did not achieve full democratic consolidation. Institutional fragility, sectarian fragmentation, weak rule of law, corruption, and persistent security challenges constrained the effectiveness of democratic governance. The study demonstrates that externally imposed regime change can initiate political transformation but cannot guarantee sustainable democracy without domestic legitimacy, inclusive political settlements, and robust state institutions.
United States foreign policy, democratization, regime change, state-building, external intervention, liberal internationalism, post-conflict reconstruction, constitutional design, democratic consolidation.
The Effectiveness of Teaching Based on "Contradictory AI" in Disrupting Rigid Linguistic Patterns and Developing Creative Synthetic Thinking in the Arabic Language for First-Grade Intermediate Students
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of teaching based on "Contradictory AI" in destabilizing rigid linguistic patterns (repetitive syntactic structures, ready-made expressions, semantic rigidity) and developing synthetic creative thinking (analysis, synthesis, evaluation, creativity) in the Arabic language subject among first-grade intermediate students in Iraq. The study employed a quasi-experimental method with a two-group design (experimental and control) including pre- and post-measurements. The sample consisted of (68) first-grade intermediate students from a middle school in Najaf Governorate, Iraq, randomly assigned to two equivalent groups (34 students each). The researcher designed a learning environment based on an AI application that intentionally generated linguistic contradictions (grammatically or semantically contradictory sentences) and presented synthetic challenges to learners, while the control group studied using traditional methods. Two main instruments were developed: the Synthetic Creative Thinking Scale and the Destabilizing Rigid Linguistic Patterns Scale, after verifying their psychometric properties (validity and reliability). The results revealed statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-measurement of the study variables in favor of the experimental group, with large effect sizes. The study recommended employing contradictory AI applications in teaching Arabic at the intermediate stage and training teachers to design contradiction-based activities to stimulate synthetic creative thinking among students.
Contradictory AI, Rigid Linguistic Patterns, Synthetic Creative Thinking, Arabic Language, First Intermediate Grade, Iraq.
(Cultivated Meat and the Ruling on its Use for Food and Medicine)
The study explores cultured meat as a contemporary method of meat production, defined as meat generated by cultivating animal cells in laboratory environments rather than obtaining it from slaughtered animals, while closely replicating its form, texture, and characteristics. Although specialists have identified certain risks, this technology presents significant societal benefits, including its potential contribution to alleviating the global food crisis, enabling precise quality control, reducing environmental impact, supporting local production, and strengthening food security. The research seeks to establish a principled Islamic framework for engaging with modern technological developments by examining them in light of the objectives of Islamic law (Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah), in order to determine their legal rulings in both food and medical contexts. It concludes that cultured meat derived from stem cells taken from pigs, dogs, dead animals, predatory species, or from otherwise lawful animals prior to proper Islamic slaughter is prohibited. It further affirms that the principle of transformation (istiḥālah) does not affect this ruling, based on the predominant juristic view that it does not apply to substances considered inherently impure. Conversely, the study permits the consumption of cultured meat derived from stem cells taken from animals that are lawful to eat, provided they have been slaughtered in accordance with Islamic law and relevant juristic conditions are met. It also allows the use of such meat for medical treatment in cases of necessity, including when derived from impermissible sources, on the condition that no lawful alternative is available and that a qualified physician confirms its therapeutic benefit.
Alienation and Identity Formation in the Poetry of Venus Faiq
Alienation (Alienation) stands as one of the profound existential themes explored in literature and poetry across various eras. It has accompanied human existence since antiquity, due to its direct connection to individual emotions and sentiments. Given that literature serves as a mirror reflecting human loss and solitude, alienation authentically expresses the writer’s experience with high artistic precision. The central problem of this research stems from a fundamental question: How did Venus Faiq embody the dialectic of loss in her poetic texts? Furthermore, how did the conflict manifest between the original identity and the alternative identity amidst exile and nostalgia? This study adopts a Descriptive-Analytical approach as its comprehensive methodological framework, monitoring artistic phenomena and recurring themes related to alienation and identity in the poet’s work. Additionally, it utilizes the mechanisms of Psychoanalytic Criticism to examine the relationship between the experience of oppression and poetic language. This approach allows for a deep exploration into the poetic experience, as Faiq’s poetry represents a complex emotional state intertwined with a turbulent geographical reality, rendering the poem a psychological and human document before being a mere linguistic construct. The study is divided into two main sections: the first addresses Spatial Alienation and provides a brief biography of the poet; the second discusses Self-Alienation and the Reconstitution of Identity. Among the most significant findings is that the poet’s experience is characterized by intense imagery and emotional sincerity derived from her personal history. The poet endures spatial alienation due to exile, and psychological alienation arising from her struggle with a reality that rejects her difference and her multifaceted identity (Kurdish and Arabic). For Faiq, identity is not a static mold but a perpetual journey of self-discovery. The originality (Scientific Novelty) of this research lies in highlighting Venus Faiq’s experience by linking alienation to identity formation—a perspective that has not received sufficient scholarly attention. This research does not merely observe the phenomenon of exile; rather, it delves into the thorny intersection between personal trauma and cultural identity. It sheds light on the specificity of alienation for the female intellectual and how a woman redefines "Home" and "Identity" when cast into exile. Furthermore, it uncovers psychological and feminine dimensions that may differ from the dominant masculine narratives in the literature of exile. Through the interplay between alienation and identity, the writer portrays the crises of contemporary man. Venus Faiq is among those poets who suffered from the alienation of exile and the fragmentation of identity; thus, alienation became a pivotal axis in her poetry, driving the necessity for this in-depth study.
Exile, alienation, identity, Venus Super
The influence of external circumstances in directing the meaning of the Qur'anic speech by the determined prophets -The circumstances of the speech, for example-
Abstract: This study examines the direction of the meaning of the words of the determined prophets (peace be upon them)by using a unified textual analysis approach، The study focuses on how the Qur'an uses the influence of external circumstances to guide the prophets according to the characteristics of each situation and its characteristics، In the speech of Noah (peace be upon him), we find repetition and insistence, which reflects the patience of the Prophet with a stubborn people،While the study takes the words of Abraham (peace be upon him) in a rational and conversational manner that is appropriate for a more civilized society that it is discussable and suitable for debate ، But the words of Moses (peace be upon him) vary between a powerful challenge of Pharaoh and a passionate reminder of the Children of Israel While the words of Jesus (peace be upon him) are characterized by calmness and balance in defensive and doctrinal positions. The words of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) embody the pinnacle of flexibility of speech, diversely appropriate to various aspects of humanity, The study reveals that a deep understanding of the Qur'anic speech requires comprehensive analysis that goes beyond the text to include the circumstances of revelation and the characteristics of the addressees, as the evidence of God's words that say, "So be patient, as the prophets were patient. The text highlights the meaning of determination as patience and firmness through a comparison between the experiences of the apostles. The study concludes that the Quran wisely uses the textual approach in confronting the strong-willed, emphasizes the importance of taking a textual approach in contemporary Qur'anic studies, especially in the field of da'wah and religious discourse, which requires consideration of different texts.
Situational Words, Qur’anic Discourse, determined Prophets, Semantic Orientation, Textual Analysis
Social Relations of Circassian Mamluk Historians with the Ruling Authority: An Analytical Study in Light of Social Interaction
The social relationship between historians and the ruling elite during the Circassian Mamluk era (784–923 AH / 1382–1517 CE) represented one of the most complex and influential dynamics, significantly shaping the historiographical discourse of the period. It can be argued that historians were deeply integrated into the state apparatus; the majority were not merely authors but held high-ranking administrative and judicial offices. For instance, Al-Maqrizi occupied the post of Hisba (supervision of public affairs and markets), while Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani served as the Qadi al-Qudat (Chief Justice). This elevated social standing embedded historians within the ruling elite, facilitating daily interaction with sultans and emirs. On the other hand, a distinct group of historians emerged from the Awlad al-Nas class (the progeny of Mamluk emirs), who were linked to the authorities by ties of blood and lineage. A defining characteristic of the Circassian period was the prominence of historians from this caste, most notably Ibn Taghribirdi, the son of a high-ranking grand emir. Raised within the sultanic palaces, these historians maintained profound social ties with the ruling families, enabling them to record history from an 'insider perspective' with intimate knowledge of covert political intrigues and power struggles. Furthermore, these social relationships were founded upon a system of patronage and mutual interest. Sultans required historians to provide political legitimacy and to immortalize their prestige. In return, historians relied on sultanic patronage for their livelihood and the preservation of their scholarly and social status.
Mamluks, Relationship ,Circassian, Family-based, Affinity Friendship, Religious.
The Fundamentalist Approach to Preferring Between the Forms of the Tashahhud
Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, the master of all messengers… The present research, entitled “The Usul-Based Criteria for Preferring Between the Variants of the Tashahhud Formula”, examines the foundational principles employed by our distinguished jurists when giving preference to one of the Tashahhud formulations transmitted from the Prophet (ﷺ). This study begins with a presentation of the narrations related to the various forms of the Tashahhud, followed by the opinions of the jurists and the evidences upon which they based their legal preferences in this matter. The discussion focuses on six partial, probabilistic usul-based indicators—i.e., the criteria of preference—which are: 1. Preference based on conformity with the Qur’an; 2. Preference based on the chain of transmission being of Hijazi origin; 3. Preference based on the narrator having embraced Islam later; 4. Preference based on the larger number of narrators; 5. Preference based on the soundness of the chain of transmission; 6. Preference based on the absence of contradiction among the narrations. Whoever thoroughly understands these usul-based criteria will be able to discern the strongest opinion among the various views concerning the most preferable formula of the Tashahhud. I seek the help of God Almighty in all of this, and my success is only through Him; in Him I place my trust, and to Him I turn in repentance…
The fundamental understanding, preference, formulas, testimony, principles of jurisprudence
The Impact of the Iranian Nuclear Factor on US-Iranian Relations
This research examines the impact of the Iranian nuclear program and its repercussions on US-Iranian relations, considering various subjective and objective factors that govern the development of this program and its impact on those relations. It analyzes the various theoretical frameworks and intellectual orientations that control it, as well as the possibilities of Iranian hegemony based on Iran's desire to form a nuclear power that would reshape the regional order in the Middle East by developing its nuclear program after the lifting of sanctions. This coincided with the United States engaging in a long series of negotiations on one hand, and imposing strict sanctions on the other, which led to significant damage to the Iranian economy and its foreign relations. All of this forced Iran to hold further negotiations to get rid of these sanctions and submit to the final nuclear agreement with all its conditions. The study methodology relies on a scientific framework, utilizing several methodologies and theoretical frameworks to arrive at scientific solutions to the research problem. Therefore, the study will be approached through the historical method, which will be used to identify the historical phases of US-Iranian relations in light of the Iranian nuclear program and its repercussions on the Gulf regional system. The analytical method will also be employed, analyzing the various positions of states regarding this Iranian nuclear crisis and studying them in depth, as well as their implications for the security of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states. Finally, the descriptive method will be used. Describing the true nature of the various aspects of this crisis, the research is divided into four main sections, along with a summary, introduction, conclusion, and footnotes. The first section deals with the historical theoretical framework of American-Iranian relations, the second section deals with the impact of the Iranian nuclear program on American-Iranian relations, and the third section deals with the impact of the nuclear agreement and the American withdrawal.
Iranian Nuclear Program، US-Iranian relations sanctions، Uranium enrichment, negotiate،
The effect of using the Kagan strategy on tenth grade science students’ acquisition of physical concepts
The aim of the research was to identify (the effect of using the (Kagan) strategy in developing mental fitness among tenth grade science students in physics). In order to achieve the research objective, two null hypotheses were formulated, as the research community consisted of all tenth grade science students in Erbil city center for the academic year (2024-2025). The research sample was chosen as it consisted of (64) tenth grade science students in (Gawhar) Preparatory School for Girls intentionally, where it was distributed randomly into the experimental and control groups, with (32) students for the experimental group who were taught using the (Kagan) strategy and (32) students for the control group who were taught according to the traditional method. The two groups were equal in a number of variables such as intelligence, chronological age in months, and the overall average for the ninth grade. A mental fitness scale was prepared as a research tool. After applying the experiment and using appropriate statistical methods, the data were analyzed, and the results showed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of Significance (α = 0.05) for the mental fitness scale (pre-post) for the experimental group students who studied according to the Kagan strategy, in favor of the post-test. There is also a statistically significant difference at the significance level (α = 0.05) between the average scores of the two groups (experimental and control) in favor of the experimental group on the mental fitness scale (post-test). At the end of the study, a number of recommendations and suggestions were presented for future work and research.
strategy, Kagan strategy, mental fitness.
Population structure of the city of Jerusalem (exemplifying communal living) during the years 247-15 AH/861-636 AD)
The conquest of Jerusalem in 15 AH / 636 AD is marked as one of the most remarkable events by Muslims, insofar as it led to many consequences one of the consequences led to changes in social aspects and the structural elements of the city insomuch that before the conquest of the city, Christians where the dominants of Jerusalem and constantly worked to oppress other communities, but the conquest of the city made changes in the communities of Jerusalem, such as the Jews returned to Jerusalem from in exile and freely allowed to practice their customs and religious norms. In addition to that some Christians were not worried about the conquest of the city because they were liberated from the Byzantine clerics With Jerusalem, and after the event of the night journey and ascension “Isra and Miiraj” the Muslims were dreaming to reach the city of Jerusalem, thus, their dream come true and they become the ruler of the city. Finally, because of the policy of the Muslim in Jerusalem, for the first time the three religious communities including Jews, Christians and Muslims lived together peacefully and established social relations, The aim of the research is to shed light on the Islamic system and its impact on organizing the social aspects of the city.This research has investigated the subject according to the information provided in the sources, By following the historical, descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, this research focuses on each of the communities of Jerusalem in a way that points to the prominent tribes and major figures of each community, then the relationship and coexistence between the communities has been pointed out.
Social aspects, communities, coexistence, Jerusalem.
The Function and Types of Artistic Imagery in Very Short Poetry in the Bahdinan Region ‘between )2003–2023(
Although the artistic image in poetry in general holds great significance, it may play an even more prominent role in very short poetry. In addition to its aesthetic function in poetry, the artistic image also carries implicit meanings. The poet presents ideas and points of view in poetic images through language, in a condensed and implicit way. In order to reveal and explore these connotations, research on the artistic image is necessary. Therefore, this study, which is entitled (The Function and Types of Artistic Imagery in Very Short Poetry in the Bahdinan Region ‘between 2003–2023’), is an attempt to examine the functions and types of artistic images in very short poetry, namely haiku, poster-poetry and flash-poetry. The texts of some poets from the region who wrote this type of poetry were used as models for the study. This study raises some questions, such as: What is the concept of the poetic image? What is its function? What are its types? What are the types of poetic images and their functions in very short poetry in the Bahdinan region? The study clarified that the majority of types of poetic images were used in very short poetry in the Bahdinan region to illustrate both the artistic and semantic directions. Purpose of this research This research attempts to identify the functions and types of artistic image in the very short poetry of poets of Bahdinan region. Scope of the research This research has given the tasks and types of very short images in the Bahdinan region between the years (2003-2023) such as haiku, poetry posters, poetry letters. The research hypothesis is that the poets of Bahdinan region were able to create the tasks and types of poetic image in very short poetry. The shortness of poetry influenced the poetic image in their works.
Poetic image, very short poetry, Function of Artistic Imagery, types of Artistic Imagery Bahdinan region.
The Legal Basis for Civil Liability for Lost Opportunity for Moral Gains (Lost Opportunity for Marriage as a Case Study)
The phenomenon of "Loss of Marriage Opportunity" has recently become prevalent, whether caused by one of the parties to a contractual relationship or by a third party. Undoubtedly, the loss of opportunity and its resulting damages constitute a fertile ground for applying the rules of civil liability, whether contractual or tortious. However, the complexity lies in establishing a solid legal basis for civil liability claims arising from the loss of a non-pecuniary (moral) gain. This study addresses the legal foundations of civil liability for the loss of non-pecuniary gain, noting that this basis varies depending on the circumstances. Liability may be predicated on "Fault" (whether through a positive act or a negative omission). In certain cases, where the source of damage is anonymous, "Damage" itself should suffice as the sole basis for liability to ensure the necessary protection for the aggrieved party within the civil protection framework. In writing this study, we will follow the analytical approach as well as the comparative approach, by stating and analyzing the opinions of jurists and legal texts related to the subject of the study, within the framework of a comparative study between the position of the Iraqi and Egyptian legislator and other laws, and comparing them with Islamic jurisprudence, as far as possible. The study is divided into two main chapters: the first examines Fault as a basis for civil liability regarding the loss of non-pecuniary gain, while the second focuses on Damage as the primary legal foundation. The research concludes with a set of findings and recommendations.
Loss of Non-Pecuniary Gain, Legal Basis, Loss of Marriage Opportunity
The Objectives of Inheritance in Islamic Law and Civil Law
This research examines the objectives (maqasid) of inheritance in Islamic Sharia and law through an analytical and comparative approach that combines juristic foundations with legal analysis. The study aims to highlight the legislative wisdom behind inheritance rules and their role in achieving social justice, preserving wealth, and strengthening family ties. It addresses the concept, legitimacy, and characteristics of inheritance, then explores its objectives in Islamic law in terms of distribution, allocation, and impediments to inheritance, emphasizing the principle of balancing rights and obligations. The research also analyzes the objectives of inheritance within legal systems, particularly the Iraqi Personal Status Law, with a comparative reference to Emirati and Tunisian laws. The study concludes that the Islamic inheritance system is distinguished by precision, fairness, and comprehensiveness, while modern legal systems largely derive from it but still contain certain shortcomings that require legislative reform. The research problem lies in the theoretical and practical gap between the foundational principles of inheritance in Islamic law and its regulation in legal legislation. This raises the question of the extent to which these principles are reflected in positive law and the degree to which it achieves the justice intended by Islamic law. The research employs a comparative analytical approach, analyzing legal and jurisprudential texts related to inheritance, deducing their underlying principles, and then comparing them with provisions in legal legislation, particularly the Iraqi Personal Status Law and other comparative laws. The deductive method is also used to extract the legal principles from detailed evidence, while the descriptive method is employed to present the fundamental concepts related to the research topic.
Objectives, Inheritance, Sharia, Law, Personal Status Law
The Level of Practicing Creative Thinking Skills among Social subject Teachers in Basic Schools in Kalar City
The study aimed to know the practice level of creative thinking skills among social subject teachers in basic schools in Kalar City.The analytical descriptive approach was followed. The research population consisted of social subject teachers in grades (7, 8, and 9 ) at the third-cycle basic schools in Kalar city.The study sample consisted of (46)male and female teachers, selected randomly. The research instrument was prepared based on previous studies in the field of creative thinking skills ,in the form of a direct observation checklist consisting of (39) items divided into three domains :fluency(13)items, flexibility(13)items ,originality(13)items.To ensure the reliability of the instrument, inter-rater agreement was used between two observers (the first researcher and another observer).Therefore, they used Pearson's correlation coefficient.The reliability coefficient was (0.856).After applying the necessary statistical procedures, the researchers reached the following conclusion: 1.The overall level of practice of creative thinking skills among the sample was medium, with an average mean of (2.89). 2.The practice level of creative thinking skills for the field of flexibility was medium,with a weighted mean of (3.11)fluency was medium(2.98)and originality was weak(2.58). 3.There were no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level in the sample based on the variables of gender or years of experience.
Skills, Thinking , Creative thinking skills , Social Subject Teachers.
Geographical analysis of Vision pollution in Kfri city(Research in the city geography)
Vision pollution is one of the environmental problems that are seen in most cities in the present era, but has a direct impact on people’s mental and physical health, social values, and even on the economy of the region, visibility is one of The sensitive issues have been given great importance today. We must point out that the centers of urbanizations, especially the major cities of the world, especially in developed or newly developed countries, have become the place for the emergence of vision pollution. Many various problems.The aim of this study is to show the factors of vision pollution in kfri ,determining the impact of visual pollution on the city and the population. Vision pollution is a genre of environmental disorders at the same time feeling uncomfortable when we look at a place that its beauty is distorted in such a way that it does not fit with the natural environment, water, religious and social values and civilizations. Kfri, which is located in the Garmian region of South Kurdistan, is a historical city that has a long history. The city has seen significant developments since 2003, especially in recent years, but this development has not always been within a planned and organized framework. Currently, the city of Kfri has seen rapid growth in recent years due to the population growth and reconstruction. However, this growth has often been outside the city’s planned framework and has created unofficial neighborhoods and unfair buildings in terms of design and high. Also, the lack of cadastre in some areas of Kfri has given people more freedom to build without regard to civil standards. Kfri, as one of the cities of Garmian region, is not excluded from this phenomenon and in recent years due to rapid development and lack of appropriate civil plans, faced many problems of vision pollution .. In this study we will focus on pollution The factors of vision pollution in the city include (publishing verbs and wires of private and public electricity, various construction materials and materials, advertising scarves, empty land between housing, high-income buildings and housing, using various colors in coloring housing and institutions, etc.) several recommendation to reduce this phenomenon.
Kfri City.Pollution.Vision.Causes of vision pollution