Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Publication ethics and research misconduct 1- The research should be in conformity with the UN human rights laws. 2 - The research must be unpublished and not acceptable for publication anywhere else and is not subject to evaluation elsewhere. Scientific honesty in quoting from previous sources and research and attributing it to its original owners. The research provided shall be commensurate with the needs of society in the field of human knowledge. 5 - not to prejudice the scientific or literary figures with an insulting and offensive criticism that there is a constructive criticism based on accurate scientific foundations and constants. 6 - not to be exposed in the search for offensive ideas stemming from personal, religious, ethnic, sectarian or political motives. Confronting new views and ideas may be contrary to the ideas of the persons interviewed in a professional and scientific manner, away from ridicule or abuse. 8 - The researcher must distance himself in writing his research of his personal relations and emotional tendencies and committed to work under the scientific profession. 9 - The researcher must be not response to external pressures in writing research to achieve personal interests or benefits of those parties. 10 - The researcher should be open out to the opinions of other colleagues and accept constructive criticism to improve the image of research and address the mistakes that may be contained in it. If a mistake is discovered in the research after publication, the researcher must cooperate with the editor of the journal to correct the error by the appropriate means (re-publication with correction, withdrawal of the search, apology) and as necessary. Any form of research misconduct as submitting a search that is being published or is being reviewed elsewhere, or already published elsewhere, with the same content or similar content or others' work rates without citing the source of the quotation, plagiarism, forgery or fabrication if discovered at any stage of the editing process, or during printing or even after publication will result in immediate rejection of the search, , And the fees will not be refunded. 13- The journal monitors ethics by the editor-in-chief, assistant editors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, authors, and readers.
Research Title: Instilling Human Values in Children through Short Stories by Omar Saif al-Din
Humanism (Hümanizm) in education represents a fundamental intellectual revolution that emphasizes individual freedom, rational thinking, and the capacity to determine one’s own destiny. This study examines the image of the human being as presented by humanist philosophy since the Renaissance, and its educational manifestations in the works of one of the pioneers of modern Turkish literature, the writer Omer Seyfuddin. The research analyzes Seyfuddin’s “New Human” project in his short stories through key dimensions including: willpower, character formation, and the role of women in the moral upbringing of children. The originality of this study lies in its comparative analysis between Seyfuddin’s educational propositions and the views of a select group of contemporary Arab theorists and educators, such as Dr. Hadi Nu‘man al-Hayti, Ibrahim al-‘Issawi, Rushdi Ahmad Tu‘ayma, and Salwa al-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Qadi. The comparison highlighs their theories on children’s values and moral behavior. The study concludes that human values have constituted a shared educational language transcending geographical boundaries between Turkish and Arab thought, and that Omer Seyfuddin’s works continue to serve as a vital intellectual bridge and an important pedagogical foundation for teaching human and moral values to this day.
Humanism; Omer Seyfuddin; value education; child culture; comparative literature; Hadi Nu‘man al-Hayti; character formation
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Ideological strategies of stereotyping the other and creating moral panic in media political discourse
This study examines the ideological strategies in a political speech posted on social media platforms, with a focus on stereotyping the other and creating moral panic in relation to the immigration issue. The study investigates the shift in illocutionary force in political discourse, where certain expressions serve as a pragmatic cover to conceal exclusionary ideology and explicit threats of migration. Accordingly, the study aims to examine the linguistic structures that contribute to the demonization of immigrants and to turn social anxiety into an existential crisis that legitimizes radical decisions. This requires employing Fairclough's (2013) approach to critical discourse analysis (CDA) to analyze excerpts taken from Trump's speech on Thanksgiving loaded with expressions on immigration posted on X platform on Nov. 28, 2025. This approach involves coding speech acts (such as expressives, directives) and analyzing conceptual metaphors and exclusionary expressions to relate them to the overall ideological context. The study reveals that Trump's speech relies on pragmatic maneuvering by exploiting a national occasion to reinforce the representation of US and THEM, and linguistically shifting migration from a legal issue into a biological disease that requires eradication. Moreover, it concludes that moral panic is linguistically constructed by depriving the other of their mental and cultural competence, depicting reverse migration as an act of national rescue rather than as a repressive measure. Therefore, the language transforms from a mere means of communication into an ideological weapon that reconstructs social and political reality.
ideological strategies, other-stereotyping, moral panic, pragmatic maneuvering, speech acts
The Reasons for Bilingualism among Bangladeshis in the City of Erbil: A Sociolinguistic Study
The aim of this study is to shed light on the reasons why Bangladeshi workers in the city of Erbil are learning Kurdish. The main research questions of this study are as follows: What are the reasons that motivate Bangladeshi workers in Erbil to learn and use the Kurdish language? How does learning Kurdish influence the social and economic lives of Bangladeshi workers in Erbil? To obtain data, an open-ended survey is used involving 110 Bangladeshi workers in Erbil. To analyze the attained data, the researcher used a mixed methods research approach, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The current study concluded that learning Kurdish helps Bangladeshi workers in Erbil get jobs, integrate into Kurdish culture and society, and have a good life.
Bilingualism, types of Bilingualism, Advantages of bilingualism, Obstacles of bilingualism, Bilingualism and Culture, Bilingualism and integration.
Combating Drugs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: An Analytical Study of the Role of the Relevant Institutions and the Procedures Followed*
This research examines the phenomenon of drugs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as one of the most prominent contemporary challenges threatening societal security at all levels, particularly health and economic aspects in the region. It highlights the associated legal, security, health, and social dimensions. The research attempts to expose legislative gaps and differences in punitive and therapeutic approaches to addressing this phenomenon by comparing the Kurdistan Region's Law No. (1) of 2020 with the Federal Narcotics Law No. (50) of 2017. The research also examines the roles of security institutions, such as the Anti-Narcotics Directorate, the Asayish Service, and the Border Guards, in addition to the role of the judiciary and the Ministries of Health, Education, Labour, and Social Affairs. It also examines the contributions of non-governmental organisations to prevention and rehabilitation.The research adopts a descriptive analytical approach based on a review of legal texts, an analysis of official data, and an assessment of the institutional structure and coordination among relevant agencies. The study concludes that the lack of legislative integration and institutional coordination constitutes two major obstacles to the effectiveness of drug control efforts. It recommends the unification of legal frameworks, the establishment of permanent coordination mechanisms, and the strengthening of partnerships between government agencies and civil society to build a sustainable and comprehensive strategy to combat the drug phenomenon.
Drug control, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, institutions, procedures
Grammatical Schemas in Construction Morphology According to the Model of Haspelmath and Sims (2010): The Duhok Dialect as a Case Study
Construction Morphology is a modern linguistic theory that views the word as a fundamental unit, rejecting the notion that words are merely composed of the concatenation of meaningless morphemes. This study focuses on "Grammatical Schemas," specifically the inflectional system in the Duhok dialect. The primary objective of the research is to test the application of the Haspelmath and Sims -2010 model in analyzing complex grammatical phenomena such as tense, number (plurality), indefiniteness,… etc. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach based on the Haspelmath & Sims model to elucidate the relationship between form and meaning in words formed by grammatical affixes in the Duhok dialect, rather than adhering to classical rules of morpheme addition. The results indicate that the inflectional system in the Duhok dialect is best understood as a "Construction Network." The Haspelmath and Sims model successfully analyzed irregular words by treating sub-schemas as specific, stored schemas within the construction network, rather than as exceptions or deviations from the rule. Consequently, irregular words become a natural part of the grammatical system, processed via the same mechanisms as regular words in the mind of the Duhok speaker. The study concludes that the grammar of the Duhok dialect is a "Word-based" system, rather than a "Morpheme-based" one. The research consists of two parts: the first is titled "Mechanisms of Construction Morphology and the Haspelmath and Sims Model for Word Analysis," and the second is titled "Grammatical Construction Networks in the Duhok Dialect: A Morphosyntactic and Semantic Analysis".
Construction Morphology, Grammatical Schemas, Inflection, Constructional Morphosyntax, Head, Sub-Schema.
Factors contributing to the emergence of homosexual relationships, the reasons for their spread, their dangers to the individual and society, and how to treat them (a descriptive and analytical stud(
The study examines homosexuality as a complex social and psychological issue influenced by biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors, including hormonal imbalances, childhood trauma, family breakdown, and media influence. It highlights the health risks associated with homosexual behavior, such as the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and psychological challenges like depression and social isolation, and suggests that societal normalization may lead to family disintegration and moral decline. The research advocates for a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation that combines psychological counseling, religious guidance, social support, and legal regulation, emphasizing the importance of upholding human dignity and strengthening traditional values, family systems, and religious institutions to prevent further spread of the phenomenon while promoting a compassionate social discourse. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing relevant scientific and religious literature, analyzing recent psychological and sociological studies, examining relevant religious texts, and presenting examples of successful therapeutic experiences. The research is divided into three sections: the first examines the factors contributing to the emergence and spread of homosexual relationships; the second explores the risks of homosexual relationships to the individual and society; and the third focuses on methods for treating homosexual relationships.
homosexual relationship, individual and society, descriptive study
Non-governmental organizations and their role in protecting human rights
International non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a role in protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms. These organizations find the legal basis for their work in this context in the texts of international agreements and conventions, such as the 1945 United Nations Charter and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which address human rights and fundamental freedoms. It is worth noting that there are numerous NGOs concerned with human rights, and in this research, we have examined the role of three organizations: the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Human Rights Watch, and Amnesty International. We have found that these organizations provide a complementary guarantee to that offered by governmental organizations regarding human rights and fundamental freedoms. It remains to point out that the legal basis for the work of these organizations is not limited to international agreements and conventions. Regional human rights agreements and conventions also provide a legal foundation for these organizations to carry out their work. Among the most important regional agreements in this context are the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950, the American Convention on Human Rights of 1969, and other regional agreements.
Non-governmental organizations , Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International
Poetic language and the deviation of poetic language by Hugin Saliwa at the structural level in exotic music
The research, entitled “Poetic language and the deviation of poetic language of "Hawzhin Sliwa" at the Structural Level in the Collection "Unfamiliar Music” attempts to demonstrate, through stylistic methodology and structural analysis, how the poet employs repetition in his poems at the levels of sound, word, and phrase, as well as the ways these repetitions are deconstructed. We also aimed to determine the extent to which the poet has succeeded in this endeavor, and how skillfully and masterfully he has been able to integrate these repetitions into his works. In conclusion, it became clear to us that the poet has approached this task with great precision and deep awareness, which requires a perceptive reader in order to fully grasp these poetic repetitions. This study consists of two main sections: In the first section, we discussed repetition at the phonological level (sound) and the morphological level (word-formation), which we divided into several points, including: the use of archaic words, illuminating words, everyday vocabulary, and dialectal repetition. In the second section, we examined repetition at the level of the phrase, which we further divided into several categories such as the repetition of verbs, subjects, objects, tools, as well as prepositions and introductions. Ultimately, we concluded that the poet has been highly successful in employing such repetitions, carrying them out with deliberate awareness, and presenting elegant and striking examples that enabled him to skillfully showcase his creative talent in this domain. All these elements have shaped a distinctive mark and a unique style that is attributed solely to him, since not every poet is capable of mastering or achieving such results.
Poetic language, Scansion, Phonetic deviation, Lexical deviation, Dialectal deviation
The correct phrases and their types in the Kurdish language
The phrase is a syntactic unit; it is a constituent that may consist of a single word or more than one word, governed by a head. The head constitutes the foundation of the phrase and rules its complements. In traditional Kurdish linguistics, terms such as clause, expression, and short sentences have been used as equivalents to "phrase." The dependents of the phrase, whether obligatory or optional, serve as complements to the phrase and are linked to it either directly or indirectly. Phrases possess a structure formed by their constituent elements. The type of phrase determines and selects its complements. In Kurdish linguistics, perspectives regarding the phrase and its types vary. The classification of phrases regarding sentence structure consists of two main types: the Noun Phrase and the Verb Phrase (Predicate). While these two types are obligatory within the sentence structure, several other types of phrases have been identified in the Kurdish language, which this study addresses in two parts. These include the Adjectival Phrase, Degree Phrase, Prepositional Phrase, Adverbial Phrase, Determiner Phrase, and Defining Phrase. Phrases are intermediate projections. The heads of phrases are either lexical or—as in the case of Determiner Phrases—functional. Thus, phrases can be classified based on their heads: lexical-headed phrases (such as Noun Phrases and Verb Phrases) and functional-headed phrases (such as Determiner Phrases).
Sentence, Phrase, Head, Complement, Lexicon
Spatial analysis of the geographical distribution patterns of poultry production projects in the Garmian Administration for the year 2023 using geographic information systems.
Due to the increasing demand for poultry products, this sector has witnessed a remarkable spatial expansion in various areas of the Garmian administration, which requires a precise scientific study of the distribution patterns of these projects and their spatial analysis to determine their spatial efficiency and the extent of their compatibility with the surrounding environmental and human factors, thus providing a scientific basis for future spatial planning and sustainable agricultural development. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the spatial patterns of poultry production projects distribution using geographic information systems (GIS). The nearest neighbor method and impact range analysis were used to reveal the nature of spatial distribution. The research concluded that there are (162) broiler production fields, (2) table egg projects, and (5) hatcheries distributed in a different manner between the districts and sub-districts of the study area. The distribution pattern and direction of broiler projects was from the northeast to the southwest, taking an oval shape, covering an area of ​​(1574.6 km2) with a clustered distribution pattern. The number of projects falling within this distribution pattern is about (94) projects, representing (58.03%) of the total number of projects. Poultry, as for hatcheries, they are located in the eastern part of the study area, and their distribution direction is from the northeast to the southwest, adopting an oval pattern, with an area of ​​(352.8 km2) and a random, close distribution pattern. The number of hatcheries located within this pattern amounted to (2) hatcheries, representing (40%) of the total hatcheries in the study area. As for table egg projects, they adopted a random pattern. As for the scope of influence of marketing poultry products for the year 2023, it occupies an area of ​​​​about (47,219 km2), as it reaches the governorates of Sulaymaniyah, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din and Diyala. The research concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations reached by the researchers, through which we achieve a scope for improving the reality of poultry farming in the Garmian Administration.
poultry, spatial distribution, spatial variation, distribution pattern, nearest neighbor, scope of influence
The position of the Hamima region in the Abbasid call
The Abbasid Revolution is one of the most important events in Islamic history. The transfer of power from the Umayyad Caliphate was not an easy and unplanned task for the Abbasids It opened up more opportunities for non-Arab Muslims (mawalis) to manifest themselves in these areas. We have not seen any research that shows the position of Hamima as a geopolitical region during the Abbasid call. Therefore, we try to answer the questions about the importance of Hamima for the Abbasid call. Why did the Abbasids consider Hamima a suitable place to stay? Why didn't the Abbasids make other places the headquarters of the revolution to stay there? Several other questions were asked by us researchers. Our research consists of an introduction, two discussions and a number of conclusions. In the beginning we will discuss the geographical location of Hamima. The first discussion is about the political position of Hamima during the Abbasid call How the instructions were sent to other places, in the second chapter we will discuss the economic and religious position of Hamima and finally we reached some conclusions from our research. In our research, we have used narrative and analysis methods in order to tell and analyze events to reach the truth of events. In this research, we have used a number of sources for our research.
The Rights of Inmates and Detainees to lodge a Complaint under Iraqi Law
The right to file complaints is a fundamental legal mechanism for protecting the dignity and humanity of inmates and detainees during the execution of sentences in correctional institutions. This right has received significant attention in many national laws and is enshrined in several international conventions and standards on the treatment of inmates and detainees. Under Iraqi law, inmates or detainees are permitted to submit their complaints, either in writing or orally, to the competent authorities if they are subjected to ill-treatment or any conduct that undermines their human dignity within correctional institutions. This is done within procedures that ensure confidentiality, safety, and protection from threats or retaliation. Therefore, this study addresses the shortcomings that may affect the legal provisions regulating the right to file complaints for inmates, detainees, and persons held in custody during the execution of penalties within correctional institutions in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region. Although a legal framework exists that defines the procedures for submitting complaints and the authorities responsible for considering them, the practical implementation of these provisions still faces some deficiencies, which may limit the effectiveness of this right in providing actual protection for the rights of inmates and detainees.
Complaint, The Rights, Inmates and Detainees, Iraqi law, right
"Structural violence in the Personal Status Law Amendment Law No. (1) of
This research aims to identify the legal basis of Federal Law No. (1) of 2025 amending the Iraqi Personal Status Law No. (188) of 1959 on the one hand, and on the other hand to review this amending law, which Shiite jurists have been preparing for for more than a century, whether by their categorical rejection of the first attempts made by the Iraqi government since the founding of the Iraqi state to legislate the Iraqi Personal Status Law No. (188) of 1959 and even after it became an applicable law, and to this day. This has clearly appeared in the reasons for this recent amendment issued by the Iraqi Council of Representatives. Therefore, we will address all these paragraphs in turn, stating the legal basis on which the supporters of this amendment rely and stating their arguments and justifications versus the arguments and justifications of the opposing opposing party, and confronting it from civil society and feminist pressure groups because it represents an infringement of the rights of Iraqi womenKeywords: Structural and Cultural Violence, Personal Conditions, Gender Consideration, Weak Violence, Copyrighted Laws
العنف الهيكلي والثقافي، الأحوال الشخصية، مراعاة الجنسانية، الفئات المستضعفة، القوانين المجحفة
Between the Compassion of Creation and the Mercy of Believers: The Distinctive Significance of the Attributes (the Compassionate) and (the Merciful) in Narrative Interpretation
This research examines the precise distinction between the attributes "Al-Rahman" and "Al-Rahim" as narrated in the exegesis of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). The study demonstrates that this differentiation carries profound doctrinal and cognitive dimensions, establishing a comprehensive concept of divine mercy. The attribute "Al-Rahman" signifies a general and all-encompassing mercy that extends to all creation, both believers and non-believers. In contrast, the attribute "Al-Rahim" points to a specific mercy reserved for the believers alone, thereby delineating the scope of each name's influence and its relationship with creation. This research adopts an analytical and critical approach, focusing on examining the narrations transmitted from the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and extracting the doctrinal implications and epistemological differences between the attributes "al-Rahman" (the Most Gracious) and "al-Rahim" (the Most Merciful). The methodology aims to analyze these texts and derive conclusions, while also critiquing and refuting other opinions that fail to differentiate between the two attributes. This research plan presents a comparative study of the attributes al-Rahman and al-Rahim, detailing their linguistic connotations. The first section is dedicated to the differences between them in terms of their linguistic roots and grammatical characteristics. The second section focuses on the doctrinal dimensions of each attribute, examining al-Rahman's general mercy, which encompasses all of creation in this world, and al-Rahim's specific mercy, which is reserved for believers in the Hereafter. This is achieved through an analysis of the noble narrations and an explanation of the implications of this distinction in Islamic thought
Narrative Exegesis, Al-Rahman, Al-Rahim, Divine Mercy, Doctrine, Ahl al-Bayt.
Challenges to Sovereignty in India's Federal System
This study examines the structural and political challenges facing the Indian federal system under the centralized federal structure established by the 1950 Indian Constitution. This federalism combines the principle of national sovereignty with the principle of regional distribution of powers, contributing to structural tensions between the central government and the states. The study's significance lies in understanding the Indian federal model and highlighting the points of contact between the powers of the central government and the state governments. The conflict of jurisdictions appears not merely as an administrative problem but as a fundamental challenge to the concept of dual sovereignty within a single state. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate this by dividing it into three main sections: the nature of the federal system in India in terms of its origins and formation; the constitutional and legal framework of the institutions of the Indian federal system; and the challenges to sovereignty within the Indian federal system.
India, federalism, dual sovereignty, central government-state relationship.
Flexible International Law: An Analytical Study of Definition, Subjectivity, and Applications
Flexible law is not legally binding, but it possesses a moral, ethical, and political obligation. This latter characteristic often compels states to adhere to it. These laws are of paramount importance within contemporary international law because they bridge the gaps inherent in rigid or inflexible laws. They also serve as a preliminary stage, establishing certain principles that can evolve into solid rules in the future. Flexible law employs a range of tools, the most important of which are international declarations, guidelines, codes of conduct, and resolutions issued by the General Assembly and other United Nations bodies. As mentioned above, these tools play a crucial role in addressing the changes and developments occurring in the international arena, which rigid rules often fail to address or resolve. It is worth noting that flexible law has been the primary reason for the adoption of many binding legal rules in various fields, particularly within the framework of international human rights law and international environmental and sustainable development law.
Flexible international law - International declarations - Guiding principles.
The Right to Access Information in Iraq ) A Legal Study(
This study examines the extent to which Iraqi law guarantees the right of access to information through a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by comparative insights where necessary. It finds that the 2005 Iraqi Constitution recognizes the right indirectly but lacks an explicit provision, and that no comprehensive law specifically regulates it. The study recommends enacting a dedicated law to ensure effective implementation and strengthen transparency and accountability. The importance of this study lies in its addressing a topic that intersects with constitutional law, administrative law, and human rights law, and is also linked to efforts to combat corruption and promote institutional integrity. The right to access information is not an end in itself, but rather a means to achieve effective public oversight, establish the principle of the rule of law, and ensure the proper functioning of public services. The study's importance is particularly heightened in the Iraqi context, given the absence of specific and comprehensive legislation governing this right. This necessitates an in-depth legal analysis that assesses the existing framework and offers reform proposals to develop it in accordance with constitutional and international standards. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzing Iraqi constitutional and legislative texts related to the right to access information, examining their content, and identifying any shortcomings or ambiguities. When appropriate, a comparative approach is utilized to illustrate modern legislative trends in regulating this right and to draw conclusions that can benefit Iraqi legislators in this area.
Right of Access to Information, Transparency, Freedom of Expression, Constitutional Framework, Iraqi Legislation, Accountability.
Criminal methodology for terrorist gangs " Strategy and Ideology"
This research examines the criminal methodology employed by terrorist groups in building their operations and managing their internal structures, Contemporary terrorism is no longer a random act or one of isolated acts of violence, but rather a complex system based on a well-defined organizational structure, meticulous operational planning, diverse funding sources, and systematic recruitment mechanisms that rely on both local and transnational appeals. The research highlights that these groups do not operate in a vacuum, but rather within turbulent social and political environments where they exploit institutional gaps, the absence of justice, and instability to expand their influence and consolidate their presence, Furthermore, the research demonstrates that ideology constitutes the active framework that grants criminal behavior a false legitimacy and contributes to the production of an extremist discourse capable of justifying violence and attracting members, especially given the terrorist organizations' use of the digital sphere and social media to disseminate their messages and amplify their presence beyond their geographical boundaries. The analysis reveals that these organizations employ flexible strategies that allow them to adapt to security pressures and political shifts, modifying their organizational structure and operational plans as needed. The study concludes that understanding the criminal methodology—its structure, tools, and strategies—is a fundamental step in developing effective counterterrorism policies. These policies should not be limited to traditional security measures but should also include intellectual and social approaches that target the root causes of the phenomenon, thereby enhancing the ability of institutions to confront terrorist organizations and limit their capacity for recruitment and expansion.
Terrorism, Criminal Methodology, Terrorist Gangs, Extremism, Ideology, Recruitment, Strategy.
Child protection in criminal law: between prevention and punishment
This research aims to study child protection in criminal law from a dual perspective, combining prevention before a crime occurs and punishment after it occurs, to ensure the child's safety and the preservation of their rights. The research addresses two main sections: The first section focuses on preventive protection, clarifying its nature and legal basis, and outlining the forms and mechanisms of preventive measures before a crime occurs and during potential danger. It reviews relevant Iraqi legal texts, such as the Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 (as amended) and the Juvenile Welfare Law No. 76 of 1983 (as amended), in addition to international standards such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989. The second section focuses on punitive protection, reviewing the scope of criminalization in crimes against children and the specific penalties prescribed for their protection. It also examines the effectiveness of this protection and the challenges in its application, including the adequacy of legal texts and practical challenges in implementation, such as judicial delays, weak coordination among competent authorities, resource shortages, and the impact of social and cultural factors on child protection. The research concluded that child protection requires a balance between prevention and punishment, along with developing legal texts to keep pace with modern crimes and ensuring their effective implementation by judicial and executive authorities, as well as raising societal awareness of children's rights. The research emphasizes that the legal protection of children is not solely the responsibility of the state, but requires concerted efforts from families, civil society, educational institutions, and the judiciary to achieve a safe and sustainable environment for children's development and the protection of their rights.
Child protection, criminal law, prevention, punishment.
The Economic Composition of the Population in Zawita City 2024
This research sheds light on the relationship of the population with the labor force, the number of working and non-working residents, the reasons for unemployment, and the structure and characteristics of the labor force in terms of its distribution according to economic and professional activities in the city of Zawita for the year 2024. It also discusses family income, the labor sector, and the distribution of the labor force by gender and age. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it is the first to discuss the economic structure in the city of Zawita in such a general and detailed manner. The aim of the research is to identify the size of the working labor force and its professional structure, and how the workforce is distributed across economic activities. The main problem of the research is to what extent there is a difference between the economically active residents and how they are distributed according to economic and professional activities. This research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the difference between the working and non-working individuals according to the total population of Zawita city, which amounts to (2635) people, where the number of those who work is (635) people, and those who do not work is (2000) people. The majority of non-working people are students, numbering (920), housewives (430), and children (321). In terms of gender, the number of male workers is (518), and the number of female workers is (117). In terms of age, the majority of working people are in the (25 - 44) age group
Zawita city, economic structure, economic activities and professions, labor sector, family income.
Historians' view of the personality of Caliph al-Muntasser (247-248 AH)
this study provides a historical and critical analysis of the eleventh abbasid caliph, al-muntasir bi-allah, who is recognized as one of the most complex figures of the second abbasid era. classical historians such as (al-tabari, ibn al-athir, and al-mas'udi) presented a dualistic portrayal of this caliph, reflecting the conflict between human morality and political complexities. on one hand, historians offer a positive view, depicting him as a "just and righteous ruler," which is seen as a moral and political turning point in his character. on the other hand, the study addresses the negative and critical perspectives regarding al-muntasir’s involvement in the assassination of his father (caliph al-mutawakkil). historians view this event as a pivotal moment that tarnished the "sanctity of the caliphate," shifting the role of the caliph from a sovereign decision-maker to a subordinate figure under the hegemony of turkish military leaders. using a historical-analytical method, this research demonstrates that historians consider al-muntasir a victim of a transitional phase in which the military establishment seized control of the caliphate. the study concludes that despite condemning the act of patricide, historians portrayed him as a capable and benevolent leader who could have revitalized abbasid authority had his sudden death not intervened.
al-muntasir bi-allah, islamic historiography, abbasid caliphate, military hegemony, justice, patricid
The Status of Medical Staff in Duhok Governorate (1991-2003) "Historical, social and comparative study"
Doctors staff, Health Sector, Dohuk Province, Economic Blockade, Resolution No. 986.
Text Analysis from the Perspective of Titles in Stories (Using the Magazine "Ggargosha" as an Example)
The title is the key to the story, as it defines the content and components of the story in revealing its meaning, thereby reflecting the story's purpose through its title. Therefore, the selection of a title must be deliberate, aligning with the general content and idea of the story, as the relationship between the title and the story is reflective and suggestive. Since most studies begin their analysis of the narrative text from the title, then move to the content, and finally return to the title, this is done with the aim of interconnecting the title with the content of the narrative text. The title holds special significance for the reader, as it attracts them to the content of the text or anchors their understanding, being the first element that captures the reader's attention. Additionally, the title serves as the indication, intent, and signification that the author uses to convey their idea. This makes the title a valuable and effective tool within the narrative text. In this study, we discussed this topic from both theoretical and practical perspectives, and then attempted to present and analyze children's stories from the magazine "Al-Zawaya" as an example.
Title, Importance of the Title, Analysis of Title and Story Content
The role of cultural activities of the southern Kurdish diaspora in defining kurds in Europe 1975-1991
Most of those stateless people who live abroad and in the diaspora, as a social organized community, gather periodically and carry out all kinds of activities. In times of need and national emergency, they convey their demands through demonstrations and civil activities, spreading their political message to countries and raising public awareness in Europe. Southern Kurds of Kurdistan played a clear and visible role in conveying their national message. From the beginning of their migration to Europe, through their work and engagement with life, they introduced their national concern, commitment, and identity to the countries where they settled. They actively and organizedly sought lobbying and support for the Kurdish issue and introduced Kurdish history and culture to European countries. This research, titled “The Role of Civic Activities of the Southern Kurdish Diaspora in Introducing the Kurdish Issue in Europe 1975-1991,” focuses on the most important work and activities performed by the Southern Kurdish diaspora. It examines all the diverse civil activities aimed at introducing the Kurdish issue and lobbying for Kurdish national rights. The study is structured into three main chapters: first, introducing and explaining the concept of diaspora; second, discussing protests and enlightenment activities carried out by the Southern Kurdish diaspora. The research uses various sources such as documents, memoirs, and records of the Kurdish diaspora and relies on a scientific historical method to arrive at new and specific findings.
diaspora, protests, Europe, Southern Kurds, Ba’ath Party
Kamil al _ Jaderji and the Kurdish Issue
Kamil al-Chadirchi (1897-1968) was one of the most prominent democratic intellectuals and politicians in Iraq. He joined the Kurdish movement, believing that the rights of the Kurds, like all Iraqi components, should be constitutionally recognized. He advocated for a federal Iraq where the Kurds would have a constitutionally recognized entity and self-rule, within the framework of a single Iraqi state. He strongly opposed the policies of successive Iraqi governments regarding the Kurdish issue. After the establishment of the National Democratic Party in 1946, his policies became clearer towards the Kurdish issue, demanding that the rights of the Kurdish people be preserved through constitutional and legal means. During Kamil al-Chadirchi's era, the Kurdish struggle was considered one of the main pillars, as he believed that a federal constitution and a decentralized policy, while maintaining the unity of the Iraqi state, were the cornerstone for building a democratic and just state in Iraq.
kurd_ Iraq _ Kamil al_Jaderji _ The Iraqi National Democratic Party
The role of sound techniques in enhancing the level of beauty in Kurdish film
This research, titled "The Role of Sound Techniques in Enhancing the Aesthetic Level in Kurdish Film," attempts to provide a scientific reading of the role of sound techniques in elevating the aesthetic standards of Kurdish cinema. The study employs a content analysis method on a selected sample of Kurdish film, where "Sound Design" is analyzed from the perspective of "Sound Aesthetics." The objective is to highlight the technical concept of sound as a primary element in constructing artistic meaning and to demonstrate its role in enhancing the film's aesthetic level. To achieve this goal, the research follows a descriptive methodology, taking the feature film "Kafan" (2024), directed by "Srusht Abbarash," as a sample. The analysis encompasses both the content and formal aspects of the sound techniques used. The research findings, obtained through quantitative and qualitative analysis, reveal that Kurdish cinema in its current stage has witnessed significant development in the use of advanced sound technology. This further illustrates the vital role of sound techniques in raising the aesthetic quality of Kurdish films.
Role, Technique, Sound Technique, Aesthetics, Kurdish Film.
Counteractions: A Postcolonial Study of the Portrayal of Colonialism in Selected Poems of Amiri Baraka
This paper, titled “Counteractions: A Postcolonial Study of the Portrayal of Colonialism in Selected Poems of Amiri Baraka”, claims that Baraka’s poetic work is a powerful act of decolonisation. It uses foundational concepts of Edward Said (Eurocentrism), Aimé Césaire (Thing-ification), Gayatri Spivak (Epistemic violence and Othering), and Frantz Fanon (Manichaean world). Through qualitative, textual analysis, the paper examines literary techniques and themes such as inequality, racism, dehumanisation, and systemic violence. It explores Baraka’s critique of White supremacy’s ideological foundations and its lingering effects within American political institutions. The paper concludes that, by reversing Manichaean structures and subverting the coloniser’s civilisation narrative, Baraka portrays the Black (African American) as civilised. He uses linguistic innovations to undermine colonial discourse while reclaiming agency. These findings indicate that his writings are proactive instruments of a critical consciousness that serve as intellectual and spiritual emancipation, reinforcing the need for creative subversion toward decolonisation.
Amiri Baraka, Epistemic violence, Decolonisation, Manichaeanism, Thing-ification,
The Mind’s Role in Sound Production and Perception within Cognitive Phonetics
We examine ‘‘cognitive phonology’’ in this work as a field of study that connects cognitive psychology and physical phonetics. The primary objective is to examine the sensory mechanisms underlying sound production and perception. The paper focuses on three key principles: motor planning, sensory representation, and categorical perception. In this context, we compere the ‘‘superior sample theory’’ with the ‘‘theory of samples’’ to explain how sounds are remembered. We also address the ‘‘top-down’’ mechanism and the occurrence of ‘‘phonemic retention,’’ which demonstrate the importance of meaning and context in supplementing sounds lost to noise. Furthermore, we investigate the Kurdish language’s unique features (such as the semantic differences between /l/-/ɫ/ and /r/-/ř/) and demonstrate how the ‘‘phonological instinct’’ guides the Kurdish-speaking brain. He also attributed difficulties in learning a second language, such as changing /p/ to /b/ or /ð/ to /z/in Kurdish, to a lack of cognitive cells in the brain, rather than speech organs. Drawing from the study’s conclusions, we emphasize that speech results from a holistic sensory map rather than mere muscular sequences. The brain serves as the central command center for all vocal actions, meaning any sound alteration necessitates 'neural redesign,' rendering language a captive of mood. The role of mood in sound production and perception in cognitive phonology
categorical perception, cognitive phonology, mood representation, mood remapping motor planning.
"Factors Influencing the Stance of Akre's People Towards the Gulan Revolution (1976-1982)"
The Akre region held immense strategic importance for the Kurdish liberation movement, particularly during the Golan Revolution. Its role as a crucial gateway to the Badinan region, facilitating aid to the revolution, earned it the title "key to the revolution." The people of Akre exhibited divided loyalties, with some supporting the government and others the revolution, creating a constantly active front on the Gara and Amedi sides.This study delves into the multifaceted factors influencing the Akre population's attitudes towards the revolution. These include geographical features, political dynamics, socio-economic conditions, and the specific policies implemented by the Iraqi government. The central research question revolves around identifying these influential factors: "What are the factors that influence people's attitudes towards the Golan Revolution?" This overarching question branches into several sub-questions: 1. What is the significance of the people's self-esteem in shaping their allegiances? 2. What were the primary reasons behind the people's support for the revolution? 3. Conversely, what motivated the people's support for the government? The original text also briefly mentions understanding the impact of climate change on people's health, though its direct relevance to the Akre region's revolutionary attitudes isn't fully elaborated. Ultimately, it emphasizes Akre's significant and indispensable role in the development and overall struggle of the Golan Revolution.
akre, zebare area, golani revolution , iraq regime , peshmerqa , pirates .
Adjustment of the title in the content of poets Kamal Ramadan Aqri
In modern literary criticism, a title is considered the identity of a text and a key factor in drawing readers to its content. Since the advent of the printing revolution, titles have gained even greater importance in contemporary literary analysis. A title is composed of a group of linguistic signs placed at the beginning of a text to identify it, attract the reader's attention, and prepare them for the content that follows. In the reception of a literary text, the title plays a vital role. Since it is the first element a reader encounters, it serves as an initial point of engagement, shaping their expectations and drawing them into the text. This paper, titled The Embodiment of Title in the Content of Kamal Ramazan Akrawi's Poetry, focuses on how titles are reflected within the content of his works. Due to the scope of the research, the study specifically examines his poetry collection Night Has Not Yet Satiated with Worshipping Darkness, which includes 18 poems. The paper aims to explore how the title is embodied within the content of these poems.
Address, Types of Address, Kamal Ramazan Akreyi, Hozan.