Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Publication ethics and research misconduct 1- The research should be in conformity with the UN human rights laws. 2 - The research must be unpublished and not acceptable for publication anywhere else and is not subject to evaluation elsewhere. Scientific honesty in quoting from previous sources and research and attributing it to its original owners. The research provided shall be commensurate with the needs of society in the field of human knowledge. 5 - not to prejudice the scientific or literary figures with an insulting and offensive criticism that there is a constructive criticism based on accurate scientific foundations and constants. 6 - not to be exposed in the search for offensive ideas stemming from personal, religious, ethnic, sectarian or political motives. Confronting new views and ideas may be contrary to the ideas of the persons interviewed in a professional and scientific manner, away from ridicule or abuse. 8 - The researcher must distance himself in writing his research of his personal relations and emotional tendencies and committed to work under the scientific profession. 9 - The researcher must be not response to external pressures in writing research to achieve personal interests or benefits of those parties. 10 - The researcher should be open out to the opinions of other colleagues and accept constructive criticism to improve the image of research and address the mistakes that may be contained in it. If a mistake is discovered in the research after publication, the researcher must cooperate with the editor of the journal to correct the error by the appropriate means (re-publication with correction, withdrawal of the search, apology) and as necessary. Any form of research misconduct as submitting a search that is being published or is being reviewed elsewhere, or already published elsewhere, with the same content or similar content or others' work rates without citing the source of the quotation, plagiarism, forgery or fabrication if discovered at any stage of the editing process, or during printing or even after publication will result in immediate rejection of the search, , And the fees will not be refunded. 13- The journal monitors ethics by the editor-in-chief, assistant editors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, authors, and readers.
The Effect of Swom's Strategy on the Scientific Collection of The Fourth Year Secondary Literary Branch (Feminine Students) in the Course of Basics of Geography and Its Applications
This research aims at introducing the Scientific Collection of the Feminine Students of The Fourth Year Secondary Literary Branch in the Course of Geography and Its Applications. The Hypotheses: Hypothesis No. 1. There are no significant statistical differences on the level (0. 05) among the feminine students of the empirical set who have studied the basics of geography using Swom's Strategy and those who have done so using the traditional methodology. Hypothesis No. 2. There are no significant statistical differences on the level (0. 05) among the feminine students of the empirical set who have studied the basics of geography using Swom's Strategy and those who have done so using the traditional methodology in developing the scientific tendency. The Procedures Adopted in the Research: The researcher adopted an experimental design to partially control the two sets: the empirical and the controlling. The sample included (60) student. The scientific tendency scale (Al-Hasnawi, 2003) had been adopted. Some necessary modifications had been carried out on the scale to make more suitable to the subject of the current research. The items of the scale are (48). The answer of each item had been of three options: a. agree, b. not sure, and c. not agree. The number of the behavioural objectives included in the course have been (80). These objectives have been subject to the scientific evaluation and assessment by the experts mentioned above. The researcher has prepared a multi-options collective test which includes four alternatives. This test is of (40) items which are valid, stable and comprehensive. The factors of their difficulty and their distinctiveness have been precisely calculated. The researcher has used the following statistical tools: 1. The (T-Test) for two samples, 2. Kay Square, 3. The ratio of the distinctiveness of the item. The Results Interpretation> The experimental set, which had been taught by using Swom's strategy, preponderated the results of the controlling set. This is very clear through the results of the test. In the light of the results of the this research, the researcher has concluded the following: · Swom's strategy has given cleart influence in raising the level of experimental set as shown in the statistics of the research. In the light of the results of the this research, the researcher has recommended the following: · The use of the modern teaching strategies, especially Swom's, and the importance of teaching these strategies in the educational colleges in order qualify the students for their career. In the light of the results of the this research, the researcher has suggested the following: · In the future, a comparative study of Swom's strategy between the students of Literary and scientific branches.
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Law and Society A critical vision A theoretical study in the sociology of law
Human beings are inherently social creatures; they cannot live in isolation from others of their kind. Social life, however, cannot function properly without a structured social system governed by social norms that regulate individual behavior within the community through a set of binding general rules. This collective body of rules is referred to as "law." The relationships regulated by law are known as legal relationships. Therefore, for a society to function effectively, it must be organized, and such organization requires the backing of a public authority that ensures respect for and enforcement of these rules. This society, characterized by the necessity of organization and a public authority, is thus a legal society, as the rules upheld by this authority are what constitute the law. Accordingly, the existence of society naturally necessitates the existence of law. In this scientific context, this socio-legal study endeavors to explore key concepts such as law, society, sociology of law, and social control. It emphasizes the mechanisms of social control, where law serves as the primary foundation in modern societies. The study also examines the current reality of social change, particularly in the face of technological and informational transformations, and their impact on the formulation of legal legislation, which must consider temporal and spatial dimensions. Finally, the study clarifies the interrelated relationship between legal and judicial systems and the social order, highlighting key institutions such as the police, courts, and prisons (correctional facilities). This research adopts an analytical approach by presenting the views of specialized scholars and examining the functional role of the relationship between legal systems and the social order. It underscores the pivotal role these systems play in maintaining social stability and cohesion.
Law, society, sociology of law, social control.
Al-Batha magazine’s position on the social and urban conditions in Nasiriyah District (April 4, 1946 - March 19, 1947)
This research aims to study the social and urban conditions in Nasiriyah District through Al-Bathaa Magazine issued in 1946, as it can be considered an important source for studying the history of the district due to its containing accurate information related to social life in the district, and it is similar to documents that dealt with the history of the district. The research was titled (The position of Al-Bathaa Magazine on the social and urban conditions in Nasiriyah District (April 4, 1946-March 19, 1947). The research dealt with education and health news in the district, in addition to its wide interest in the conditions of the district and its urban development and the role of governmental and service institutions, and the relationship of the people with those institutions and the most important problems that arose for the people of the district, as it dealt with other various issues from the history of Nasiriyah District during the research period. The research was divided into an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a preface. The preface dealt with (the organizational framework of Al-Bathaa Magazine), while the first chapter was titled (Education and Health in Nasiriyah District through Al-Bathaa Magazine (1946-1947), which discussed the developments and events of education and health in Nasiriyah District, while The second section was titled (The magazine's interest in the affairs and problems of governmental and service institutions in Nasiriyah District 1946-1947), and addressed the most important problems and concerns of the residents of the district in terms of services of all kinds. As for the third section, it was titled (Urban movement, health and public issues in Nasiriyah District (1946-1947), and addressed urban projects, in addition to governmental administrative positions and public issues in the district. The research relied primarily on issues of Al-Bathaa magazine, due to its direct relationship to the research and its historical importance, with the inclusion of other sources, including Arabic books.
Nasiriyah Brigade, Batha, Education, Health.
General features of writing and education in the civilizations of ancient Iraq
In their various ancient civilizations, the Iraqis had a major role in advancing knowledge and sciences. Perhaps the most important invention presented to humanity is writing and its development. Writing helped in the spread and multiplication of sciences, as the brilliance of the civilization of the Mesopotamia Valley in arithmetic, engineering, astronomy, medicine, and chemistry emerged. It is noted that these sciences did not arise in the embrace of private institutes and schools but rather arose through observation and human experiences at that time of what he saw and tried to interpret. The invention of writing represented a revolution in ancient Iraq, and schools were then established to teach this language and develop it alongside other knowledge. Educational institutions at that time had a major impact, whether on individuals or the institutions of ancient Iraqi society. The environment in ancient Iraq played an important role in the invention of writing, as the basic material for recording was clay tablets, and the pen used in writing was derived from the land of Iraq. Cuneiform writing in its early stages, i.e. pictorial writing, expressed what the Iraqi individual saw in his environment. The family contributed greatly to preparing its children to go to schools and learn, as it was similar to a miniature school. The emergence of schools in Mesopotamia and their development was linked to the invention of writing, in addition to the contribution of priests in the education process and teaching lessons to learners, as most schools were attached to temples and under the supervision of priests in the first place, as the school was not isolated from the home, but rather both institutions tried to coordinate their efforts to raise and educate children, a situation that still exists even in contemporary societies.
education. Language. Cuneiform .civilization. Ancient Iraq.
Metaphor of the Qur’anic story: Research on the term
This research aims to explain the context of metonymic discourse in the Holy Qur’an in terms of rhetorical convention within the rhetorical and rhetorical schools of Arab rhetoricians, which constituted a major turning point within the rhetorical lesson in the Arab rhetorical heritage. This research examined the most important rhetorical connotations according to which the metonymic discourse proceeded within the surahs of the Holy Qur’an. In this research, I also noticed the difference between Arab rhetoricians regarding the reason for the introduction of metonymic discourse into verses and how to interpret the apparent meaning when understanding those verses. The disagreement in providing the rhetorical concept of metonymy did not illustrate the reality of the formation of the two schools (rhetorical and theological), and this was clearly evident in Al-Jahiz’s theories of metonymy and its discourse. I found some scholars combining the terms insinuation and metonymy, and this is what I support by providing one meaning for both terms. Despite the great status of the scholars of rhetoric in the second century and after; however, they sometimes neglected to separate between the term metonymic discourse and what it entailed of content with the rest of the modern terms such as insinuation and explicit expression without meaning. The metonymic discourse after Al-Qayrawani Al-Maghribi took a different approach than those who preceded him, as he established foundations for metonymy and its discourse through which it is distinguished from the rest of the rhetorical arts.
Discourse, metonymy, story, terminology, Quranic commas .
The effectiveness of an educational program based on the integrative approach in achieving the Arabic language subject for the fifth grade of primary school
The current study aims to reveal the effectiveness of an educational program based on the integrative approach in the achievement of the Arabic language subject for the fifth grade of primary school. The researcher adopted the quasi-experimental approach with partial control, which consists of two groups, a control group and an experimental group with a post-test. The study sample consisted of (67) students from the fifth grade in One of the government schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Dhi Qar / Nasiriyah Education Department, for the first semester of the academic year 2023/2024, and it was intentionally identified and included two sections, the first experimental and the other control, and Section (A) included the experimental group (33) students who studied according to the educational program based on the integrated approach, and Section (A) included(B) This is the control group (34) students who studied according to the usual method. The researcher was able to achieve equivalence between the two groups in a number of variables. The researcher determined the scientific material, formulated the behavioral objectives, and built the teaching plans. The researcher began teaching the two study groups themselves, with (5) lessons per week, until the experiment continued for (9) weeks. At the end of the chapter, the researcher applied the three study tools that were built by himself, as the researcher designed the study tool, which is the formation of test paragraphs to be able to know the students’ achievement, as it included (20) paragraphs according to the type of multiple choice with four alternatives, as the validity, reliability, distinction coefficient, difficulty coefficient and effectiveness of the alternatives for this test were calculated, as the reliability coefficient reached (89%), and the statistical results were shown according to the adoption of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SSPS - 22) as follows: Group effor The experimental group who studied according to the educational program according to the integrated approach over the control group students who studied according to the traditional method in both achievement tests using the two methods.
effectiveness, educational program, Arabic language, fifth grade.
The effectiveness of the habits of mind strategy in developing linguistic Communication Skills for the students in the Second intermediate Class in the Arabic Language
The study aims at identifying " The effect of the of Minds Habit In developing linguistic Communication Skills for the students in the Second intermediate Class in the Arabic Language " The method used is experimental between the two groups to the modern method of teaching. The researcher chose his sample of male and female students within the same geographical area and they were divided into two groups. The researcher prepared Communication Skills test consisting of 20 items. Then its validity and reliability were verified by same specialty. The tool was applied to the intended sample in both schools at the same time to maintain the confidentiality of the results. The researcher used appropriate methods to extract most of the results: It showed that the group that studied using habits of mind outperformed the traditional method. The current era has witnessed development and progress in various areas of human life, and this development has cast its shadow on education, as a qualitative shift has occurred in the scientific and technological aspects, which has prompted educational institutions to introduce radical changes in their policies and plans. Therefore, the era in which we live is characterized by an explosive era in human knowledge of many accumulated sciences and the developments that have occurred as a result of these changes in all areas of life. Nations have become measured by the minds of their men and scholars in order to benefit from, develop, pursue, and search for that knowledge.
Habits of mind strategy, Development, language, Communication Skills, Second intermediate.
The aesthetics of nature in the poetry of Saadi Youssef
Nature in Saadi Youssef's poetry is a means of expression, through which he expresses his thoughts, feelings and emotions, so it was the source of his inspiration. So he symbolized the desert, palm trees, orchards, birds and all kinds of nature, to reach his goal and deliver to the recipient what is inside him. His poetry pieces were full of intellectual flashes and suggestive symbols, so he was able by metaphorical transmission to liken the sensual to the moral and mix reality and imagination to present a clear picture to the reader. Because nature poetry at the advent of Islam was rather weak, because the poet's view of the environment and the universe had changed, Islam gave an explanation for everything in nature so that man no longer faced the universe and what is in it with his innate feeling. The village became for Saadi Youssef the beginning and the first source of describing nature in his poetry. The poet employed nature in an artistic way that helped to find its symbols, dimensions and connotations with poetic power and influence, as the poem suggests a "symbolic connotation." Critics considered the desert a type of silent nature that poets were interested in from the pre-Islamic era to the modern era. Saadi Youssef was able to blend reality and imagination to present a new image to the recipient, because imagination derives its primary elements from life itself, then reassembles them in a new and different way.
Saadi Youssef, Nature, Desert, Orchards, Arabic Poetry.
Using the narrations of Imam al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, in understanding the Qur’anic text - the Prophet’s biography as a model
It is certain to most researchers that Imam al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, followed a clear intellectual approach that attracted the scholars of the nation and the students of knowledge who studied under him and graduated from his school. This approach is to adopt the Qur’anic text and interpret it with a scientific and historical interpretation. He used to link the historical event with the Qur’anic text to give an interpretive image based on scientific reality far from fanaticism and tendencies. His goal in doing so was to address the historical problems that occurred in the narrations of the Prophet’s biography, to come up with a scientific analysis according to the Qur’anic concepts. Therefore, Islamic writings were filled with his narrations that were used to understand the Qur’anic texts. Therefore, this research addressed some of the problems mentioned in the books of hadith and interpretation related to the biography of the Prophet by referring them to the Qur’anic text and the Imam’s scientific interpretation of them. The research tackles two important topics, which are: The first discusses the use of his narrations, peace be upon him, in understanding the events of the era of the Islamic message, while the second topic discusses the position of Imam al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, on the prophetic hadiths that contradict the Qur’anic text, and ways to analyze and address them.
texts, narratives, interpretation, method, dialogues.
Content Analysis of the Arabic Language Text of Third Vocational Grade in Light of 21st Century Skills
The research seeks to analyze the Arabic language text of the third vocational stage in light of 21st century skills. The researcher assumed a descriptive method and used content analysis as a methodology for the study. The research sample consisted of the Arabic language text for the third vocational grade set to be taught for the academic year 2024/2025. The researcher prepared a content analysis card consisting of three main areas: (learning and innovation, digital culture, and work and life), which resulted in (28) sub-skills. The researcher prepared a content analysis card consisting of three main areas: (learning and innovation, digital culture, and work and life), from which (28) sub-skills emerged. The research reaches several findings, including the limited attention given by Arabic language curriculum planners to 21st century skills, as well as the thoughtlessness for their importance in the Arabic language textbook for the third vocational grade, since they appeared in low percentages and uneven distribution. The researcher recommended the necessity of incorporating 21st century skills into Arabic language curricula in vocational education and distributing them in a balanced manner. The lack of appropriate infrastructure in our schools to spread digital culture and develop the skills required in the twenty-first century. The expensive financial requirements for developing curricula and training teachers to work on the skills required in the twenty-first century. The focus of the Arabic language book for the third vocational grade on the traditional aspects of the curriculum and not addressing modern concepts and skills.
Arabic language textbook, content analysis, , third vocational grade, 21st century skills
The intangible inheritance in Najaf Al-Ashraf (A study of religious rituals and ceremonies)
Religious heritage is the knowledge store that reaches us from previous generations in all its forms, whether it is religious or social, cultural or civilizational, and with all its details, whether it reaches us completely or distorted. These heritages differ in the ways they are performed from one country to another and from one society to another. They represent the essence of individuals’ behavior and the facade of the society in which they are practiced. The practice of religious heritages in Iraq in general and Najaf in particular differed in terms of their performance. Some practiced them with a kind of exaggeration and others moderated their performance, as they must be practiced rationally to reach the level of sophistication in performance and to preserve them from extinction. Religious heritages also enjoy religious importance through preserving the values and moral and religious constants in the individual’s soul, in addition to their social importance, which is represented in the cohesion of society through the collective performance that distinguishes them. The best evidence of their importance is the pressures they were exposed to by the ruling authorities in Iraq during different periods of time, but they are still ongoing and have an influential and effective role in.
intangible heritage, Najaf Al-Ashraf, rituals, position, ceremonies.
Verbal clues and their effect in directing the grammatical significance according to Al-Tahir bin Ashour (d. 1393 AH) in his interpretation of Tahrir wal-Tanweer (the linking clue as an example)
Since the pursuit of benefit is a reason for linguistic communication, scholars have stipulated that the Arabic sentence, whether nominal or verbal, should be useful; therefore, there must be links that connect the speech to each other, which gives it the characteristic of formal coherence and clarity in meaning and its statement, especially if the speech is long and its parts are separated, which leads to its disintegration and ambiguity if those links are absent. To achieve textual harmony and coherence and connection between the elements that make up the context, it was necessary to resort to the linking clue as a structural phenomenon that links a group of words with verbal or semantic links, and these links may combine with other verbal clues to perform the intended meaning of the structure. The purpose of this clue is to understand the intended meaning and the coherence of sentences in the grammatical structure to achieve the basic goal of the language, which is communication. The Arabic language has adopted many means to achieve coherence between words and sentences, including: linking with the pronoun, using the demonstrative pronoun, linking by repeating the word itself or repeating its meaning. This is what Ibn Ashour mentioned in his interpretation, and he indicated the permissibility of repeating the word regardless of its grammatical position, whether the word is a subject, predicate, or other. As for linking with letters, Ibn Ashour indicated the permissibility of linking with the definite (the) whether the covenant is masculine, present, or mental, and linking with the causal (So) that links the condition and its consequence, and its presence in the sentence is evidence of the connection between the beginning of the speech and its end in many places, and the same is the case in using the (so) the conjunction to link between sentences. Linking with letters includes linking with (that) and (until), linking with (for) and (If), linking with (what) the extra after (that), linking with (and) between the state and its owner, and linking with the tool of exception (unless). Due to the large number of literal connections and their branches, we preferred to limit ourselves to the connection with (so) and the connection with (that).
Evidence, grammatical significance, Taher bin Ashour, connection.
Qatari Foreign Policy towards the Palestinian Situation 2000-2023
Since the year 2000, the State of Qatar has witnessed a major shift in its foreign policy towards the Palestinian cause, as it has adopted a foreign policy that is continuously and consistently supportive of the Palestinian cause. This was clearly demonstrated through the positions, statements, and political and economic measures taken by the State of Qatar in the various stages that the Palestinian cause has gone through. Thus, this study came to contribute to shedding light on the most important roles and supportive positions adopted by the State of Qatar during the era of both Emir Hamad bin Khalifa and Emir Tamim bin Hamad, whether related to political positions supporting the Palestinian cause in international and Arab forums, and rejecting the aggressive policies of the Zionist entity towards the Palestinian people, as well as what relates to Qatar’s role as a mediator in ending internal Palestinian disputes, especially after the victory of the Hamas movement in 2006, in addition to its mediation between the two parties to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, as well as shedding light on its role in providing material and moral support in the various catastrophes that it has gone through and is still going through, most notably: the 2014 war, as well as the recent war that broke out in 2023 and is still raging. Leaving behind thousands of Palestinian people, these positions as a whole crystallized within the framework of Qatar's foreign policy towards the Palestinian cause during the era of Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and Emir Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa.
Qatar, (Israel), Hamas, Palestinian issue.
The grammatical disagreement in names according to Taqi al-Din Al-Nili (From the scholars of the 7th century AH) and Rukn al-Din al-Astarabadi (T. 715 AH) in their commentaries on al-Kafiya by Ibn al-Hajib, a balancing study
Grammatical disagreement is one of the topics that contributed to the enrichment and development of grammar. Given its importance in the grammatical lesson, I sought to trace the issues of grammatical disagreement in names between two major commentaries from the seventh and eighth centuries AH, namely: Al-Tuhfa Al-Shafiyya fi Sharh Al-Kafiyya, by Taqi Al-Din Al-Nili-, and Al-Basit in Sharh Al-Kafiyya. By Rukn Al-Din Astraabadi, In view of the differences between the two commentators in presenting issues of grammatical disagreement, and that they were not at the same pace in the two commentaries, we often find that there are controversial issues mentioned by Al-Astarabadi that were not mentioned by Al-Nili. We may find otherwise, but it is few, because Al-Astarabadi more than presented controversial issues, adding more than Indigo in many places, Sometimes, controversial issues are presented in the two commentaries, and we may find that one of them supports an opinion and refutes the other. The researcher noticed that the second suffices in presenting controversial issues and mentioning the opinions of grammarians about them. Other times, we find that the two commentators mentioned the same controversial issue and differed in the place of weighting and choosing the opinions of grammarians. The last two are the focus of our attention, and for this reason I proceeded to study a balance between them, and I detailed the statement on the issues of nouns in which there was disagreement, while stating our grammatical opinion, supporting that with grammatical evidence and arguments. This study required dividing the research into issues, which I started with an introduction and ended with a conclusion.
grammar , disagreement, names, balance, alniyli ,al astrabadi, Al-Kafiyah, Ibn al-Hajib
Media discourse towards religious extremism and terrorism in the Iraqi media - An analytical study
this study aimed to identify media discourse of the Al-Ahd and Al-Ittijah channels regarding religious extremism and terrorism, through examining the topics and methods presented in the media discourse towards extremism and terrorism on both channels. To achieve research objectives and answer its questions, an analytical survey method and a content analysis tool on news samples from both channels was applied, consisting of 14 news samples distributed evenly. study found a lot of results, the most notable being that the Al-Ahd channel outperformed the Al-Ittijah channel regarding security and political topics related to terrorism by a very high percentage of (93%), while the Al-Ittijah channel reached (56%). On the other hand, the Al-Ittijah channel excelled in social and cultural topics by (42%) and economic topics by (2%). The Al-Ahd channel addressed issues of terrorism and extremism more from a political and security perspective, whereas the Al-Ittijah channel varied in its coverage of extremism and terrorism topics, emphasizing results more than causes, using expressive language and metaphorical imagery to attract the audience and evoke a state of alertness and emotion. The Al-Ahd channel was more objective and clearer in presenting appeals and demands, ensuring their repetition and renewal. Recommendation of study represented in confirmation that Iraqi media institutions unify their media discourse strategies concerning national issues that affect the country's security, especially extremism and terrorism.
media discourse, religious extremism, terrorism.
Sufi intertextuality in Mikhail Naimy's articles
Preparation of the first competition of the writings conducted in the construction of the text and include in the perpetuity and immortality and clothing! From his artistic creativity, to his renewal and his experience in the production and creation of texts The research will study the manifestations of religious intolerance in the creativity of Mikhail Naima al-Maqali to achieve two important things. In linking the past with the present and the old to the new texts to dress authenticity and modernity at the same time and then give it the status of acceptability among different readers and recipients. The comprehensiveness of Mikhail Naimy's literature prompted him to benefit from all cultures with their different sources. Therefore, we find that he benefited from Christian, Islamic and philosophical Sufism, and he found in all of that what enriched his thought, developed his pen and gave him legitimacy before readers and recipients in spreading his ideas and beliefs that he sought to convey to them. In Mikhail Naimy's view, Sufism was the spiritual tributary and pure reference in all his writings. He devoted many chapters and articles to it and praised its role in correcting human concepts and enlightening the paths for those who travel in this life. Therefore, he considered the New Testament a sacred and religious book for him. Mikhail Naimy did not start from a religious belief, but rather he contemplated his literature to create a general literature that combines religions and brings sects closer through his own method of spiritual and human Sufism that treats the heart and looks at it before the mortal body. We see through Sufi intertextuality that Mikhail Naimy was committed to the oriental heritage, which was full of spiritual and philosophical topics and titles that lead to the one God. In Naimy's articles, we came across many types of intertextuality, such as direct and indirect, as well as its mechanisms, such as regurgitation and absorption, stretching and brevity.
Intertextuality, The article, Sufi text, Poetry, Mikhail Naimy.
The Impact Of Transitionl Justice Renaming Political Crime
The fact that there are punitive legal texts related to political crime, which have traditionally been activated, to correspond to (acts) that produce their establishment, is reflected in purely political necessities, determined at the same time by the interest of those holding power in a period, followed by judicial rulings consistent with them in which (justice) is always supposed to be exercise. But that reality will change, and the collapse will be in return for that stability if the political system changes in another system, as happened when the previous system, which reflected the interest of the previous regime, changed with the transitional justice system. The adaptation of the legal texts is being reconsidered and the judgements on the basis of them are becoming incriminating evidence for those who issued them, and a major change has overturned the course of events, and a package of new procedures has required the adoption. What was legislated and judicial rulings were issued, bringing charges against (political crime), on the basis of which human rights were violated and his freedoms were violated in the previous era, became itself a guide to prosecuting those involved in those violations, a guide to compensate victims, and discovering another part to the political crime.
Political crime, transitional justice, state security, modern legislation, parallel judiciary.
The Sunni vision of the scholar Muhammad Hussein Tabatabai, may God have mercy on him
This research revolves around the Sunnah vision of the scholar Muhammad Hussein Tabatabai (may God have mercy on him) and explaining the importance of these divine Sunnahs from the explicit meaning of the Noble Qur’an within the divisions and types that we have discussed, which were dealt with in the interpretation of Al-Mizan. God Almighty said: ((Indeed, Sunnahs have passed away before you)) () and these are established. For the concept of Sunnah within the vision of the scholar (may God have mercy on him), and the Almighty said: ((The Sunnah of God which has passed away before, and you will not find any change in the Sunnah of God)) () We discussed many of the verses that indicated that God Almighty structured people’s lives within Sunnahs and controls that imitate the individual and society. Among them are universal laws and social laws. God Almighty said: ((And He created everything and determined it with a specific determination)) In our research, we also discuss some of the divine laws in the Holy Quran that were highlighted by the esteemed scholar (may Allah have mercy on him), explaining that these laws are fixed and unchanging, depending on human actions. Among God’s laws is the punishment of oppressive nations, as stated in: “Are they waiting for anything except the way of the former peoples The verses also address the laws of guidance, which are linked to piety, patience, and striving in the way of Allah, as in: “Indeed, whoever fears Allah and is patient—then indeed, Allah does not allow to be lost the reward of those who do good The Quran makes it clear that guidance is in the hands of Allah, but He grants it to those who sincerely seek it, as in: “So whoever Allah wants to guide—He expands his chest to Islam The text also discusses divine laws related to misguidance, such as the fact that Allah does not guide the wrongdoers and sinners and that turning away from His remembrance leads to the dominance of Satan, as in: “And whoever turns away from the remembrance of the Most Merciful—we appoint for him a devil, and he is to him a companion Ultimately, these divine laws illustrate that human beings are responsible for their fate, whether they choose the path of guidance or misguidance.
The impact of American foreign policy during the Trump era on Saudi-Iranian relations
Saudi-Iranian relations went through many stages that ranged between rapprochement and tension, in addition to many major turning points that the two countries witnessed, which stemmed from the influence of the external factor, perhaps the most prominent of which was the American influence, as the crisis that witnessed the American-Iranian relations during the term of former US President Donald Trump It represents a different chapter in the development of this crisis, and the intense hostility relates to the American internal political scene and the almost personal rivalry between Presidents Trump and his predecessor Barack Obama and their domestic and foreign policies. Perhaps one of the most important manifestations of the great disagreement between their policies is the nuclear agreement, which formed an element of strong convergence with active Gulf parties such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. These parties considered the agreement with the Trump administration to be hostile. Iran serves as a crossing bridge to strengthen its relations on the one hand, and to form a strong front in the presence of (Israel) on the other hand, with the aim of exerting more pressure on the political system in Iran, putting it in a fragile state, and not necessarily changing the entire system.
Saudi Arabia - Iran - American foreign policy - Trump.
The legal matters to protect consumers against the dangerous protect (A comparative- Analytical study)
Addressing the harms caused by dangerous products is an important component of ensuring product safety and preventing the health and material damages that consumers of these products my face. This is achieved by establishing strict standards for the pre- assessment of unprotected products, ensuring product quality before they are introduced to the markets, or by setting appropriate legal rules to determine liability for damages resulting from hazardous products and the method of compensating the harmed consumer. This research aims to analyze the legal texts that can be relied upon to confront dangerous products in circulation, specifying the responsibility of designated parties such as the government authorities responsible for product safety. It also focuses on the most significant gaps found in the legal texts concerning liability and rehabilitation from the damages caused by these products. To achieve this goal, the research depends on the descriptive- analytical method by studying and analyzing the legal texts, scholarly opinions, and judicial rulings related to the research topic. It also compares excerpts of these provisions in Iraqi legislation, with comparative laws, aiming to find appropriate solutions to fill the gaps in Iraqi legislation related to confronting hazardous products. Due to the absence of a specific legislative framework for harms resulting from products in Iraqi law, significant differences have emerged in the Iraqi Consumer Protection Law compared to legal practices in other countries, whether in defining responsibilities or methods of rehabilitation, including varying definitions of terms such as dangerous and harmful products. Based on the research results, it appears that the general rules of civil liability in Iraqi legislation do not provide sufficient legal protection for affected users, which necessitates issuing specialized laws that guarantee appropriate protection for them and reduce the health risks associated with the use of these products.
dangerous products, defective products, consumer protection, consumer health and safety, confrontation, victim, compensation, legal issues.
Biri Humanism in Karim Dashti's Poetry 1980 -2009
Karim Dashti, one of the most prominent poets of the 1980s, has created poems that reflect humanity, a philosophy that places humankind at the heart of thought and action, respecting its dignity and value everywhere. This research explores the poetic garden the poet cultivated, where the voice of humanity and the veneration of humankind resonate in every line. On a social level, human relationships are manifested in all their diversity and origins. The poet employs symbolic language to express a world where individual existence and freedom are balanced with the protection of social interests. On a national level, the poet blends expressions of national sentiment with humanistic thought in a delicate and sincere language, without delving into nationalist slogans. Their virtues play out between humanity and nationalist thought in a way that neither protects humanity within national values ​​nor erases national values ​​within humanity. Rather, he summarizes this relationship as an equation between human values ​​and national values. We have used an integrative critical approach to interpret the poet's poems. Humanism as one of the intellectual, literary and philosophical movements has had a relationship and influence on world literature. It basically pays attention to human beings and human values. To this day, it has been reflected in different ways in art and literature to become one of the principles of new human thought, as most writers and poets as the main subject in their works have aimed at depicting human beings from several angles. In this regard, our research entitled (Humanist Thought in Karim Dashti's Poetry) is an attempt to find and reveal the poetic meanings and implications that have revealed the poet's worldview about humanist thought has done
Humanity, Perry, Poetry, Karim Dashti, Kurdish
The Role of Islamic Banks in Revitalizing the Investment Sector in the Kurdistan Region (Example: The Geshana Project(
Islamic banks play a pivotal role in the financial and investment sectors of the Kurdistan Region. Distinguished by their adherence to the principles of Islamic Sharia, they represent one of the fundamental pillars of the contemporary economic system. These banks contribute significantly to economic development by mobilizing savings, accumulating capital, and directing financial resources toward investment projects that promote sustainable development across the region. Since economic and social development requires adequate financial resources to support various economic sectors, and because investment activities in a Muslim society such as the Kurdistan Region should be conducted in accordance with the principles of Islamic Sharia, investment is regarded as a fundamental driver of economic growth. This study examines the role of Islamic banks in promoting investment and evaluates their impact on enhancing the level of investment in the Kurdistan Region. It highlights the bloom Project as a case study of an investment initiative implemented through an Islamic bank. Furthermore, the study discusses Islamic financing modes and their objectives in mobilizing capital and fostering economic development in the agricultural, industrial, tourism, and healthcare sectors in accordance with the principles of Islamic Sharia adopted by Islamic banks operating in the Kurdistan Region. The main purpose of this study is to understand the role of Islamic banks in participating in investment development in Kurdistan in order to reach conclusions and recommendations, to know the size of working capital in Kurdistan and the ability to raise investment Principles of Islamic Sharia How to implement the development project in Islamic Bank. This study assumes that there is a mutual relationship between Islamic banks and the investment sector in the Kurdistan Region. This paper works to prove or disprove this hypothesis.
Islamic Banks, Economic Recovery, Investment, Bloom Project, Kurdistan Region
The influence of the social environment on the meaning of words in (Shashti Marwari)
This research, titled (The Influence of the Social Environment on Word Meaning in the ڕشتەی مرواری))(, presents an abstract that aims to provide a practical framework for examining how the social environment and social behaviors influence meaning. Specifically, it looks at the meanings of the words found in the book (ڕشتەی مرواری), by utilizing the views of the renowned linguist J.R. Firth. This is because Firth believes that language is a social phenomenon, and that meaning changes according to the context, the speaker, and the addressee. Given that the status individuals hold within society dictates their manner of speaking and word selection, this plays a role in determining meaning. This is because each social class has its own linguistic characteristics and uses language in its own distinctive way. These differences are what create various situations, and these situations, in turn, play a role in determining meaning in language. A society is a place where a group of people live together and a common language brings them together. Are the individuals living in this society all of the same sex? Are they all in the same class? Are they all intellectuals and educated? Why do we ask these questions? Because all these social phenomena cause different situations, what effect does this have on meaning? It certainly affects the determination of meaning and the way words are used by individuals, because Fers says: Meaning is in use and the creation of new meanings is created through social capital and community members (participants). Their appearance in different situations changes their meaning. Their full meaning is determined by the situation, for example, changing cultural meaning to moral meaning or creating political meaning or giving social meaning (class).
Social Semantics, Situation Context , Pearl Thread , GR First , Satire and Proverbs , Social Identity.
The Stance of the Central Authority in the Abbasid State towards the Kurdish Regions in terms of Political and Military during the Buyid Era (334-447AH/ 945-1055)
The Buyids came to power in the Abbasid state in the 4th century AH / 10th century AD by an official invitation from the Abbasid caliphate to end the Turkish element's control over the reins of power in the Abbasid state due to its weakness and inability to confront them. The Buyids' implementation of a decentralized policy in governing led to the emergence of political entities in various regions, including the Kurdish regions. These entities had an official status due to official recognition. Therefore, official relations emerged between the two sides in various aspects including political and military. The Kurdish regions were governed by tribal leaders who had their own special military forces. So as to get benefit from their authority, the Buyids let them participate in the administration of the State, political and military cooperation emerged between them and Kurdish leaders were given administrative and military positions. This was an opportunity for the Kurds to maintain their regions and a somewhat political stability was achieved in areas under Kurdish influence. This had a positive impact on the Kurdish regions economically and contributed to the increase of income due to the development of trade and agriculture. These became an important source in terms of military and economic for the Buyid authority. Despite the regulation of relations between the two sides, the Buyids' policy of exploiting the Kurdish regions militarily and economically led to tensions of the relations between them in some periods. This reached to the use of military force against the Kurds, who opposed that policy, and military confrontations broke out between the two sides. The nature of relations between the Kurds and the central authority will be examined from a political and military perspective during the Buyid era.
the Kurds, relations, the Abbasid Caliphate, the Buyid prince, central authority.
Agreement of time in nostalgia of language (Your name is my signature) as an example
Nostalgia is one of the multi-dimensional concepts within memory, closely associated with understanding, recollection, and the tools of literature. In both emotional and anxious states, the poet is engaged in recalling as well as remembrance. Due to the cultural, historical, and diverse social life characteristics of people, nostalgia appears as an unconscious desire and a form of memory among Kurdish poets and readers. This study, entitled “The Coincidence of Time in Linguistic Nostalgia (Your Name Is My Signature as a Sample), examines a collection of poetic texts by Tal’at Tahir, in which irony is an important characteristic of linguistic nostalgia. In addition, a huge attention is shedded on the coincidence of time within linguistic nostalgia, where emotional intensity and sadness throughout the texts, embedded in language, become the defining features of nostalgia. According to the levels of culture, language, and discourse, within a social, cultural, and political context, the semantic implications of the text. such as, the coincidence of the present and the past have been appeared. In general, our aim in this research is to find a deep relationship between nostalgia and language, which has not been worked on in Kurdish literary research. The research question is: How is the role of language in constructing poetic aesthetic value produced through nostalgia? To what extent is nostalgia related to the poet's emotional and sad aspects through language? How is the poetic text present as meaning within the structure of language levels, such as culture, meaning and discourse? Importance of the study Along with the importance of nostalgia in language in terms of past narrative relationships, the semantic discourse aspects behind the text are important.
nostalgia, language, past, memory, coincidence, culture, present
Political Conditions of the Jibal Region in Yaqut al-Hamawi’s Muʿjam al-Buldan
Abstract: This study examines the political history of the cities of the region of Jibal (al‑Jibal region) through the work Muʿjam al‑Buldan by the geographer Yaqut al‑Hamawi (d. 626 AH). The research begins by presenting a brief biography of Yaqut al-Hamawi and an overview of his book Muʿjam al-Buldan. It highlights his early life as a Byzantine slave in Baghdad, followed by his scholarly travels to Bilad al‑Sham, Khorasan, and Egypt. The study also discusses his methodology in compiling geographical and historical materials, drawing on earlier geographical sources such as Ibn Khordadbeh (d. 300 AH/912 CE) and al‑Istakhri (d. 346 AH/957 CE), as well as historical works such as those of al‑Baladhuri (d. 279 AH/892 CE). In addition, the research emphasizes Yaqut’s reliance on personal observation as an important source for collecting his material. The study further focuses on the political events experienced by the cities of the region of Jibal, beginning with the region’s subordination to the Sasanian Empire prior to the Islamic Conquests, and continuing with developments during the Islamic expansion into these cities. It also provides brief references to the Umayyad Caliphate and the Abbasid Caliphate, as well as to the succession of ruling powers in the region, including the Buyid Dynasty and the Seljuk Empire. Moreover, the study includes scattered references to the Mongol Invasion which reached the region of Jibal in 617 AH/1220 CE—an event personally witnessed by Yaqut al-Hamawi. Although Muʿjam al-Buldan is primarily a geographical work, it reflects a clear form of geopolitical awareness that links place with political authority. The study concludes that Muʿjam al-Buldan constitutes an important source for studying the political history of the region, as it contains valuable historical information that helps in understanding the nature of political conditions in Jibal during the Islamic periods. It therefore becomes evident that Muʿjam al-Buldan was not merely a geographical dictionary, but also a historical source that contributes to understanding the broader political development of the region of Jibal in the medieval Islamic era.
Yaqut al-Hamawi, Muʿjam al-Buldan, Jibal Region, Political Conditions.
Representation of the place in the Kurdish legend of the fearful man
Place is considered one of the most important elements of literature, as it directly influences meaning, events, and the structure of characters. It is the space, in which the events of literary works—such as novels, short stories, myths, dramas, poems, etc.—take place. Additionally, because it affects various other elements of literary works, it is regarded as an active element. Myth is a significant form of folklore literature, where in it, place is distinct from other literary genres. This is due to the unique elements of myth, which incorporate a stronger emphasis on imagination and fantasy. This research is titled "The Representation of Space in the Kurdish Myth (Mandi Tirsnok)", and its content encompasses both theoretical and practical aspects. On the theoretical side, it includes a detailed analysis of the concept of space from a linguistic and definitional perspective, exploring its types and significance in literary works. The practical aspect is dedicated to examining the representation of space within the Kurdish myth (Mandi Tirsnok). Objective of the research: The aim of this research is to pay attention to Kurdish literary works, especially Kurdish legends, which in general have not been much research on this subject. Research method: The method of (descriptive - analytical) has been used in this research. Research boundaries: The scope of this research has been selected from the literary genres (place) and how the place is reflected in the Kurdish legend (Mande Tarsnok). Structure of the research: In addition to the summary of the research in all three languages ​​(Kurdish, Arabic and English) and the results and list of sources included in the research, this research includes both theoretical and practical aspects. The types, importance and functions of place are discussed, and in practice, which refers to how place is reflected in the Kurdish legend (Mande Tarsnok), in addition to identifying the types of places in that legend.
place, type of place, importance of place, Kurdish myth, Mandi Tirsnok
The Reflection of the Concept of Alienation in the Kurdish poems of ( Jalal Malaksha)
Alienation is a psychological and social phenomenon inherently linked to human existence. As a concept that has accompanied humanity since its inception, it remains an enduring part of the human experience, finding profound reflection in artistic and literary works. Alienation is not merely physical displacement from one's homeland; rather, it is a profound sense of loss—of self, place, and life itself. With the progression of human civilization across political, economic, and technological spheres, the tragedy of alienation has intensified, manifesting diversely in the works of writers and poets. This research, titled "Reflections of the Concept of Alienation in the Kurdish Poems of Jalal Malaksha," seeks to analyze the various forms of alienation manifested within the poet's literary texts. The scope of our research includes only the Kurdish poems of Jalal Maleksha published in his book, which are (Jalal Maleksha (collection of his poetic works) and (Zray Znjiri Words Dilkan). In reaching the conclusions, the method (analysis-description) is used, which on the one hand introduces the concept of alienation and the history of alienation, its types are presented, on the other hand, poetic texts are analytically evaluated to reveal the types of alienation Introduction The first part of our research is entitled (A Theoretical Discussion of Alienation) which consists of two parts; It consists of (types of alienation, which includes (11) types of alienation (religious, self, social, economic, cultural, geographical, intellectual, political, technological, sexual, emotional). Part Two: This part is a theoretical and practical part, entitled (Alienation in Kurdish Poems of Jalal Maleksha) in which we discuss the types of alienation in Kurdish poems of Jalal Maleksha, which itself in (9) types They include alienation (religious, self, social, cultural, geographical, intellectual, political, sexual, emotional). Finally, we present the results of the study and a list of sources.
Alienation, Types of Alienation, Jalal Malaksha.
Vocal and Physical Capabilities of Actor Performance Theater: (Romeo and Juliet) as a Case Study
This research explores the vocal and physical capabilities of actors in the Kurdish theater performance of (Romeo and Juliet), directed by (Fazil Jaf), as a case study. This study attempts to investigate the dialectical and organic relationships between the actor's vocal instrument and physical instrument, particularly in classical theater and elevated texts such as those by William Shakespeare. The research highlights how an actor, through vocal techniques (such as breath, tone, rhythm) and physical techniques (movement, stance, body language), can create an artistic image and convey the text's emotions and meanings to the audience. ​The significance of this research lies in its attempt to fill the gap that often arises in acting due to the separation of vocal energy from physical energy. To validate the research hypotheses, the study relies on the analysis of the Romeo and Juliet text as a universal example. Additionally, as a field and practical example, an analysis is conducted on a specific theatrical performance directed by (Dr. Fazil Jaf), which was performed in 2024 in the city of Sulaymaniyah. By adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the research reached several important conclusions: ​First: It became evident that in the play Romeo and Juliet, the director emphasizes both voice and body. This makes the actor's task more demanding, requiring high physical readiness to fill the theatrical space. ​Second: In tragic and combat scenes, such as conflict sequences, the actor's success depends on psycho-physical balance—specifically, the ability to control breathing during rapid movement. ​Third: It was found that academic direction plays a decisive role in organizing the harmony between collective movement and individual expression. Consequently, the research emphasizes that a theatrical actor, without the continuous development of vocal and physical abilities, cannot effectively embody elevated texts like Shakespeare's.
(The Effectiveness of an Instructional Design Based on the Google Workspace for Education Platform in Developing Self-Learning Skills Among University of Garmian Students)
Title: The Effectiveness of an Instructional Design Based on the Google Workspace for Education Platform in Developing Self-Learning Skills Among University of Garmian Students. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an instructional design based on the Google Workspace for Education platform in developing self-learning skills among students at the University of Garmian. Hypotheses: To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher formulated the following null hypotheses: 1. There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group students (taught using the Google Workspace for Education-based design) and the control group students (taught using the traditional method). 2. There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test for the experimental group students regarding the development of self-learning skills. Methodology: The researcher adopted a quasi-experimental approach. The study sample consisted of (52) second-stage students from the Department of Kindergarten, College of Basic Education at the University of Garmian. The sample was divided into two groups (A and B). Using a simple random assignment and after equating the groups in variables such as (intelligence, prior knowledge, age, and parental education level) using SPSS, Group (A) was designated as the experimental group and Group (B) as the control group. During the experiment, (24) lesson plans were prepared: (12) for the experimental group using e-learning strategies and (12) for the control group using the traditional method. Instructional Design: The researcher developed an instructional design based on the ADDIE model, which consists of five phases: (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The research instruments included behavioral objectives, a post-test for the "Educational Technology" course, and a self-learning observation card. Results: The findings revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in the post-test of academic achievement for the Educational Technology course, in favor of the experimental group. Based on these results, the researcher concluded that the instructional design based on the Google Workspace for Education platform is highly effective in developing self-learning skills.
design, platform, skills, self-learning, university, students