Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
type: channel
description: About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Public…
publisher: University Of Babylon
language: en
publication name: Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
issn: 2227-2895
items: Distinguishing Terrorist Crime from Organized Crime Under Iraqi and Jordanian Legislation: A Comparative Study of Legal Characterization Criteria and the Effects of Their Overlap
items: The Kurds Amidst the Clash of Civilizations: An Analytical Study of Contemporary History in Light of Huntington’s Thought
items: Independence and Intelligent Communication Among Four-Year-Old Children (Level 1) in Kindergartens in Central Erbil Governorate
items: The Role of KurdSat TV Documentaries in Raising Public Awareness in the Kurdistan Region
items: The Kurds on the Machiavellian scale: between the legitimacy of suppressing invaders and their sacrifices
items: Reflections on the Principles of Eco-Criticism in the Novel (2139) by Dildar Dil Rey.
items: The Etymology and Grammaticalization of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Kurdish Language
items: The Role of Social Interaction in the Formation of Meaning and Concepts in Children: A Study i
items: The Leader as the Driver of History between Machiavelli and Al-Mawardi A Comparative Study in the Philosophy of History
items: A Geographical Analysis of Landforms in Akre District and Their Tourism Significance: Challenges and Solutions"
items: Tribe and Economic Conflict as a Factor of Historical Movement in Martin van Bruinessen's Perspective: It is an analytical study
items: Victims of Halabja Chemical Attacks and the Role of Iranian and International Medical Centers in Their Treatment (1988–1992)
items: Obtaining objective meaning in television news through the mechanism of (arranging materials)
items: The Myth of Rostam and Sohrab According to Carl Gustav Jung's Theories
items: Wilayat al-Faqih as an Example of Ideological Governance: A Sociological Analysis of the Regional Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
items: Acquiring educational skills and their relationship to attention deficit among first-grade students, both those enrolled and those not enrolled in kindergarten.
items: The Technical Structure of Film: Between the Novel and the Art of Cinema – A Critical Analytical Study
items: The duality of real and metaphorical love, such as the symbols of (boy and girl) from the perspective of classical Kurdish poets in Middle Kurmanji (Fahnayi, Bidl), as a model
items: The morphometric characteristic of the basin of Bandawaya valley
items: Protecting Children's Privacy in Space Radio (Satellite Frequencies(
items: Guarantees of Protecting Freedom of Expression: A Comparative Study
items: Intifazah Skan Jamjamal Aam
items: Nostalgia in Hama Kaka Rash's Poems: The Diwan of "Me and Myself" as a Case Study
items: Rejection and Awakening in the Shadow of the Tyranny of History: The Cause of Ireland in the Light of Camus’s Philosophy of Rebellion
items: Administrative Transformations and Historical Geography of Kurdistan and Fars: A Comparative Analysis of Persian and Arabic Historiographical and Geographical Texts
items: The State as an Inheritance and the Exclusion of Kurds Throughout History: An Analysis of Structural Racism in Light of Walter Benjamin's (1918-1946) Philosophy of History
items: The Narrative Technique in Ahlam Mansour’s Novel “Alwan”
items: Extracting the Meanings of Linguistic Expressions in the Kurdish Language
items: Figurative language in the poems of Talaat Taher: A look at the poet's life experience and his style in poetic language.
items: Impact of the Aylul Revolution on Balakatay District in terms of Economy, Education, and Health (1961-1975)

Distinguishing Terrorist Crime from Organized Crime Under Iraqi and Jordanian Legislation: A Comparative Study of Legal Characterization Criteria and the Effects of Their Overlap
type: item
description: This study examines the legal distinction between terrorist crime and organized crime under Iraqi and Jordanian legislation by analyzing the criteria governing legal characterization and the effects of their overlap on criminal classification and the resulting legal consequences. The importance of the study arises from similarities in certain organizational characteristics and criminal methods employed by terrorist groups and organized criminal groups, particularly continuity, division of roles, secrecy, and the use of violence, as well as the increasing forms of cooperation between them in terrorist financing, money laundering, and trafficking. The study addresses the question of whether the legal provisions and criteria adopted in Iraq and Jordan are sufficient to distinguish between the two crimes, especially in complex cases involving overlapping elements of terrorism and organized crime. It adopts an analytical and comparative methodology based on examining relevant Iraqi and Jordanian legislation, reviewing legal scholarship and academic studies, and considering relevant international and regional frameworks. The study concludes that criminal purpose and specific intent, within the limits prescribed by the applicable legal provisions, constitute among the principal substantive criteria for distinguishing terrorist crime from organized crime. Terrorist crime is associated with threatening security or stability, spreading terror, or pursuing legally defined terrorist objectives, whereas organized crime generally seeks unlawful financial or material gain. Organizational structure, continuity, methods of commission, and scope of impact remain complementary criteria that do not, in most cases, independently determine legal characterization. The comparative analysis also reveals legislative deficiencies in addressing overlapping offences and multiple legal classifications, requiring clearer rules governing characterization, jurisdiction, criminal liability, and evid…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Terrorism, Organized Crime, Legal Characterization, Criminal Overlap, Iraqi Legislation, Jordanian Legislation.
  topic: keywords
creator: HIWA MAHMOOD ABDALLA
creator: HEMN HAMAD AMIN IBRAHIM
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4977
ending page: 5008
doi: 10.66026/8rc6ze58

The Kurds Amidst the Clash of Civilizations: An Analytical Study of Contemporary History in Light of Huntington’s Thought
type: item
description: By applying Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" theory, this study examines the political and national status of the Kurds. As a stateless nation with a distinct cultural identity, the Kurds live in an area defined by Huntington as civilizational "fault lines." The research shows that the Kurdish struggle goes beyond ideology. Instead, it is essentially an existential fight to survive culturally and protect their identity from the assimilation policies of the region's central states. Viewed through this theoretical framework, Kurdistan faces a civilizational paradox. Due to its modern tendencies, it shares many Western civilizational values. However, the outside world generally categorizes it as part of the Islamic system. This contradiction leaves the Kurds caught between pursuing strategic interests and preserving their identity. Furthermore, major powers often use the Kurds as a leverage card to maintain regional balance. This practice clearly demonstrates how the interests of "core states" consistently take priority over the rights of marginalized nations. Despite facing these significant challenges, the study highlights a shift in the 21st century: the Kurds are actively working to move past their historical role as victims and become effective political actors. The global perception of the Kurds has changed fundamentally, largely due to their role in fighting ISIS and defending shared human values. Ultimately, the study concludes that building an independent diplomacy is the only way for the Kurds to survive this clash. Doing so will allow them to stop being used as fuel for proxy wars and secure their right to exist among competing civilizations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clash of Civilizations, Kurdish Identity, Fault Lines, Core State, Objectification, Political Actor.
  topic: keywords
creator: Star Shekh Hassan
creator: Sahand Abdul Sattar Mustafa
creator: Saman Osman Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4949
ending page: 4976
doi: 10.66026/1a8dez14

Independence and Intelligent Communication Among Four-Year-Old Children (Level 1) in Kindergartens in Central Erbil Governorate
type: item
description: This research aims to: 1. Identify the degree of independence among (four) years old kindergarten children according to gender. 2. Identify the level of intelligence among (four) years old kindergarten children according to gender. 3. Identify the relationship between the degree of independence and the level of intelligence among kindergarten children. The researchers selected a representative sample of the population consisting of 50 children (33 boys and 17 girls) in the city center of Erbil. The researchers adopted the Independence Scale and administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. They used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and analyzed data including Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA), median, standard deviation, and T-test. Child development is a chain of independence development. A child receives independence from his mother from an early age to become a member of his family, then he receives that independence in kindergarten or school, making friends, and then this The scope of independence is expanding into society The most important development of a child from an early age is the development of intelligence, behavior and knowledge about what he learns during the early years of life. Here, the family plays an important role in this development The research yielded the following results: 1.Kindergarten children exhibit a degree of independence, with males exhibiting higher levels. 2.Kindergarten children possess a level of intelligence, with females exhibiting higher levels. 3. There is no statistically significant relationship between independence and intelligence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Independence, Intelligence, Children, Kindergarten.
  topic: keywords
creator: Razaw Abubakr Ali
creator: Sanaria Abdulrahman Sedeeq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4927
ending page: 4948
doi: 10.66026/xea1md88

The Role of KurdSat TV Documentaries in Raising Public Awareness in the Kurdistan Region
type: item
description: This study aims to highlight the role of documentaries on KurdSat satellite channel in raising public awareness in the Kurdistan Region, based on the importance of documentary media in changing societal perceptions. The study employed a descriptive methodology (content analysis) for a sample of five documentaries broadcast by the channel during 2024. The main objective of the study was to determine the extent to which the documentary messages conveyed information and culture to viewers. The most prominent findings of the study, in light of cultivation theory, showed that these films have the ability to transform temporary awareness into a more solid and stable awareness. The data indicates the dominance of the "reporting" style (73.10%), which helped to form a structured understanding of environmental and cultural issues among the audience. Furthermore, the reliance on eyewitnesses and experts contributed to lending credibility to the media messages, which led to a strengthening of national identity among viewers (61.29%( Within the framework of the development of Kurdish media and as a leading example, Kurdsat has paid special attention to the production of documentaries. The choice of this channel as an example of the study is due to its academic approach since its inception, “respecting the audience” and avoiding populism, which has made its products a reliable source for building national and cultural awareness. The significance of this paper is concentrated in analyzing the relationship between “image technique” and “consciousness message”. The main objective is to identify the dimensions (cognitive, emotional, behavioral) that are reflected in Kurdsat's products. Based on the content analysis method and in the light of cultural cultivation theory, the study presents a scientific model that shows the level of balance between the media function and the awareness function, in order to reach conclusions that will be the basis for the development of this media expe…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: KurdSat Channel, Documentary Film, Public Awareness, Content Analysis, Cultivation Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Othman Mohammed Saeed Ahmed
creator: karzan mohammed ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4899
ending page: 4926
doi: 10.66026/mj6kar85

The Kurds on the Machiavellian scale: between the legitimacy of suppressing invaders and their sacrifices
type: item
description: This study titled The Kurds in the Machiavellian Scale between the Legitimacy of Oppression and Kurdish Self-Sacrifice seeks a philosophical and political analysis of the Kurdish national question the research attempts to uncover the relationship between Machiavellian authoritarianism and the justifications employed by occupying powers to legitimize their tyranny accordingly the study is divided into four main sections each exploring a critical aspect of this issue the first section highlights the concept of authoritarianism in Machiavelli and how it is utilized by occupying states to rationalize the repression of the Kurdish people the second section discusses the strategies employed by occupiers to maintain their hegemony and divide the internal Kurdish structure demonstrating how internal fragmentation leads to the weakening of the Kurdish position In the third section the discourse of oppression and the mechanisms used to erase the Kurdish national identity are addressed this section explains how occupiers have attempted to destroy the cultural and historical dimensions of this nation through various means finally in the fourth section the political reality of the Kurds is analyzed between the ethics of resistance and the balance of power in this axis it is discussed how the Kurds are caught between maintaining the ethical principles of struggle and engaging with the rigid balance of regional power This study through the descriptive-analytical method reaches the conclusion that the survival of the Kurds requires a radical shift in their understanding of political philosophy it is necessary for Kurdish political discourse to move from the stage of victimhood toward the stage of power agency and mutual interest because in the Machiavellian world only power and geopolitical standing preserve legitimacy and survival Would you like me to refine any specific terminology used in this translation, or does this version meet your requirements.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Machiavelli, Kurds, conquest, revolution, power
  topic: keywords
creator: Fares Latif Yahya
creator: SAMAN OTHMAN ALEE
creator: HERO ABDULLAH OMAR
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4865
ending page: 4898
doi: 10.66026/4vw6ve64

Reflections on the Principles of Eco-Criticism in the Novel (2139) by Dildar Dil Rey.
type: item
description: This study, entitled ‘Manifestations of the Principles of Ecocriticism in the Novel 2139 by the novelist Daldar Dalerré,' aims to examine the novel 2139 from the perspective of ecocriticism and to reveal the extent to which the principles of this approach are embodied in the novel’s intellectual and artistic content. The main issue addressed by this study is the scarcity of applied Kurdish studies dealing with ecocriticism, particularly in the genre of the novel. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive–analytical approach, analyzing the novel on the basis of the theoretical mechanisms and criteria underpinning the approach of ecocriticism. The results of the study indicated that the novel 2139 does not treat the environment merely as a setting in which events unfold but rather presents it as an active and influential element in shaping meaning, guiding the narrative’s trajectory, and constructing relationships between humans and nature. Furthermore, the author deliberately highlights environmental risks and their implications for humanity's future and, through the novel’s message, seeks to foster environmental awareness among readers. This study aims to be a step towards broadening the horizons of modern literary criticism in Kurdish literature and to serve as a useful academic reference for researchers and students of literary studies, particularly in literary criticism. In addition to the introduction, conclusions and list of sources, this study consists of two main parts: in the first part (terms, definitions, importance, pioneers of environmental criticism, emergence and mechanisms of text analysis according to the principles of environmental criticism Different topics are discussed. In the second part, the principles of environmental critical method are reflected in Dildar Dalare's novel
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: environmental criticism, ecocriticism, the methodology of environmental criticism, the novel (2139), Daldar Dalerrê, Kurdish literary criticism.
  topic: keywords
creator: Saad Mikael Aziz
creator: Suhaib Mikael Aziz
creator: Karzan Ahmed Abdulrahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4839
ending page: 4864
doi: 10.66026/14wzp230

The Etymology and Grammaticalization of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Kurdish Language
type: item
description: This research, which is available under the title (The Etymology and Grammaticalization of Prefixes and Suffixes in the Kurdish Language), attempts to trace the origins and historical roots of Kurdish prefixes and suffixes. Its aim is to determine where Kurdish prefixes and suffixes come from and how they have undergone grammaticalization. It investigates whether, from the very beginning, they existed solely as bound morphemes with grammatical function (prefixes and suffixes) in their current form and without lexical meaning, or whether they were originally independent lexical morphemes with their own meanings, which subsequently combined with other free morphemes and formed compound words. Later, based on the needs of the language and over the passage of time, they gradually underwent grammaticalization and became prefixes and suffixes. This grammaticalization process occurred in such a way that phonological changes (such as sound shifts, lenition, assimilation, etc.) and semantic changes (such as semantic narrowing, semantic bleaching, polysemy, etc.) caused them, over time and with their distance from their original forms and meanings, to no longer be recognized in their original lexical state and to evolve from free morphemes into bound morphemes used in word formation (prefixes and suffixes). The same phenomenon can be observed today in some free morphemes that are undergoing the same process and are becoming bound morphemes used in word formation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Etmology, Evolution, Suffix, Morpheme
  topic: keywords
creator: Hazhar Othman Shekha
creator: Nareman Abdulla Karem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4811
ending page: 4838
doi: 10.66026/j6wx9704

The Role of Social Interaction in the Formation of Meaning and Concepts in Children: A Study i
type: item
description: This research, titled, The Role of Social Interaction in the Formation of Meaning and Concepts in Children: A Study in " is based on the theory of the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, the founder of Sociocultural Theory. The study primarily focuses on the role and importance of social interaction in the cognitive development of children. Furthermore, it emphasizes that language is not merely a tool for communication, but a fundamental instrument for shaping thought and developing concepts. Accordingly, the research highlights the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) to explain the gap that a child can bridge through the assistance of "More Knowledgeable Others" to acquire new meanings. Finally, this study aims to demonstrate that the process of meaning formation in children is a dynamic process resulting from the integration of language and social experience, where society and culture play a pivotal role in guiding a child's intellectual development. The scope of this study remains within the framework of Lev Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory and the concept of meaning formation and children's cognitive development. Scientific scope: Emphasis on the relationship between language, society and thought. Introduce the principles of Vygotsky's theory of children's intellectual and language development. Explain the mechanisms through which children make sense of words and concepts. Descriptive-Analytical Method is used in this study, by collecting theoretical data and analyzing Vygotsky's views and comparing them with the real process of child language and semantic development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Meaning formation, social interaction, conceptualization, language and cognitive development
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Edris Sdiq
creator: Laila Jalil Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4789
ending page: 4810
doi: 10.66026/6xfsx475

The Leader as the Driver of History between Machiavelli and Al-Mawardi A Comparative Study in the Philosophy of History
type: item
description: This comparative study in the field of the philosophy of history investigates the role of the leader as the primary driver of historical events from the perspectives of two distinct thinkers representing different intellectual traditions: Niccolò Machiavelli in the West, and Abu al-Hasan al-Mawardi in the Islamic East. The study highlights how Machiavelli, in his seminal work The Prince, views the leader as a pragmatic, amoral force who directs and shapes history according to the strategic interests of the state and his personal power. Conversely, Al-Mawardi, in his treatise Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya (The Ordinances of Government), anchors the leader (whether the Imam or the Caliph) to religious legitimacy and justice, where the course of history unfolds through strict adherence to divine law and the preservation of faith. Ultimately, the study concludes that while Machiavelli conceptualizes leadership as a secular, purely human agency capable of altering history, Al-Mawardi perceives it as a moral and religious obligation. This divergence underscores the profound epistemological and philosophical gap between Western and Islamic philosophies of history regarding the nature of power and authority.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Al-Mawardi, Machiavelli, Leader, Driver of History, Power.
  topic: keywords
creator: Saman Osman Ali
creator: Avan Aziz Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4763
ending page: 4788
doi: 10.66026/gdkg8h97

A Geographical Analysis of Landforms in Akre District and Their Tourism Significance: Challenges and Solutions"
type: item
description: Abstract This research highlights the geomorphological assessment for tourism development in Akre District, aiming to identify the natural potential of landforms and the obstacles hindering the growth of the tourism sector in the region. Due to its geographical location in mountainous areas with elevations ranging from 228 to 1926 meters above sea level, Akre District possesses a rich geomorphological diversity. This is evident in mountain ranges such as (Sari Akre, Peris, and Sada), deep valleys like (Zenta and Dupre), and hydro-geomorphological features including waterfalls (Akre Sipa and Bijil) and natural springs. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study concludes that despite these unique natural capabilities, tourism in Akre remains seasonal and makeshift, failing to become a stable economic resource. The primary reasons include poor tourism infrastructure, a lack of modern services near natural sites, and the neglect of the scientific and historical value of caves (such as Gondik and Divre caves). The research proposes several practical solutions, including: constructing road networks and cable cars (teleferics), investing in winter tourism on Mount Peris, and transforming caves into natural museums and cultural centers. These factors collectively aim to transform Akre District into a strategic tourism hub at the level of the Kurdistan Region and Iraq.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Akre District, Tourism, Mountains, Caves, Waterfalls, Challenges and Solutions
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Ramadan Sheen
creator: Nechirvan Khairadin Abdulhadi
creator: Helkaft Sadiq Tayib
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4735
ending page: 4762
doi: 10.66026/v0zf2s13

Tribe and Economic Conflict as a Factor of Historical Movement in Martin van Bruinessen's Perspective: It is an analytical study
type: item
description: Martin van Bruinessen sees tribe and economic conflict as factors of social historical movement. He emphasizes that tribe and economic conflict have had a profound impact on Kurdish society and have caused history to build events upon this foundation. This understanding has impacted a wide world among scholars. Some of them have similar understanding to Bruinessen's at different historical places and stages. However, this is so comprehensive in van Bruinessen's view that he has covered the historical stages between the history of Kurdish principalities during the Islamic Caliphate era and Kurdish principalities in the modern and contemporary history. In these stages, the tribe as a motive for historical events and developments has great importance and value in the philosophy of history. Similarly, economic factors as supporters behind the events of Kurdish history have the same value in the thought of historical philosophy; especially if an objective comparison is made among scholars. Van Bruinessen emphasizes the significance of tribe and economic conflict in shaping historical movements. These conflicts, which create social tensions and political instability and population movements, push people toward migration, occupation, or participation in various movements for the sake of gaining interests and survival in life. Van Bruinessen's perspective reveals the role of tribe and economic conflict in changes and social historical movements.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tribe, Society, Conflict, Economy, Kurds.
  topic: keywords
creator: Herro Abdullah Omar
creator: Saman Othman Ali2
creator: Hajar Khurshid Nouri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4701
ending page: 4734
doi: 10.66026/8485z794

Victims of Halabja Chemical Attacks and the Role of Iranian and International Medical Centers in Their Treatment (1988–1992)
type: item
description: The chemical bombardment of Halabja on March 16, 1988, was not merely a fleeting catastrophic event; rather, it marked the beginning of a prolonged era of suffering for the survivors who were exposed to toxic gases. Focusing on the condition of the victims, this study analyzes the types of toxic agents deployed by the Iraqi regime during the attack on Halabja, specifically nerve agents and mustard gas. In addition to detailing the long-term consequences and impacts of chemical weapons, the research highlights the medical treatment provided to the wounded in hospitals across Kermanshah and Tehran, as well as the protocols used for victim classification in health centers. A significant aspect of this research evaluates the international dimension of the Halabja chemical massacre, examining the transfer of victims to European countries and Japan for treatment, and the visits of international delegations such as Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and the United Nations (UN) to the victims in Iranian hospitals, which played a crucial role in bringing global awareness to the crime. The study demonstrates that the chemical attack on Halabja was not just a temporary disaster, but resulted in a devastating long-term legacy of health complications, including cancer, infertility, and congenital disabilities, which remain an open wound in the lives of the survivors to this day.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Halabja, Chemical Bombardment, Chemical Victims, Islamic Republic of Iran, Chronic Diseases.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jawhar Aziz Ahmed
creator: Hoshmand Ali Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4671
ending page: 4700
doi: 10.66026/ey3r0j33

Obtaining objective meaning in television news through the mechanism of (arranging materials)
type: item
description: This study investigates how "thematic meaning" is expressed and analyzed in television news headlines, relying on the mechanism of "ordering of elements." Additionally, it attempts to describe the relationship between grammatical structures and the changes that occur in word order. It also demonstrates how altering the position of an element through mechanisms such as (fronting, postponement, scrambling, deletion, passive voice, contrast, and cleft construction) affects both the meaning and the recipient's attention. To achieve specific objectives, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical-statistical methodology. The practical data of the study consists of the analysis of (45) television headlines from (Duhok TV), broadcast during the 2024 Kurdistan Parliamentary elections. The study reached several findings, showing that grammatical formulation and the disruption of normal word order alter the thematic meaning. Furthermore, two mechanisms (fronting and scrambling) were used more frequently in the headlines compared to other mechanisms, thereby driving the shift in thematic meaning. Under the title (Acquiring the meaning of the subject in television news through the mechanism of (sorting of materials), and includes the following topics: (Mechanism of ordering of materials), the ways of the mechanism of materials: Deviation, sectoral structure, differences), as well as a table of explanation of the meaning of the subject in (45) television news (Duhok TV), a statistical table to determine the number and rates of use of each method of ranking mechanism.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Thematic meaning, Headline, Ordering of elements, Election, Duhok TV.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jihan Ghias Mahe
creator: Huda Abdul Qadir Qasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4617
ending page: 4670
doi: 10.66026/98mbzp47

The Myth of Rostam and Sohrab According to Carl Gustav Jung's Theories
type: item
description: This research is an analytical attempt to interpret the myth of (Rostam and Sohrab) in light of analytical psychology theories, specifically the concepts of Carl Gustav Jung. The study focuses on the concept of "Archetypes" such as the Shadow, Anima and Animus, and the Persona, exploring their roles in the construction of the hero's personality. The methodology relies on mythological criticism, interpreting Rostam's journey as a psychological quest to discover the "The Self". Although the legend of Rostam and Zorab is full of heroic scenes and body-to-body combat, it is therefore very suitable for research according to Young's views on the individual psyche. However, this unique work of Kurdish literature has not been worked on in this way, which led me to work on the reflection of Young's theories in the legend of Rostam and Zorab ​The study divides the hero’s journey in this myth into five key stages: starting from the call to adventure and leaving the comfort zone, through encountering psychological obstacles, and finally achieving the integration of consciousness and the unconscious. The findings demonstrate that the characters within the myth are not merely historical figures, but reflections of different parts of the collective unconscious. The research concludes that the hero reaches individuation or "wholeness" only when a balance is established between the conscious and unconscious minds. In writing and preparing this research, various sources such as books, journal research, websites have been used, each of these sources have been used where necessary, especially in introducing the concepts and terms in the research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mythology, Rostam and Sohrab, Jung, Anima and Animus, Hero
  topic: keywords
creator: Jegr Abdullah Muhammad Ali
creator: Pakhshan Saber Hamad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4591
ending page: 4616
doi: 10.66026/nj29w906

Wilayat al-Faqih as an Example of Ideological Governance: A Sociological Analysis of the Regional Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
type: item
description: From a political sociology perspective, this study seeks to answer the question of how the concept of Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) transformed from a theological-jurisprudential theory into a model of ideological governance, and how this has influenced the regional policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study integrates four key theoretical approaches: Max Weber's concept of legitimacy, Pierre Bourdieu's concept of symbolic authority, Carl Schmitt's political theology, and Louis Althusser's theory of the ideological apparatus of the state. This integration allows for an analysis of Velayat-e Faqih as a comprehensive system for producing legitimacy, obedience, and power. The study treats ideology and national interest as two sides of the same coin in a single governance process, rather than as opposing forces. The findings demonstrate that this model operates through three fundamental mechanisms: the production of symbolic legitimacy, the construction of a network of ideological apparatuses, and the formulation of an internationalist discourse that blurs the lines between domestic and foreign policy. Furthermore, the study reveals that Iranian regional policy is not merely a reflection of geostrategic interests, but is also shaped by the ideological principles of Velayat-e Faqih. The study concludes that understanding Iran's regional behavior requires a complex approach that combines ideology, national interest, and social forces, rather than reducing the phenomenon to a single factor. The scientific value of this study lies in developing the concept of "ideological rule" from a general description into an applicable analytical model that can be used to study and evaluate other types of top-down or normative political systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, ideological rule, symbolic legitimacy, regional politics, political sociology, Islamic Republic of Iran.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kurdistan Mohammed Mahmoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4555
ending page: 4590
doi: 10.66026/aesdr629

Acquiring educational skills and their relationship to attention deficit among first-grade students, both those enrolled and those not enrolled in kindergarten.
type: item
description: The objectives of this study are to identify the level of acquiring instructional skills and attention distraction among first-grade basic school students, and to know the statistically significant differences in the level of acquiring instructional skills and attention distraction among first-grade basic school students according to the variable of kindergarten enrollment (enrolled - non-enrolled) and the variable of gender (male - female), and to know the relationship between acquiring instructional skills and attention distraction among first-grade basic school students. In this study, the descriptive correlational method was used. The study sample consisted of (158) first-grade basic school teachers in the Erbil Central Directorate of Education for the academic year (2025-2026), who were selected purposively. The study relied on the scales of (Bartawi, 2024) for acquiring instructional skills, which consists of (18) items, and the scale of (Mohammad, 2021) for attention distraction, which consists of (34) items. After using the statistical tools consisting of (percentage, t-test for one sample, t-test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient), through the statistical program (SPSS) to analyze the data, the study reached the following results: 1. First-grade basic school students have a high level of acquiring instructional skills. 2. First-grade basic school students have a noticeable level of attention distraction. 3. There is a statistically significant difference in the level of acquiring instructional skills and attention distraction among first-grade basic school students according to the variable of kindergarten enrollment, in favor of enrolled students for the instructional skills acquisition scale, and in favor of non-enrolled students for the attention distraction scale. 4. There is no statistically significant difference in the level of acquiring instructional skills and attention distraction among first-grade basic school students …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: acquiring instructional skills, attention distraction, first-grade basic school students
  topic: keywords
creator: Kurdistan Azeez Sulaiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4525
ending page: 4554
doi: 10.66026/d0tt9k36

The Technical Structure of Film: Between the Novel and the Art of Cinema – A Critical Analytical Study
type: item
description: One of the fundamental elements from which the contemporary novel has benefited is the cinematic shot. The novel, in essence, is composed of a collection of accumulated and interwoven shots that can only be classified and distinguished from one anther on a theoretical level. During the process of narration, the novelist emphasizes these shots with the aim of presenting the finest details and the aesthetic and rhetorical dimensions of the text through various visual perspectives. In doing so, the novelist seeks to stimulate the recipient’s imagination and broaden the horizon of visual perception. Among the Kurdish novelists who have employed the cinematic shot with remarkable artistic precision in constructing their narratives are (Ibrahim Ahmad, Bayan Salman, and Jan Dust). Their purpose in adopting this technique is to engage the reader in the movement and dynamism of scenes, the diversity of cinematic shots and images, and to enable the reader to appreciate their aesthetic and artistic qualities. We have divided the discussion into two topics: The first topic: Under the name of the structure of video art, it focuses on the concept and structure of video, in addition to the similarities and differences between cinema and genre Romanda. In the second topic: Discuss the types of footage, the importance, duties and roles between these two genres and art in terms of theory and practice examples of the film (People's Pain) and compare with the text of the novel and novels (Nights of Adam). – Mirname) is mentioned. We present the results below, in addition to the list of sources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: : Shot, Novel, Cinema, Narration, Mental Image, Film, Text, Kurdish Novel.
  topic: keywords
creator: Rezan Osman Mustafa
creator: Tania Asaad Mohammed Saleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4493
ending page: 4524
doi: 10.66026/ywp5yj31

The duality of real and metaphorical love, such as the symbols of (boy and girl) from the perspective of classical Kurdish poets in Middle Kurmanji (Fahnayi, Bidl), as a model
type: item
description: The duality of literal and metaphorical love, exemplified by the symbols of the boy and the girl, is explored by classical Kurdish poets in Middle Kurmanji (Fahnai and Bidil). This duality is clearly reflected in the poetry of these classical poets, who were heavily influenced by Nali. However, each poet approaches the issue from a different angle and perspective. Nali explicitly chooses the girl, viewing love metaphorically. Fahnai, influenced by Nali, favors the boy, but his influence is reversed, as he views love literally and rejects metaphorical love. Bidil, on the other hand, clearly shows the influence of Nali, choosing the girl and supporting Nali's view with new imagery and ideas. The impact of Nali is less pronounced in Bidil compared to the other poets. From this perspective, we will examine Nali's influence on other poets, particularly in the poem "If your love is metaphorical, then... only the girl," while also presenting the poets' individual visions. Examples include: (Fahna'i, Bidl) about love, because they benefited, like Nali, from the terms (boy and girl). Within this framework, poets played an important role in creating the structure of the literary text, its elements and content, and transporting the reader to the world of oral poetry. This phenomenon is a conscious choice by the poet, which is an inseparable part of the poet's identity and unique writing style.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The duality of true love, the duality of metaphorical love, the symbol of the boy, the symbol of the girl, classical Kurdish poets, Middle Kurmanji
  topic: keywords
creator: Pishtiwan Mahmood Ismail
creator: Bakir Shakir Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-25
publication date: 2026-08-25
starting page: 4459
ending page: 4492
doi: 10.66026/x7zhwh13

The morphometric characteristic of the basin of Bandawaya valley
type: item
description: The study aims to analyse the morphometric characteristics of the Bandawaya Valley Basin, represented by the spatial, longitudinal, morphological and topographic characteristics, and the characteristics of the drainage network. The Bandawa Valley River is one of the branches that flow into the Tigris River. The basin of this river is located between three districts, which are (Dohuk, Shekhan, and Simele), and a section of it is located in the (Nineveh) Governorate. In the north of the basin is Mount (Zawa), and in the east of the basin is Mount (Brifka), and in the west of the basin is the (Sharia) plain, while in the south is the (Bibouzi) plain. The area of the Bandawa Valley Basin is (151) square kilometres, and the length of the Bandawa Valley Basin is estimated at about (29,872) kilometres, and the width of the Bandawa Valley is (5,054). The study relied on geographic information systems(GIS), topographic maps and the digital elevation model(DEM) of the region with an accuracy of (12.5) as a tool for preparing a river drainage network map, which was classified according to The Strahler method (1958) gives a numerical order to the tributaries that form the drainage network. The study highlighted the presence of (six) river ranks for the basin, the number of waterways (1789) with a length of (535.52) km. The Bandawaia Valley basin has two patterns of water drainage, the first (tree pattern) and the second (parallel pattern). The topographical texture of the basin reached (19.61) streams/km. It has a smooth texture and increases the amount of water flow. The shape of the basin is close to the rectangular shape, as the elongation ratio in the Bandawaia basin reached (0.46). This indicates that the shape of the basin is far from the circular shape. This is a result of the change in the width of the water basin from the source to the outlet, with a curvature factor of (1.5) due to the structural and topographical effect of the region. The numerical drainage density i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bandawaya, Morphometric, Basin, Streams
  topic: keywords
creator: Safa Younis Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4421
ending page: 4458
doi: 10.66026/kzkz6n63

Protecting Children's Privacy in Space Radio (Satellite Frequencies(
type: item
description: Communication technologies are a prominent facet of social and scientific progress in the world that play a significant role in making life easier and better, people without discrimination want to use these technologies, and states try to make these technologies available to their citizens and legal. These technologies, along with their benefits and importance, are not without risks to the privacy of individuals in general and children in particular, so the state legal system must guarantee the safe use of these technologies through strong laws to regulate the service. The state can protect children's privacy through laws and law enforcement agencies, but the Iraqi legal system, with the existence of child protection laws, does not provide a strong legal system to protect children's privacy The provision of these services, however, did not adequately define the scope of their responsibilities to protect children, and the scope of responsibilities of parents and guardians to protect their children and their privacy was not clearly defined. To achieve this goal, we have used a fundamental research approach that relies on the core of our main research problem, analyzing the legal principles and identifying the appropriateness of these principles to achieve the main goal of protecting children in the wave space. We have divided our research into three topics as follows: Topic 1: The purpose of wave space and its legal differences. Topic 2: Legal basis for protecting children's privacy in the wave space. Topic 3: Legal responsibility for protecting children's privacy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Children's privacy - Wave gap - State responsibility for the wave gap.
  topic: keywords
creator: Asos Namiq Brajas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4395
ending page: 4420
doi: 10.66026/hszp5v15

Guarantees of Protecting Freedom of Expression: A Comparative Study
type: item
description: Freedom of expression is one of the most fundamental human rights and freedoms, serving as the cornerstone of any democratic society. This right plays a pivotal role in preserving human dignity, enhancing political and social participation, and monitoring the actions and practices of authority. Therefore, the existence of constitutional, legal, and political guarantees to protect freedom of expression is an essential prerequisite for establishing a democratic system and respecting human rights. This study attempts to present a comparative analysis of the guarantees protecting freedom of expression in Iraq, Egypt, and France from constitutional, legal, and political perspectives. The research focuses on the role of the constitution, constitutional oversight, democracy, and political parties in protecting this right. Furthermore, it identifies the obstacles and limitations that negatively impact the free exercise of freedom of expression. Although all three countries recognize freedom of expression in their constitutions, there is a clear disparity in practical implementation and the level of guarantees. Due to the strength of its democratic institutions and the effectiveness of its constitutional oversight, France has been able to provide more effective protection for freedom of expression. Conversely, Iraq and Egypt still face several legal and political obstacles, such as the expansion of state power, the ambiguity of certain legal texts, and the lack of practical guarantees to protect journalists and opinion-holders. The study also emphasizes that the genuine protection of freedom of expression is not achieved merely by the existence of constitutional texts; rather, it requires an independent judiciary, fair legislation, and a democratic political and intellectual environment that respects political pluralism and differing opinions. Therefore, by drawing upon the French experience, this study endeavors to offer legal and political recommendations and proposals to …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Freedom of Expression, Legal Guarantees, Political Guarantees, Constitutional Court, Multi-Party System.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hunar Abdulrahman Saeed
creator: Kamal Sehdi Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4351
ending page: 4394
doi: 10.66026/z8fwg698

Intifazah Skan Jamjamal Aam
type: item
description: Abstract:The selection of a research entitled (Chamchamal Residents Revolt in 1991), as a Specific topic of contemporary Kurdish history in general and South Kurdistan in particular, is an important topic ln1991, after the Kurdistan Peopls uprising and the liberation of most of the Kurdish cities and towns, including Chamchamal, this city became the gathering place of the Kurdistan Front forces to go to liberate Kirkuk The lraqi army and air force launched attacks to recapture the liberated areas of Chamchamal, which is the meeting point between Kirkuk and most other parts of Kurdistan, especially Sulaimani province They left Chamchamal and fled to the lranian borders in three different directions. They faced many hardships such as hunger, lack of food, clothes , death of children and the Western countries called on the UN Security Council to issue Resolution 688 and provide a peace zone above Line 36 for the Kurdish People. Aftr this decision the Kurdish People returned to their homes in several stages After the negotions between the Kurdistan Front and the lraqi government began the second uprising to expel the lraqi army from Kurdistan began, after the lraq government lost its power over Kurdistan, so all its administrative institutions withdrew from Kurdistan He was appointed to supervise the affairs of Chamchamal and this council continued its work until after the Kurdistan parliamentary elections in This research consists of a summary, introduction, part, results and sources as follows: Part One: The residents of Chamchamal in 1991 This consists of three discussions: First: External factors and Internal factors of the failure of the uprising and the start of the revolt In this article, we have discussed a number of external and internal factors that caused the failure of the 1991 uprising in South Kurdistan and the start of the Kurdish nation's revolt Secondly, we talked about the march of the residents of Chamchamal and how this important event happened. In t…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Koraw, Chamchamal, Iraqi Government, Kirkuk, Kurdistan.
  topic: keywords
creator: Glawezh Ali Wadi
creator: Ranjdar Mohammed Aziz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4317
ending page: 4350
doi: 10.66026/njmmww12

Nostalgia in Hama Kaka Rash's Poems: The Diwan of "Me and Myself" as a Case Study
type: item
description: Literature has always been the true mirror of human anxieties, pains, and psychological and social transformations. Within the various realms of literature, "poetry" remains the supreme mode of expression, capable of embodying humankind's deepest internal conflicts. One of the profound psychological and philosophical concepts closely linked to contemporary literature is "Nostalgia"—the yearning for the past and the longing for one's homeland. Due to the geopolitical and historical circumstances across Kurdistan, contemporary Kurdish literature has borne the lion's share of the experiences of migration and exile. In this pursuit, Kurdish poets abroad have crafted a distinctive poetic discourse in which the homeland is not merely a lost geography, but a continuous identity and existence. Among these prominent and creative voices, the poet (Hama Kakarash) holds a distinguished position. His poems in general, and his collection Me and Myself (Mn u Xom) in particular, manifest as a living laboratory of the conflict between the "bitter present of exile" and the "beautiful past of the homeland." ​This study, entitled "Nostalgia in the Poems of Hama Kaka rash: The Collection Me and Myself as a Model," is an academic endeavor to discover and analyze the various dimensions of nostalgia within this collection. The significance of this study lies in its attempt, from a critical and psychological perspective, to demonstrate how the dimensions of spatial nostalgia (longing for nature and the birthplace) and temporal nostalgia (linked to childhood and the purity of the past) have assisted the poet in overcoming the crisis of alienation in exile ​To achieve this objective and address the research problem, the study relies on the descriptive-analytical method. This approach serves to identify nostalgic imagery within the texts on one hand, and to deeply analyze and uncover the hidden meanings and symbols behind the poet's longing-infused language on the other. ​Research Structure ​T…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nostalgia, Hama Kaka rash, Me and Myself Collection, Exile, Poetic Imagery, Alienation, Estrangement, Grief and Pain, Return to Childhoo
  topic: keywords
creator: Gulala Salih Murad Amin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4279
ending page: 4316
doi: 10.66026/1tx6zx77

Rejection and Awakening in the Shadow of the Tyranny of History: The Cause of Ireland in the Light of Camus’s Philosophy of Rebellion
type: item
description: This research provides a comparative and analytical reading that links Albert Camus’s philosophy of rebellion with the conflict-ridden and oppressed history of the Irish people under occupation. Entitled "Rejection and Uprising under the Shadow of Historical Oppression: The Irish Question in the Light of Camus's Philosophy of Rebellion," the study seeks to answer a central question: How can Camus's concept of rebellion be utilized as a theoretical tool to understand Irish liberation movements? To achieve this objective, the research highlights Camus’s profound critiques of historical determinism and absolute ideologies, in which humanity is sacrificed for future goals. Accordingly, the Irish Question is analyzed as a living example wherein the Irish individual, by uttering the word "No," ignites the first spark of rebellion; signifying a "No" to imperial oppression and a "Yes" to freedom and the preservation of national identity. This shifts the act of rebellion from an individual demand to a defense of collective human identity. Simultaneously, the study addresses Camus's warnings about the intellectual traps that transform genuine rebellion into a revolution, ultimately leading to a new tyranny. Furthermore, the research applies Camus’s concept of "balanced thought" (the philosophy of limits) to the peace process in Northern Ireland and the compromise of the Good Friday Agreement. This is interpreted as a return to the foundational principles of genuine rebellion aimed at reconciling freedom and justice. In conclusion, the study finds that the Irish Question serves as a suitable testing ground for validating Camus’s theses. It demonstrates how historical oppression engenders the will to revolt; however, devoid of moral limits, such rebellion may precipitate the rise of a new tyranny. Thus, this research makes a novel contribution by bridging French political philosophy with Irish history, opening a new horizon for understanding national conflicts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Philosophy of Rebellion, Albert Camus, The Irish Question, British Occupation, Sectarian Conflict, The Great Famine, Partition of Ireland.
  topic: keywords
creator: SEDIQ MOHAMMED SEDIQ
creator: SAMAN OSMAN ALEE
creator: FARHANG NOORI MAHMOOD
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4243
ending page: 4278
doi: 10.66026/amn5hf94

Administrative Transformations and Historical Geography of Kurdistan and Fars: A Comparative Analysis of Persian and Arabic Historiographical and Geographical Texts
type: item
description: This study presents a comparative academic investigation into the historical geography and administrative transformations of Kurdistan and the Fars province across the Sasanian, Seljuk, and Ilkhanid eras, drawing upon a valuable collection of primary Arabic and Persian sources. The core research problem focuses on tracing the conceptual, semantic, and administrative evolution of the term "Kurd" and the designation "Kurdistan." It examines how these terms shifted from representing a socio-economic lifestyle (pastoralism and nomadism) and a Sasanian division based on Kurdish tribal districts (rumum) in Fars, to establishing an independent administrative, territorial, and financial province with defined borders during the Seljuk and Ilkhanid periods. Utilizing a comparative historical-analytical methodology, the study balances and traces developments within geographic, historical, and literary texts. The findings reveal that Kurdistan’s geographic and administrative identity was the product of long-term historical, demographic, and political accumulations, rather than an isolated or unilateral political decision. Furthermore, Ghazan Khan’s financial and territorial reforms, along with demographic shifts following the Mongol invasion, played a crucial role in reconstructing the region’s administrative framework, material resources, and financial realities. The study also conducts a comparative analysis of works such as Farsnameh and Nuzhat al-Qulub alongside Sharafnameh to elucidate ethnic, historical, and administrative dimensions, while scientifically identifying lost geographic sites of the Ilkhanid era that suffered from textual corruption. The paper concludes by highlighting the significance of comparative readings of primary sources to comprehend the spatial identity of Kurdistan and Fars in Islamic history.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Historical Geography, Kurdistan, Fars Province, Administrative Transformations, Historical Sources
  topic: keywords
creator: Saman Karim Mahmood
creator: Sarko Salih Ghafoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4225
ending page: 4242
doi: 10.66026/d9r84f70

The State as an Inheritance and the Exclusion of Kurds Throughout History: An Analysis of Structural Racism in Light of Walter Benjamin's (1918-1946) Philosophy of History
type: item
description: <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: #2b2d31; background: white; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This study provides a philosophical and historical analysis of the nation-state paradigm and the mechanisms of Kurdish marginalization in the Middle East between 1918 and 1947, through the lens of Walter Benjamin’s theses on the philosophy of history. The research operates on the hypothesis that the modern state in this region was constructed as a "political and cultural heritage" reserved for dominant nations, effectively excluding Kurds not only from political sovereignty but also from "historical time" itself. By employing Benjamin's critique of the "history of the victors" and his rejection of "homogeneous and empty time," the study demonstrates how structural racism became deeply embedded within the state apparatus. During this transformative period, Kurds were treated as actors "outside of history" or "pre-historical," a form of historical violence designed to decouple a national group from the trajectory of progress and modernity to legitimize their suppression. The study concludes that the "exclusion from time" served as a fundamental state tool for institutionalizing systemic racism, whereby Kurdish history was depicted either as a mere appendix or as a "dangerous interruption" within the state’s official temporal narrative. Ultimately, the research asserts that understanding the Kurdish issue is impossible without deconstructing the temporal and historical structures imposed by the state. This analysis offers a novel philosophical perspective on Kurdish statelessness, critiquing the foundations of political modernity. <span lang="EN-GB" style…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Walter Benjamin, Philosophy of History, Nation-state, Structural Racism, Kurdish Issue, Political Heritage, Exclusion from Time.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nawroz Yasin Mohammed
creator: Farhang Nouri Mahmood
creator: Saman Osman Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4201
ending page: 4224
doi: 10.66026/0s28gf80

The Narrative Technique in Ahlam Mansour’s Novel “Alwan”
type: item
description: In general, the emergence of any new literary phenomenon is the first reason and the main source of the need for the birth and change of criticism of the same phenomenon or new genre and subject. In the sense that literary criticism is always related to something else called literary works without literary works we will never have anything called literary criticism because criticism is not a creative process always works on the body of the text Therefore, we see that the emergence of novel criticism appeared much later due to the late emergence of this genre in Kurdish literature. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the narrative technique in Ahlam Mansour’s novel Alwan, which presents a portrayal of social life in the city of Khanaqin during a specific historical period. Employing an analytical critical approach, the study examines the structure and methods of narration in the novel and identifies their relationship to content, characters, time, setting, and events. It also evaluates the work as a regional novel situated within the framework of critical realism, highlighting several social issues, including class inequality, oppression of women, poverty, and the authority of aghas and feudal lords. At the same time, the study points to certain artistic weaknesses, particularly in character construction and the logic underlying some events. It concludes that narrative technique plays a fundamental role in the novel’s artistic structure and constitutes an important means of conveying the author’s vision and message. We have divided the discussion into several topics: Introduction, introduction, six related sections, then the last section of the discussion is devoted to the conclusion of the discussion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: technique, narrative, novel,
  topic: keywords
creator: Nareen Sadiq Mamkak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4171
ending page: 4200
doi: 10.66026/e4d7qk32

Extracting the Meanings of Linguistic Expressions in the Kurdish Language
type: item
description: Language is not only a means of transmitting information, but also a conscious process that shows how one understands and organizes one's experiences in the world around one. Thus, cognitive linguistics begins with the view that meaning is the result of the relationship between language, consciousness, and life experience, not just the product of grammatical rules. Therefore, most linguistic concepts are interpreted through conscious mechanisms and are related to actual human experience. This study investigates the concept of construal and its role in meaning construction in the Kurdish language from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. The study is based on the assumption that meaning is not merely the product of grammatical and lexical structures; rather, it is closely related to the speaker's construal and the cognitive mechanisms involved in human conceptualization. The research examines the major dimensions of construal, including subjectivity and objectivity, specificity and schematicity, cognitive scanning, fictive motion, prominence, attentional framing, figure–ground organization, and profiling. These concepts are discussed both theoretically and analytically. To illustrate their functions, examples from the Kurdish language are analyzed within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics, demonstrating how different linguistic expressions influence meaning construction and guide the listener's attention. The findings indicate that many differences among linguistic expressions do not arise from differences in objective reality; rather, they result from differences in the speaker's construal, the prominence assigned to particular conceptual elements, the profiling of specific aspects of a conceptual structure, and the direction of attention. Furthermore, the study shows that language is not merely a means of transmitting information, but also a cognitive tool for organizing and conceptualizing human experience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cognitive Linguistics, Construal, Prominence, Figure and Ground, Profiling, Fictive Motion.
  topic: keywords
creator: Gona Omar Abdullah
creator: Shaho Saleh Hamahussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4143
ending page: 4170
doi: 10.66026/bhvcx953

Figurative language in the poems of Talaat Taher: A look at the poet's life experience and his style in poetic language.
type: item
description: This study, titled "The Representation of Metaphor in the Poetry of Talat Taher," investigates and analyzes the life and language of the contemporary Kurdish poet by highlighting the direct and profound relationship between linguistic style and the poet's lived experience. In its theoretical framework, this study draws upon modern theories in cognitive linguistics, particularly the renowned theory of "Conceptual Metaphor" developed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Additionally, it adopts and applies a scientific stylistic methodology. This research clearly demonstrates that metaphor in Talat Taher's poetry is not merely a tool for pure, conventional aesthetic ornamentation; rather, it serves as a vehicle for expressing the poet's worldview and shaping his unique intellectual and foundational structure. From this perspective, significant emphasis is placed within this study on analyzing scientific stylistics in a comprehensive and clear manner across its various forms, supported by appropriate and necessary examples. This effectively elucidates the primary objective behind designing and selecting this distinctive, signature style for which the poet is known. [Section 2 / Second Image] Furthermore, the close and extensive relationships between the poet's linguistic style and rich life experience are meticulously analyzed in detail. This is conducted in a manner that tightly interconnects key elements—such as a language that is simultaneously simple yet profound, a socio-critical tone, and recurring autobiographical themes alongside the poet's historical and cultural context. Moreover, a scientific analysis and application of various types of metaphors (conceptual, ontological, and directional) in the poet's works have been carried out. This aims to illustrate and clarify how fundamental concepts and pillars such as love, homeland, and infinity are embodied and presented through the mechanisms of deep metaphorical mapping and structuring.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Conceptual metaphor , Talaat Tahir , Stylistics , Life experience , Contemporary poetry
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Majeed Saeed
creator: Bakhan Sarhad Abdulrahman
creator: shaida rashed Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4111
ending page: 4142
doi: 10.66026/z0mwy835

Impact of the Aylul Revolution on Balakatay District in terms of Economy, Education, and Health (1961-1975)
type: item
description: Abstract: Balakayati is a large district situated along the Iranian border, connecting Haji Omaran with Iran. During the Aylul Revolution (1961- 1975), Ballakayati emerged as a prominent center of revolutionary activity, particularly after Mala Mustafa Barzani relocated there from Sarkapkan in 1965. From that point onward, the district gained increasing significance in various spheres. During Aylul Revolution, Balakayati was subjected to repeated bombardment by diverse military aircraft, resulting in the deaths of dozens of civilians. Given the importance of this subject, we conducted this research to present the history of Balakayati during that period, structured with an introduction and three main themes, each examining both the positive and negative impacts of the Aylul Revolution on the district. In this research, I have relied on the method of historical narrative and analysis, since the subject is about a great Kurdish revolution, in which a number of major events are presented, and the necessary analysis and consequences are presented in several ways The methods used in order to reach the academic context of the research. The research consists of three topics. The first topic discusses the geographical boundaries and administrative aspects of Balakaity region. The first topic is the economic aspects of Balakaity and its influence The second topic discusses education and its effects on the region. The third topic discusses health during the revolution and its effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aylul Revolution, plane bombardments, Barzani, Balakayati
  topic: keywords
creator: Luqman Brahim Ahmad
creator: Aras Abdulrahman Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-08-16
publication date: 2026-08-16
starting page: 4079
ending page: 4110
doi: 10.66026/gpp4q652