Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Publication ethics and research misconduct 1- The research should be in conformity with the UN human rights laws. 2 - The research must be unpublished and not acceptable for publication anywhere else and is not subject to evaluation elsewhere. Scientific honesty in quoting from previous sources and research and attributing it to its original owners. The research provided shall be commensurate with the needs of society in the field of human knowledge. 5 - not to prejudice the scientific or literary figures with an insulting and offensive criticism that there is a constructive criticism based on accurate scientific foundations and constants. 6 - not to be exposed in the search for offensive ideas stemming from personal, religious, ethnic, sectarian or political motives. Confronting new views and ideas may be contrary to the ideas of the persons interviewed in a professional and scientific manner, away from ridicule or abuse. 8 - The researcher must distance himself in writing his research of his personal relations and emotional tendencies and committed to work under the scientific profession. 9 - The researcher must be not response to external pressures in writing research to achieve personal interests or benefits of those parties. 10 - The researcher should be open out to the opinions of other colleagues and accept constructive criticism to improve the image of research and address the mistakes that may be contained in it. If a mistake is discovered in the research after publication, the researcher must cooperate with the editor of the journal to correct the error by the appropriate means (re-publication with correction, withdrawal of the search, apology) and as necessary. Any form of research misconduct as submitting a search that is being published or is being reviewed elsewhere, or already published elsewhere, with the same content or similar content or others' work rates without citing the source of the quotation, plagiarism, forgery or fabrication if discovered at any stage of the editing process, or during printing or even after publication will result in immediate rejection of the search, , And the fees will not be refunded. 13- The journal monitors ethics by the editor-in-chief, assistant editors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, authors, and readers.
The Anxious Character in the Novel (Searching for Walid Masoud) by (Jabbra Ibrahim Jabbra)
The novel "Searching for Walid Masoud" is one of the novels that tells of a person's escape from reality and their hiding. However, this hiding may be for another purpose. The disappearance of the protagonist led to a kind of anxiety and disturbance among the other characters in the novel. In this research, we focused on the most important reasons that led the main character and the other characters to develop anxiety. We adopted the analytical method through applied models to clarify these reasons. The most important result we reached is that Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, one of the most important novelists, was able, through his famous novel "Searching for Walid Masoud," to present us with a model of the life of a psychologically disturbed person. He was able to employ the elements of his novel in a clever way to show the reasons that drive a person to make the difficult decision of disappearing. Behind this sudden disappearance were several reasons that we mentioned in this research. He was able, with his insight, to weave the story for us in a way The novel captivates the reader and weaves together events in a way that keeps all the characters in a state of constant anxiety, asking questions but without finding answers. Even the reader, from the moment they begin reading, experiences this anxiety, becoming like the characters themselves, asking questions and searching for answers as they read. This feeling that grips the reader stems from the author's ability to convey these genuine emotions.
The character, the novel, anxiety, the search for Walid Masoud..
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The comparative approach of the Orientalist Nallino in writing the scientific history of Eastern Islamic and Western civilizations
The Italian linguist and orientalist Carlo Alfonso Nallino (1872-1938) through his comparative studies of the scientific aspects of the Indian , Egyptian, Iranian, Zardashtian, Babylonian, and Greek civilizations, to the Islamic civilization, with the aim of revealing the scientific sources of Muslim scholars in all branches of science such as: (geography, mathematics, astronomy, and jurisprudence, He then compared the texts of Muslim scholars' manuscripts with those of Western scholars in Latin and Hebrew, and identified the sources of Western scholars in these three branches of science, He reached numerous conclusions, particularly in comparing Roman law, Islamic law, and Eastern Christian law, This also demonstrates the influence of Muslim scholars on Western astronomy practices, particularly the construction of observatories dating back to the reign of Caliph Mamun, and in the West, in the 16th century. Western scholars also utilized the astronomical inventions of Muslim scholars; Nallino then compared the manuscripts of Muslim geographers with those of Western geographers and astronomers, particularly the discovery of longitudes, latitudes, astronomical tables, and world maps,This study focuses on Nalino's methodology in comparing his various studies and books, in addition to focusing on Nalino's scientific biography in an independent topic, and his efforts in establishing the Institute of Oriental Studies in Italy ,and his efforts in collecting manuscripts and books in most of the libraries of the East and the West, through his scientific trips that lasted (30) years around the world, he knew more than (10) Eastern and Western languages ​​for his research in comparing the scientific aspects of most civilizations.
observatory, human geography, latitude and longitude, shape of the Earth, mathematical geography, Islamic low.
Philosophical Perspectives in Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi’s "Friendship and the Friend
The book "Al-Sadaqa wa Al-Sadeeq" (Friendship and the Friend) by Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi represents a significant turning point in the Arab philosophical and ethical heritage. The author transcended the mere collection of anecdotes and traditions to present a comprehensive idea of the essence of the "Other" and its role in achieving self-perfection. The importance of this work lies in it being a conscious philosophical reaction to the ethical and social crises observed by al-Tawhidi, as he analyzed the transformations in human relationships toward utilitarianism and materialism. This prompted him to re-establish the concept of friendship as a supreme moral value and a sanctuary that protects humans from isolation and psychological alienation. The philosophical vision in the book revolves around the "Ontology of Friendship," where al-Tawhidi views the true friend as "another who is you." This concept reflects philosophical ideas about the union of souls and the harmony of essences. Al-Tawhidi succeeded in integrating philosophical thought with spiritual values, providing a precise classification of the types of friendship; he placed "Friendship of Virtue" at the top of the pyramid, considering it an end in itself that does not change with shifting circumstances, because it relies on the love of absolute goodness and the pursuit of perfection. In contrast, he addressed "Friendship of Utility" as a temporary relationship that ends with the cessation of material need, making it less valuable and more fragile. Meanwhile, he placed "Friendship of Pleasure" in a middle rank associated with sociability and sensory delight, yet it also lacks continuity and stability. The methodology used by al-Tawhidi in his book combines psychological research with deep ethical analysis. He seeks to cleanse the concept of friendship from material impurities and narrow interests, considering the "Friend" as the mirror in which a person sees their flaws and merits, and the true partner in the journey of growth toward the essence of humanity. Therefore, the book is not merely thoughts on friendship, but rather an ethical law calling for a return to rational and spiritual values as the foundation for building human relationships. This philosophical vision grants the book an enduring value, making it an important source for understanding the nature of the human soul and its conflicts between idealism and reality, offering a philosophical solution to the problem of spiritual distance between people.
Friendship of Virtue, Friendship of Utility, Friendship of Pleasure, Friendship of the Soul
Kurdish-Armenian Relations and Their Impact on Kurdish Liberation Movements in Northern Kurdistan between 1925-1931
This research, titled "Kurdish-Armenian Relations and Their Impact on Kurdish Liberation Movements in Northern Kurdistan between 1925-1931," examines the relationship between Kurds and Armenians during this specific period. This era witnessed a phase of struggle, liberation, and national revolutions by numerous ethnic groups that were under the control of the Ottoman Empire, and subsequently the Republic of Turkey, after World War I. This presented an opportunity for both Kurds and Armenians to seek independence. On one hand, Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points advocated for the self-determination of occupied peoples. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire was in its twilight years. This opportunity was seized by both nationalities at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, leading to an agreement between Şerif Pasha and Boghos Nubar Pasha. As a result of this agreement, the Armenians were able to achieve their promises and assist Kurdish liberation movements in Northern Kurdistan. In conclusion, this research reveals that throughout history, Kurdish-Armenian relations have been marked by continuous conflict, whether in calm or tense environments. Historically, it is unlikely for two neighboring nationalities to exist on a border without facing numerous problems and disagreements. These conflicts were not necessarily caused by one of the nationalities but could have resulted from external intervention, such as that of the Ottoman Empire, which benefited from the existence of such problems between Kurds and Armenians. Despite all challenges, both sides, thanks to some understanding and expert political figures, managed to overcome all crises and achieve peace. This research utilized an analytical approach, relying on reliable historical sources, references, and historical documents, along with detailed studies and accurate analyses of all events to reach the desired facts and build a stronger relationship that could form the foundation for their independent states.
Kurds, Armenians, Relations, Revolution.
Practical education in the light of contemporary global trends and the quality of preparation (teacher/ student)
This research aims to identify contemporary global trends in the field of preparing (students/teachers), and to take advantage of these trends in developing a proposed concept for the development of teacher preparation programs in pedagogical colleges. The research came to the conclusion of developing a proposed concept for the development of preparation programs (students/teachers) based on contemporary trends, based on the results of previous research that dealt with this field. The research recommended that the faculties of education in the Universities of the Kurdistan Region conduct a review and development of their teacher training programs, based on contemporary global trends, and in a way that meets the requirements of (students/teachers) in the educational field, achieves the aspirations of society, and suits the requirements of the Times. The research also made several proposals, including: 1. Review the system of selection and admission policies for students in teacher preparation programs, through the application of criteria that ensure the selection of the best advanced levels globally, and the application of an integrated preparation system within the Faculty of Education. 2. Review the period of practical education so that the duration of its application is longer. 3. Expanding the field of cooperation between the faculties of education and civil society institutions, in order to achieve the construction of programs that meet the requirements of the labor market and provide the needs and aspirations of society.
Global trends, Kurdistan Region, civil society
Critical Analysis of Diction and Syntax in Abu Tammam's Poetry: A Study in Light of the Dichotomy of Praise and Blame
Abu Tammam is considered one of the most prominent poets of his era, distinguished by his vast knowledge, intuitive genius, and uniqueness. He possessed sharp intelligence, profound sensitivity, and a discerning insight, which led him to delve deeply into ideas and refine their expression in ways that sometimes diverged from certain norms of classical Arabic poetry and the conventions of the poetic tradition. This approach preoccupied critics with his method of composition, phrasing, and style. While his knowledge and distinctiveness aided his perception of things during the creative process, they also led him toward linguistic novelty and a degree of complexity in both diction and meaning. This, in turn, elicited widespread reactions, with opinions sharply divided between fervent admiration and strong criticism, ranging from praise to censure. The importance of the word in a poetic text stems from its position within the structural framework and its role in shaping the text. Words are combined to form sentences, and their sequence unfolds harmoniously according to the rules of grammar. Sound language is the optimal means by which a poet can convey their experiences with maximum impact, precision, and clarity. This research indicates that the aim of studying the linguistic structure of the word is to understand how Abu Tammam employed the vocabulary of his poetry and to investigate the extent to which he adhered to or deviated from the standards of eloquence and rhetoric.
Abu Tammam, critiques, word, structure, praise, criticism
The Integration of Tourist Attraction Elements and Their Impact on the Volume of Tourist Movement at the Archaeological Site of Babylon A Study in Tourism Geography
Many countries have focused on tourism as it has become a global phenomenon, especially after the development of transportation and communication. Consequently, many countries around the world are competing to attract the largest number of tourists by developing and enhancing their diverse tourist attractions and integrating them to create mature tourist destinations that satisfy the various desires of tourists. When a tourist visits a particular tourist area, they are usually drawn to one or more attractions. This is the premise of this research, which aims to demonstrate the integration of tourist attractions and to understand their impact on the volume of tourist activity at the archaeological site of Babylon. The study begins by presenting some natural and man-made tourist attractions in general, then examines the attractions at the archaeological site, explaining their types and importance. It concludes by demonstrating the impact of their integration on tourist activity at the site, based on the results of the field study. The study concludes that tourist activity in the study area is not based on a single attraction, but rather on the integration of several elements to determine the volume of tourist activity. These elements vary in their contribution to this activity. The research concludes with a set of recommendations that the researcher believes are necessary for relevant authorities to consider. Related to supporting and developing tourism in this precious tourist site.
Tourism, Attraction Elements, Archaeological City of Babylon.
The fragmentation of female identity in Shahd Al-Rawi's novel "On the Bridge of the Republic" in light of feminist criticism
This study focuses on analyzing representations of female identity in the novel "Above the Republic Bridge" by the Iraqi novelist Shahad Al-Rawi. We employ feminist criticism to reveal the fragmentation and division experienced by the female self in an Iraqi context burdened by numerous crises, including political, social, and psychological ones. The study proceeds from a primary hypothesis: the novel presents a narrative space that expresses the crisis of women, resulting from a comprehensive collapse of the symbolic and social system following the American occupation of Iraq. This research aims to understand several fundamental aspects: how this fragmented female identity is portrayed through the narrative, the structure of time, the fragmentation of memory, and spatial connotations, particularly the Republic Bridge, which becomes a symbol of the division of self, place, and identity. The research also highlights the absence of effective male influence in the novel. Male characters do not appear as tools of oppression, but rather as weak or withdrawn symbols, which renders the patriarchal system ineffective and prompts the heroine to search for her identity outside the prevailing traditional frameworks. The research examines the formation of female consciousness within the novel as a fragmented consciousness, expressed in a narrative language that is sometimes disjointed, in which memory is separated and time is reordered according to an irrational internal logic, mimicking psychological disintegration, which in turn reflects a broader social collapse. According to feminist criticism, this language is understood as a form of resistance to power structures and an attempt to establish an independent feminine discourse. The study concludes that *Over the Bridge of the Republic* presents a complex narrative model of women's experiences in times of war, and that the writer Shahad Al-Rawi offers a vision for the post-war novel that transcends slogan-based discourse through a subtle and profound treatment of the experience of a woman struggling for survival amidst a world collapsing around her.
Shahid Al-Rawi, feminist criticism, fragmentation of female identity, memory, place as a collective memory, fragmentation of time, spatiotemporal overlap, the narrator and multiple voices.
The Environmental and Health Impacts of the Al-Khairat Gas Power Plant on Air Pollution and Noise in Al-Khairat District
Like other districts of Iraqi cities, Al-Karat District is affected by industrial establishments and their environmental impacts. Therefore, this research includes an environmental study on the impact of the Al-Karat Gas Power Plant on the city. The study relied on field monitoring measurements at the study site during the period (July 2024 – January 2025). The study covered air pollution and noise intensity (noise pollution) measurements and their effects on environmental pollution. Ten monitoring sites were selected to measure the concentrations of the main gaseous pollutants, namely carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). In addition, ten other sites were selected for measuring noise intensity (noise pollution). The results were compared with both local and international environmental standards. The study also highlighted the environmental and health impacts of the Al-Karat Gas Power Plant on workers at the site, including occupational disorders and diseases such as respiratory illnesses, skin allergies, cardiovascular diseases, and asthma. Various environmental pollution measurement devices were employed, including a device for measuring gaseous waste pollution, the (Gas Alert) device for measuring air pollution levels emitted from the plant, and the latest sound level meters (Sound Level Meter) from global manufacturers. Moreover, advanced Geographic Information System (GIS) software (ArcMap 10.5 and Arc Catalog 10.5) was used to draw maps, along with Global Positioning System devices (GPS Maps iPhone). An (Auriol Premium Weather Station) device was used to measure wind speed and track gas dispersion, while a (Samsung) device was used to capture photographic documentation of environmental pollution indicators. Several statistical tools were applied, including (Excel 2016), (Word 2016), and (SPSS v.24) for all statistical analyses. The research also relied on a questionnaire distributed to employees of the Al-Karat Gas Power Plant, whose total number is 1,000 workers. Fifty questionnaires were distributed across five categories: four technical and engineering groups and one administrative group. The study also discussed both local and international environmental threshold standards, compared them with field monitoring points, and identified the sources of environmental pollution caused by the Al-Karat Gas Power Plant, which include both human and natural sources.
Electrical Energy, Gas Power Plants, Environmental Pollution, Air Pollution, Noise Pollution, Health Impact
The Mu'allaqa of Imru' al-Qais: An Integrated Critical Vision (A Study in the Commentaries of the Ode)
This study examines a significant issue in the field of classical Arabic literary criticism, namely the critical perspectives found in the commentaries on Imru’ al-Qays’ Mu‘allaqa up to the end of the fifth century AH. The research aims to shed light on the evaluative judgments and critical insights articulated by these commentators, to classify their types and domains, and to explore their relationship with modern critical theories and methodologies. The study is structured into three main sections. The first addresses the overall critical assessments of the Mu‘allaqa, including admiration for its masterful opening, as well as psychological, semantic, stylistic, aesthetic, and artistic critiques. The second section investigates the critical remarks directed at individual verses, focusing on rhetorical, figurative, and grammatical aspects, as well as evaluations of meaning, thematic transitions, and the integration of religious and cultural heritage. These reflect the commentators’ refined critical sensibilities and their rich linguistic and literary background. The third section analyzes the commentators’ methodological approaches, revealing how each commentator’s method reflected his intellectual orientation, cultural grounding, and personal perspective. The findings indicate that these commentaries did not merely aim at clarifying meanings, but also incorporated critical judgments that contributed significantly to the study of language and literature. Criticism was interwoven into the fabric of commentary, often concealed within grammatical, rhetorical, and semantic discussions. Moreover, the research uncovers early anticipations and rudimentary forms of modern critical theories, which later served as a foundation for distinguished Arab critical schools.
Imru’ al-Qays’ Mu‘allaqa; commentaries; critical judgments; methodology of commentary.
Ellipsis in Trump and Kamala Speeches: A Comparative Study
This study investigates the use of ellipsis in the political discourse of Donald Trump and Kamala Harris in televised interviews. Using the model of Quirk et al. (1972), the study analyzes types of ellipsis— situational, textual, nominal, verbal, and clausal—within their respective interviews on 60 Minutes. The analysis reveals that Trump’s speech frequently features situational and verbal ellipses, contributing to a conversational, informal tone, whereas Harris employs ellipsis more textually and nominally, reflecting a structured and intentional rhetorical style. The findings show notable contrasts in discourse strategies shaped by gender, political alignment, and rhetorical goals. The study concludes with recommendations for further sociopragmatic and syntactic- pragmatic research in political speech.
Ellipsis, political discourse, syntactic analysis, speech ellipsis, comparative linguistics.
The Hero Unchained: A Semiotic Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh (Tablet V)
This study undertakes a semiotic analysis of The Epic of Gilgamesh, the earliest known Mesopotamian epic, with a specific focus on Tablet V. The research aims to uncover the multilayered meanings of the text by applying Martin and Ringham’s tripartite semiotic model, which integrates discursive, narrative, and deep structural levels. Through this framework, the epic confrontation between Gilgamesh, the semi-divine king of Uruk, his companion Enkidu, and the monstrous guardian Humbaba is examined as a symbolic representation of the conflict between nurture and nature, civilization and wilderness. The study begins by outlining the theoretical foundations of semiotics, emphasizing key concepts such as sign, code, text, and representation, and situates literature as a cultural system of signs. It then explains the Paris School model of semiotic analysis, highlighting its applicability to narrative structures and thematic oppositions. The practical analysis of Tablet V identifies figurative isotopies in the text, maps the actantial roles of Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Humbaba, and the gods, and employs Greimas’s semiotic square to illustrate the underlying binary oppositions that structure the narrative. Results demonstrate that the epic encodes a cultural worldview where the triumph of Gilgamesh and Enkidu signifies the dominance of civilization over the primitive forces of nature. The study concludes that The Epic of Gilgamesh functions not only as a mythic tale but also as a cultural sign that reflects Sumerian values regarding power, divinity, and human destiny, thereby affirming the role of semiotic analysis in linking classical literary texts with broader socio-cultural and historical contexts.
Semiotics, Epic of Gilgamesh, cultural representation, narrative analysis, symbolism.
Analysis of Verb Structures and Their Meanings in the Hebrew Political Article Ben Caspit's Articles as a Case Study
This study aims to analyze the verbal structure in the articles of the (Israeli) writer Ben Caspit, with a focus on the functional role of verbs in political articles. The verb is considered a fundamental component in the Hebrew language, as it expresses an event tied to a specific time and is characterized by a diversity of patterns (binyanim) that determine its grammatical and morphological meaning. The study concluded that the past tense dominates the use of verbs in the articles, aiming to convey events in a confirmatory and assertive tone. In contrast, the present tense is employed to add vitality and dynamism to the text. It was also found that the writer heavily relies on active voice verbs to present his ideas directly and decisively, which aligns with his clear and impactful journalistic style. The results reveal that the selection of verbal patterns and tenses contributes significantly to shaping the writer's perspective and enhances reader engagement with the text.
Verb, Verb patterns, political article, morphological analysis
Complete deficiency in legislation causes and remedies (comparative analytical study(
The topic of the formal oversight deficiency of the parliament and ways to address it is one of the important topics related to defining the legislative authority’s oversight jurisdiction and stating the most important reasons for the formal oversight deficiency in this jurisdiction, and reaching appropriate treatments for it with the aim of implementing the constitutional texts and preserving them from encroachment by the legislator and supporting the principle of legitimacy, which represents a solid pillar against the oversight deficiency of the legislative authority, in the face of the executive authority to perform its executive duties in managing the state and providing services to individuals, in addition to stating the impact that filling the oversight deficiency of the legislative authority has on the reality of legislation on the one hand and on the service and administrative reality of the government and ensuring the real protection of rights and freedoms, as this will be addressed by stating the concept of the oversight deficiency of the legislative authority and its definition and what is meant by it, and stating the most important formal reasons for this oversight deficiency in the face of the government and stating the most important ways to address it, whether for reasons related to the member of the House of Representatives or arising from the dominance of the executive authority or withholding information from members of the House of Representatives in a way that ensures filling this deficiency in order to achieve the legal state and impose the will of the law and provide services and build the infrastructure and the prosperity of the country..
Deficiencies - Supervisory - Formal - Parliament - Methods of treatment.
A Contrastive-Semantic Study of Contemporary Idiomatic Expressions in English and Arabic TV Episodes – "Breaking Bad" (English) and "Fauda" (Arabic)
This study has tackled the applicability of contrastive-semantic analysis to contemporary idiomatic expressions in English and Arabic television narratives. The present study aims to investigate the semantic meanings, cultural implications, and linguistic structures of idiomatic expressions in selected episodes of the critically acclaimed English TV show ''Breaking Bad'' and the popular Arabic TV series ''Fauda''. The methodology of the study involves both qualitative and quantitative analyses of idiomatic expressions within these shows, conducted through the lens of their socio-cultural contexts. The study is theoretically significant as it identifies the semantic and pragmatic functions of idiomatic expressions in television narratives, while also being practically significant for researchers interested in cross-cultural linguistic studies. It provides valuable data that can be utilised in future research exploring the intersection of language, culture, and media. Finally, as concluded by the present study, it is evident that idiomatic expressions in both ''Breaking Bad'' and ''Fauda'' reflect their respective socio-cultural contexts, with notable similarities and differences emerging from their semantic and pragmatic usage.
Contrastive Analysis, Contrastive Linguistics, Semantics, Idiomatic Expressions, Meaning.
Property protection in Iraqi, Egyptian, and Algerian criminal law
Given the importance of real estate to society and the widespread incidence of crimes against real estate, the researcher sought to shed light on the concept of real estate and then explore its importance. He attempted to examine real estate ownership and possession, and the importance of these concepts in shaping the nature of crimes against them. We also addressed the concept of ownership and possession through procedural protection against attacks by individuals, highlighting the need to strengthen the penalties imposed by legislation in some countries, such as Iraq, Algeria, and Egypt. Legislators have established criminal procedures to protect real estate, starting with initiating criminal proceedings, through litigation procedures, and ending with the execution of the judgment and any problems that arise from such execution. The comparative analytical research approach was used, with the aim of identifying the extent of legal and procedural protection provided by the legislator to protect real estate. Through this research, we reached several conclusions and recommendations that could support the Iraqi legislator in making some amendments and procedures aimed at providing the highest level of criminal protection for real estate. These findings could also provide scientific research with valuable information that contributes to developing criminal policy for the protection of real estate. Real estate. We also concluded that criminal complaints in crimes against real estate can only be filed by the victim or their legal representative, with the exception of crimes against public property, which can be filed by the public prosecutor. We also found that real estate covered by criminal protection against crimes of encroachment on real estate possession is real estate by nature. One of the most important findings of our study is that the Iraqi, Egyptian, and Algerian legislators have provided provisions that ensure criminal protection, which serves as a deterrent to individuals who harm these properties through various acts that may constitute crimes in the legislator's view, based on legal texts. These provisions can provide scientific research with valuable information that contributes to the development of criminal policy for protection.
protection, criminal, real estate, ownership, possession
The Connected and Disconnected Lengthening (Madd) According to the Two Imams Ibn Kathir al-Makki (d. 120 AH) and Abu Amr al-Basri (d. 154 AH): Surah al-Ma'arij as a Model
All praise is due to Allah, Who taught us what we did not know, the Revealer of the Book and the Teacher of knowledge and literature. Peace and blessings be upon the noblest of creation and the Messengers, our master Muhammad, and upon his family and his pure and righteous companions, and upon all who follow his call and are guided by his guidance until the Day of Judgment. To proceed... The science of Quranic readings is a branch of the Quranic sciences. The noblest and most exalted of sciences is that which is connected to the Book of Allah (Exalted is He). Among the most important of the Quranic sciences is the science of Quranic readings, as its narrations continue to be transmitted orally with unbroken chains of transmission. This is one of the clearest proofs of Allah's preservation of His Book. Allah (Exalted is He) has chosen those whom He has favored with the preservation of the Holy Quran and knowledge of its readings. It teaches how to pronounce the words of God Almighty, as well as the methods of reciting them. These readings are divinely revealed and vary in their methods and chains of transmission. The Muslim community has unanimously agreed on the multiplicity of these readings, considering the mutawatir (widely transmitted) readings to be divine revelation. The differences in these readings stem from their transmission from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), as the readings were based on oral transmission. The Quran was revealed in seven modes of recitation, as the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “Gabriel recited it to me in one mode, so I asked him to recite it again, and he kept adding to it until it reached seven modes.” Among the seven letters is the multiplicity of readings which God Almighty made easy and facilitated for the nation, due to the differences in their languages ​​and dialects. God Almighty said: {And We have certainly made the Qur’an easy for remembrance, so is there any who will remember?}
Connected prolongation, Separated prolongation, Surah Al-Ma'arij, Al-Basri.
Environmental assessment of noise pollution level in Said Sadiq
Currently the noise pollution is one of the most environmental problems. For that reason, the researcher has done field work on this title (Environmental Assessment of Noise Pollution Level in the Said Sadiq town). In our study (Sound-level Meter) for noise meter has been used to measure the noise level in these areas (e.g. streets, commercial, residential, industrial, and green) and noise levels has been recorded for day and night, to show how sound level and noise effects on mental health and body health. The results showed that the noise in our town generally has been excessed its normal level of noise. Accordingly, the noise samples has been taken randomly from the main streets and other normal streets in the city, then our results revealed that the main streets are very annoying, while the normal streets are have moderate-annoying noise therefore our results was between (45 – 80) decibels. Finally, our study comes out with some important recommendations for local authorities to solve this problem and how to reduce it for example (increasing green areas, enforcing environmental laws, and environmental awareness).
Assessment awareness, Noise Pollution, human health, Said Sadiq.
Al-Zaydani's position on the evidence of morphological art in his explanation of the inflection of rhetoric: a descriptive study
This study aims to reveal the scientific approach of the linguist Mazhar al-Din al-Zaydani in dealing with the evidence on which linguists relied in constructing their rules, especially listening, analogy, and reasoning, and to shed light on the extent of his independence or influence by those who preceded him among grammarians. The importance of the subject comes from clarifying the positions of the linguist Mazhar al-Din al-Zaydani on the evidence for constructing linguistic knowledge, by proving his opinions spread in his book Sharh Tasrif al-Badi’. The research was divided into: a brief introduction that addressed the most prominent aspects of al-Zaydani’s personal and scientific biography. Then came the first section to address his position on listening and its importance in linguistic argumentation. The second section discussed his position on analogy and reasoning. The study concluded with a conclusion that included the most prominent results reached by the research.
Origins, appearance, hearing, measurement, reasoning.
The Effectiveness of a Proposed Instructional Program, based on the Hypothetical/Virtual reality, in Promoting Social Skills of 10th grade in Physics Subject
The PhET simulation programme is considered one of the most innovative technologies in contemporary education that has a positive influence on students’ academic and social development. In the current quasi-experimental study, 44 tenth-grade students participated and were equally assigned to two groups: an experimental group and a control group (n = 22 per group). Both groups completed pre- and post-tests using a researcher-developed social skills questionnaire. Some psychometric properties such as item analysis, validity and reliability were extracted for the questionnaire. A sufficient Cronbach’s alpha of 0.83 and split-half reliability of 0.71 and test re-test of 0.81 were reported, respectively. Normality of the data was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and no deviations from normality were detected (p-value for the Kolmogorov test > 0.05). Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations), independent sample t-test, chi-square and analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were utilized for the data analyses. The result showed statistically significant differences between groups in social skills, F= 16.13, p=.0002, η2p= .282, indicating that the students in the experimental group gained significant benefits from their participation in the intervention. This finding suggests that the use of PhET simulations had a meaningful and positive impact on enhancing students’ social skills.
Hypothetical/Virtual reality, PhET simulation, Social Skills .
The Covenant of Parasitism by Abu Ishaq al-Sabi A Cultural Approach
This assignment focuses on scientific research to study the literary results of the extension of the book (the covenant of parasites by Abu lshaq AL-sabiacultural study by examining some trends of their anecdotes that were developed in the Abbasid era and also to determine the relationship between authority ( the owner of he feast) and the rejection of the parasite i.e. between the center and the margin and it relied on various cultural applications as ameans of influence and being in fluenced.
Culturalcriticism-Culturalsystem-parasitism- Representation of cultural structure .
The role of public relations in political marketing analy to tarish position Russian –Ukrainian
This research aims to identify the role of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs' public relations efforts in promoting international positions during the Russia-Ukraine crisis. It seeks to determine the main and sub-themes addressed in the Ministry's public relations activities related to this crisis, as well as to uncover the key players and their characteristics. Furthermore, the research aims to understand the methods used to promote these international positions. The researcher employed a content analysis form to verify the research objectives and questions, which consisted of two categories: "What was said?" and "How was it said?" To analyze the publications on the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs website from February 24, 2022, to December 30, 2023, the researchers used a comprehensive enumeration method to obtain accurate results. (446) topics on the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs website were analyzed during the research period. The researchers reached several conclusions, most notably the following: 1. "Political" issues topped the list of main topics related to promoting international positions on the Russian-Ukrainian crisis adopted by foreign ministries' websites. The study also revealed a diversity of main issues on the agenda of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with (121) occurrences, representing (27.1%). 2. The results indicate the emphasis on the public relations of the actors involved in the Russian war, as presented on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs website. The "Head of State" was the most frequently mentioned, with (237) occurrences, representing (25.3%), followed by the "Minister of Foreign Affairs" with (229) occurrences, representing (25.3%). 24.3%
Public relations, political marketing, the Russian-Ukrainian crisis, Türkiye.
The Role of Laws and Regulations in Protecting Public Funds "A Comparative Study"
This research addresses the role of laws and regulations in protecting public funds, through a comparative study between Iraq and Lebanon. It examines the legal definition of public funds, the criteria used to distinguish them from private property, and the forms of legal protection provided by legislators, whether through criminal law or constitutional provisions. The study reveals that public funds constitute the essential material foundation for achieving public interest. Both Iraqi and Lebanese legislations have granted special protection to public funds; however, significant legislative and practical gaps remain. The research highlights that the criterion of allocation for public benefit is the most comprehensive for distinguishing public funds, while the effectiveness of criminal and constitutional protection varies between the two countries. It also emphasizes the urgent need for specific legislation regulating the management and disposal of public property, and for strengthening the independence of oversight institutions to safeguard public resources against waste and corruption. The study concludes with several findings, including the multiplicity of criteria for distinction, the lack of detailed legislation, the divergence in criminal protection, and the weakness of effective oversight mechanisms. It also offers recommendations, such as enacting a unified law to protect public funds, enhancing the independence of regulatory bodies, developing legal and administrative awareness programs, and creating a digital database for the management of public property.
Legal protection, Criminal protection, Constitutional protection.
Objectives: This study sheds light on the diplomatic aspect of Shathal Taqa’s career during his tenure at the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It also aims to explore the second dimension of his life as a poet and his role in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Methodology : The study relies on the historical, descriptive, and analytical. approach, tracing the subject’s life from birth to death. It analyzes various topics that contributed to shaping Shathal Taqa’s personality Results: The study concludes that the poetic side of Shathal Taqa’s life played a significant role in preparing him for his diplomatic career. His broad cultural knowledge and academic background enabled him to assume the position at the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1974. However, due to the short duration of his tenure, he was unable to fully demonstrate his diplomatic and administrative capabilities. Such a distinctive personality had its unique approach to managing such an important ministry. Recommendations: It is recommended to conduct an extensive academic study of this figure to allow researchers to obtain a Master’s or Doctoral degree. This study should ideally combine both poetry and diplomacy
Taqa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, diplomat, ambassador, cultural diplomacy.
Grammarians say the correct answer letters
It includes grammarians' statements on nine words classified under the title "Letters of Answer." In this research, I have clarified what the description of a letter of answer applies to and what does not, relying on the words of ancient grammarians and those who came after them, based on what was transmitted in ancient and modern grammar and linguistic books, making their words a gateway to arriving at the truth about the letters of answer or not. I began with the most common letters in Arabic speech, and discussed them sequentially, beginning with the letter (na'am), mentioning the statements of ancient grammarians regarding their meanings, positions, and grammatical analysis. The first of these grammarians was Sibawayh. I then stated my own opinion on the matter and what I tend toward—if the situation permits. Here, I do not claim to stand among them, but rather this is what researchers have followed and has become a standard practice in all the issues they address. I then discussed the letter (bala). Because it is the most famous after "na'am," I reviewed the grammarians' statements on it, following the same steps as the letter "na'am." The discussion led us to the statement of Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him), "If they had said 'na'am, they would have disbelieved." This is one of the reasons that prompted me to choose this topic. Here, we must pause to consider the jurists' statements on the issue, which prompted grammarians to address their own arguments, which increased the discussion on "bala" over the rest of the letters. I must not fail to mention that I addressed Qur'anic verses and poets' statements as evidence for or against the grammarians' statements, depending on the context. Then, I addressed the letter "ajal" with several well-known letters in the answer, relying on the same grammarians' statements I used for the letters "na'am" and "bala," and so on with the rest of the letters, following the principles of research in my review of the issue. I have striven to arrive at the truth of these letters, perhaps someone will benefit from this, and Allah is the Knower of all intentions.
Grammarians, the letters of the answer, yes, yes, yes, correct
"The Role of Criminal Justice in Protecting the Rights of Vulnerable Victims"
The research relied on the critical analytical approach through studying the Iraqi legal texts related to child protection, especially the Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, and analyzing their adequacy in addressing crimes of abuse. The comparative approach was also used through reviewing international conventions and some advanced Arab legislation. The study showed the shortcomings of Iraqi legislation in criminalizing child abuse as an independent crime, and its reliance on general texts that do not consider the privacy of childhood. Article (383) is limited to exposing the child to danger without directly criminalizing abuse, which weakens criminal protection. The study recommended the necessity of enacting a special law to protect the child that includes a comprehensive definition of abuse and means of prevention and punishment: "One of the key findings is that vulnerable groups (women, children, minorities) suffer from legal and social vulnerability that makes them more susceptible to abuse in the criminal environment, whether as victims of violence or as participants in justice procedures without adequate safeguards. Despite Iraq's signing of several international agreements related to the protection of these groups, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and CEDAW (1979), the Iraqi legislative reality does not adequately reflect the obligations of these agreements, particularly in the absence of special laws for domestic violence or gender-based violence. The Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 does not include detailed provisions that explicitly and clearly criminalize all forms of harm directed against women or children and grants mitigating legal excuses in some cases that contradict the logic of modern criminal justice.
Criminal justice, Human rights, Protection of vulnerable groups, Women and children, Minorities, Legal frameworks, Judicial mechanisms, Justice system reform.
Lina Kareem Hashem Mohammed Al-Hussainawi
Natural resources in Iraq and their impact on the power of the state - a study in political geography)
Iraq possesses significant natural resources (minerals, water, and agricultural land), particularly its reserves and exploited resources. It has more than 23 metallic and non-metallic minerals. However, most of these resources remain undiscovered and have not been utilized in a way that would allow their potential to serve the state and its political and economic strength. Despite possessing these resources, Iraq continues to face significant challenges in confronting military, economic, and even political obstacles. This has resulted in the failure to leverage these resources for political and economic development and to learn from the experiences of other countries. It is well-established that, according to the concept of geopolitics, a state's power is based on its available resources and their use for political development and economic growth to achieve sustainable strength for the state's structure. However, Iraq's natural resources have not significantly enhanced its power; they remain largely utilized to meet the daily needs of citizens and other state requirements. In other words, these resources have not been used as leverage to gain new advantages regionally and globally, nor have they been invested in developing the country's military and economic capabilities. Iraq, as a nation, has not benefited much from the experiences of other countries in developing its infrastructure and strengthening its diversified economy due to administrative bureaucracy. This is because it remains among the developing countries that rely more on their own resources than on learning from the experiences of others or utilizing their domestic resources.
natural resources, strategy, geopolitics, geoeconomics, state power .
The significance of the buildings of the few to the many in the Holy Qur’an
This research seeks to uncover the significance of plural forms indicating paucity when used to denote abundance in the Holy Quran. This is achieved by tracing their occurrences, analyzing them morphologically and semantically, and demonstrating the influence of context in shaping their meaning. The research aims to highlight the close relationship between morphological rules and Quranic usage, and to show that meaning in the Holy Quran is not understood in isolation from context, but rather is determined within its framework. The research revealed that the alternation between forms of paucity and abundance in the Holy Quran was not arbitrary, but rather dictated by contextual requirements, consideration of the intended meaning, and the desired rhetorical objective. This demonstrates the precision of Quranic expression and its eloquent eloquence. The research concluded that studying the structures of paucity and abundance contributes to a deeper understanding of the Quranic text and highlights its linguistic beauty. It also underscores the close connection between morphology, exegesis, and rhetoric, and opens the door to further applied studies in this field.
The structures of paucity, morphological significance, broken plurals, the Qur’anic context.
Hadith(: People are like a hundred camels. You can hardly find a mount among them.) Agreed upon
The hadith (hadith, but people are like a hundred camels, you can hardly find a departed person) is agreed upon from the important hadiths contained in the two Sahihs, which is considered one of the most correct chains of transmission according to the hadith scholars, which is known as (the gold chain), which is the narration of Salem bin Abdullah from his father, the great companion (Abdullah bin Omar), may God be pleased with them. As this hadith is one of the flags of prophecy, where he told the honest and trustworthy (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) about what will be the condition of the people of his nation after him, especially at the end of time of the weakness of religion and corruption and the loss of honesty and underestimation of it and as it is not found when he owns (a hundred) camels (camel) fit to be a reliable departed in his travels and travels, so are the people many in number, but unfortunately the sick of them are few, and the Muslim man can accompany him and travel with him and trust him as well About the existence of the right hand man who can be assigned to him the affairs of people Public and private such as imamate, fatwa, teaching and carrying responsibilities
Like the hundred camels, the gold chain, the hadith, the mount.
The Effect of Strategic Use of S.N.I.P.S. on Reflective Thinking in Fifth Grade Geography in the Center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate
The main goal of this study is to find out. The Effect of Strategic Use of S.N.I.P.S. on Reflective Thinking in Fifth Grade Geography in the Center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, The quasi-experimental method was used. Depending on the subject, the study population consisted of fifth-grade students from both East and West Elementary Schools. She described the study model as a deliberate approach to Western education at Zhilwan Elementary School, noting the balanced number of students in each classroom, with an average of 50 boys and girls. Matches were found for variables such as age, occupation, parent's and father's degree, grade 4, and IQ. Preparing an open survey tool to consider 20 items in a 4-choice format, the researcher then assessed the validity of the tool and consulted several experts, nine of whom were specialists, and the collection of their opinions reached 79%. A prototype for determining the tool's stability was created from a re-test conducted on 40 students, along with the study sample, whose answers showed an 85% mismatch according to the Pearson equation. The research experiment was then carried out with 50 fifth-grade students, and classes were held for both groups. After the experiment was completed, a final test of the instrument was conducted. The researcher used statistical tools such as the t-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The researcher concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group, and that the experimental group showed a favorable outcome in terms of the research focus, ending with a set of suggestions and recommendations.
S.N.I.P.S. Strategy, Contemplative Thinking, Geography