Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Publication ethics and research misconduct 1- The research should be in conformity with the UN human rights laws. 2 - The research must be unpublished and not acceptable for publication anywhere else and is not subject to evaluation elsewhere. Scientific honesty in quoting from previous sources and research and attributing it to its original owners. The research provided shall be commensurate with the needs of society in the field of human knowledge. 5 - not to prejudice the scientific or literary figures with an insulting and offensive criticism that there is a constructive criticism based on accurate scientific foundations and constants. 6 - not to be exposed in the search for offensive ideas stemming from personal, religious, ethnic, sectarian or political motives. Confronting new views and ideas may be contrary to the ideas of the persons interviewed in a professional and scientific manner, away from ridicule or abuse. 8 - The researcher must distance himself in writing his research of his personal relations and emotional tendencies and committed to work under the scientific profession. 9 - The researcher must be not response to external pressures in writing research to achieve personal interests or benefits of those parties. 10 - The researcher should be open out to the opinions of other colleagues and accept constructive criticism to improve the image of research and address the mistakes that may be contained in it. If a mistake is discovered in the research after publication, the researcher must cooperate with the editor of the journal to correct the error by the appropriate means (re-publication with correction, withdrawal of the search, apology) and as necessary. Any form of research misconduct as submitting a search that is being published or is being reviewed elsewhere, or already published elsewhere, with the same content or similar content or others' work rates without citing the source of the quotation, plagiarism, forgery or fabrication if discovered at any stage of the editing process, or during printing or even after publication will result in immediate rejection of the search, , And the fees will not be refunded. 13- The journal monitors ethics by the editor-in-chief, assistant editors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, authors, and readers.
The banner and its meaning among the Arabs before Islam, a study in the book Al-Mufassal in the History of the Arabs Before Islam
The flag in the pre-Islamic era was an important symbol that carried different connotations. It was used for different purposes, expressing the political, social and even religious leadership system. It was a means of salvation in many cases, and an integral part of the value system of the Arabs before Islam. The Arabs paid great attention to the flag and gave it special care, to the point that they would entrust it to a person whose job it was to take care of it. It was of such great importance that it should be noted that the flag had different names such as the eagle, the banner, the flagpole, the flag and other names, and each name was used for a specific purpose and goal. The data indicates a great and important position, as it is a symbol that goes as far as sacrificing oneself for it. What a position it is, and it seems that the philosophy and importance of this matter remained until the Islamic call and even for the eras that followed it to this day. The flag was a symbol and a social, cultural, political and military landmark for the Arabs before Islam. There were different purposes for the flag, including victory and indicating a specific place. The tribe paid great attention to the flag, as it represented an integral part of its history. The flag expressed the real political presence, so the Arab was interested in it and its details and gave it great care. The Arabs joined together in many of their battles under one flag to demonstrate political unity and tribal fanaticism. The flag was given to the brave men of the tribe, and sometimes to the leader exclusively.
punishment - banner - flag - banner - flagpole
Ensuring the sovereignty of the people by monitoring the implementation of the Constitution in democratic systems
Since birth, a person enjoys a set of rights that are innate and do not require legislation for them, until he reaches adulthood, then some duties are added to these rights and these rights and duties grow and increase with the passage of time, and a person is not a useful member of his society except through awareness, thinking and a sense of responsibility, and this does not happen if a person is intellectually and cognitively shackled, so enjoying political rights will make a person an important member of society and able to push the wheel of life towards the better. In most countries of the world, its components are diverse, whether culturally, nationally or religiously, and this is God's law in creation, and we rarely find a state or we hardly find a state with a single religion and language, so the diversity of the component requires everyone to enjoy political rights even if at first it does not cause political problems, but the fear is that some of these problems will occur in the future, so everyone must participate in these rights, and enjoying them has become an essential human rights that have become a topic of interest to the lives of all peoples and countries, regardless of their civilizations and geographical locations.
guarantee, sovereignty, people, implementation, constitution, democratic systems
The Political and Military Influence of the Turks in the Second Abbasid Era (232-334 AH / 848-946 AD)
The second Abbasid era shows a significant contrast compared to the first Abbasid era. While the first was characterized by the strength of the caliphs and their authoritarian rule, the second witnessed the rise of Turkish influence in both the political and military arenas. This era begins with the caliphate of Al-Mutawakkil in 222 AH / 847 AD and continues until 331 AH / 946 AD. It is characterized by the growth of the role of the Turks, who took over major positions, which weakened the caliphate and concentrated power in the hands of the military and increased the influence of the Turks. Since the time of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim, Turkish leaders have come to dominate the political conditions in the state. The ministry has become a heavy burden on the ministers, who have become fearful of violence from the Turkish officers. The period of Al-Wathiq, the son of Al-Mu'tasim, is considered a transitional phase. The Turkish influence continues while maintaining the form of the caliphate. During his reign, the Turks succeeded in establishing their grip, such as appointing "people" to high positions. As a result of the Turks being preoccupied with internal conflicts, the Islamic frontiers were subjected to several raids by the Byzantines. This matter led to the martyrdom of many leaders, exacerbating the state of tension in the Islamic community that the people in Baghdad and Samarra revolted against the Turks. The power struggle was reflected on the economic conditions. Prices have risen sharply, food supplies have declined, and there have been practices by the Turks that included the destruction of dams and roads, leading to the devastation of villages and cutting off livelihoods. This period was characterized by violence and conflict between various factions, which contributed to the worsening of social and economic crises.
Turkish influence, the second Abbasid era, revolutions and movements of leaders, elements of the army
The principle of judicial neutrality between Iraqi law and Egyptian law
The research deals with the fact that the Iraqi and Egyptian legislators have given the judge sufficient freedom to consider the case presented to him or not. Here, the judge has achieved his neutrality towards the opponents, and this freedom achieves the principles of justice and fairness and is consistent with all legal considerations that call for this principle. Therefore, the research concluded that in order for a judge to be neutral, he must be objective, because neutrality and objectivity in the judge are two essential matters in fair judgment, as an important part of the judge's objectivity is to monitor and record everything that takes place in the court session, and not to select from the opponents' interventions and leave some of them, and this is a very important and influential matter, as everything that takes place has a great influence on the statements and issuing the ruling, and the judge may not find some interventions meaningful, but another judge in the appeal, for example, may look at them from another angle and they are influential, so neutrality is a legal position in which the judge is far from bias towards one party or opponent at the expense of another, and if the judge's independence from external influences and pressures is one of the most important guarantees of litigation that instills reassurance in the souls of litigants, then the justice of the ruling requires that the judge not be affected by his social status and intellectual beliefs while performing his judicial work, and the judge is supposed to rise above his personal emotions to resolve the dispute in light of objective considerations and nothing else.
Neutrality - Judicial Law - Iraqi Law - Egyptian Law
Analysis of the characters’ symbols in the Treatise on Disciples and Whispers by Ibn Shahid Al-Andalusi (d. 426 AH(
This brief study was based on presenting the characters and analyzing their symbols according to mechanisms, the most prominent of which are the external features or characteristics such as the appearance and what supports the appearance such as the horse, the weapon, and the uniform, in addition to the internal characteristics such as courage, dream, and anger. Then we discussed the analysis of the characters’ symbols and the creator’s intention in choosing these names and nicknames and not others. According to this inspection, we sought to reveal the connection of these symbols - names and nicknames - with (the characters), or with the ideas and perceptions that settled in the mind of the creator, meaning that the creator’s imagination led him to invent these names and nicknames due to their close connection to the literary impact of each of these characters within the space of the message. The language adopted by the author of the message, as well as the event, played a major role in building the symbols of the characters that walked with the story from beginning to end, which led to the recipient’s interaction with it. Because most of its events are part of the cultural heritage carried by the recipient, and thus they are not alien to him, but rather are with him in his memory. The story writer's mockery of his enemies is evident in a funny, comedic way that makes his opponents die in anger. The narrator's effort is clear as he puts the names of his characters in an intentional way, wanting certain connotations that are appropriate and harmonious, so that the text achieves its readability and the character's possibility and existence
Analysis of symbols, characters, treatise on minions and whirlwinds, Ibn Shahid Al-Andalusi
Monotheistic thought and Sufis in the Fatimid era
The Fatimid era occupied an important part of Islamic history. The emergence of the Fatimid state and its existence on the ground was considered a serious challenge to it. It was not just a small, passing state, but rather an Islamic Shiite caliphate. Its existence was considered a challenge to two Islamic caliphates, one in the East, which is the Abbasid Caliphate, and the other in Andalusia, which is the Umayyad Caliphate, and it did not stop. The Fatimid state, on its small borders, worked to transfer its caliphate to Egypt, and it continued for a long period of time until it was consumed by weakness and fell like any state. During the Fatimid era, the Sufi movement found a fertile environment to spread and several orders were formed. The Fatimid caliphs worked during this period to support the Sufi orders, especially with the similarity in many ideas and beliefs. The Fatimid preachers, in their method of preaching, resembled the Sufis in many aspects, which made Their call was successful in many respects, and many Sufis had ideas and beliefs that linked them to the Fatimids. Sufi monotheistic thought, amid Islamic ideas and conflicting trends, played an important role in bringing peace between people and working to bring viewpoints closer together. The research relied on the historical approach, which relies on research and work to provide scientific material, criticize it, and analyze it to reach the historical truth.
The powers of the executive authority in implementing criminalization and punishment
The principle of constitutional legitimacy has expanded and evolved over time. This principle no longer confines the scope of criminalization and punishment to laws enacted by the legislature; rather, it extends to regulations issued by the executive authority. It is worth noting that these regulations, which are issued by the executive authority to regulate the functioning of public facilities and others, often do not include provisions related to criminalization and punishment. The executive authority's powers in enforcing criminalization and punishment lie in implementing laws and executing judicial rulings representing penalties for offenders. These powers include the ability to direct relevant executive bodies, such as the police and judicial entities, to execute penalties effectively. Additionally, the executive authority's powers encompass the formulation of policies and executive procedures aimed at achieving criminal justice and ensuring community safety. Typically, the executive authority enjoys broad powers to make necessary decisions to control crime and impose penalties. However, these powers must be subject to scrutiny and balanced with individuals' rights and fundamental freedoms. Fundamentally, the executive authority's powers revolve around enforcing laws and executing judicial rulings related to crimes and penalties. Initially, the executive authority relies on directing specialized executive entities, such as the police, to ensure law enforcement effectively. Police officers investigate crimes, apprehend suspects, and gather necessary evidence for presentation to the judiciary. Furthermore, the executive authority formulates policies and procedures necessary to regulate the criminal justice process, including handling suspects and executing penalties. These policies play a crucial role in striking a balance between the effectiveness of punishment and protecting individuals' rights. It's worth noting that these powers must be exercised with caution and balance, ensuring the presence of effective oversight mechanisms that protect individuals' rights and ensure the fairness of the criminal process. Ultimately, the executive authority aims to enhance public security and ensure community safety overall.
constitutional legitimacy, criminalization, punishment, regulatory regulations
Characteristics of the peaceful transfer of power in the Iraqi legal system compared to democratic constitutions
The issue of democracy has always been one of the issues that has preoccupied societies for many decades, and many jurists and commentators have appeared who have worked hard with their opinions on that issue. Democracy has often been linked to power, according to many of them, since 1925, when its first basic law lasted until 2003, and then the transitional period due to regime change, but with strong powers. External, although the people wanted the process of change, but within the boundaries of society and not by external will, including economic and social, including how to accept democracy after a bitter reality that afflicted Iraq. Iraqi society is also a diverse society, and the transition to power cannot take place peacefully, as the societal, political and cultural characteristics differ in Iraq is different from the countries in which democracy has been established, which caused the diversity of the Iraqi spectrum, a problem that was not created by Iraqi society itself, but was created by the policies alien to this country for multiple reasons, perhaps the most important of which is the exclusion of the main components in Iraq for a decade due to the dictatorial policies of the political systems in Iraq, perhaps the party system. For the Baath Party, which excluded these components, questioning their patriotism, preferring a group close to it and preventing those from?
Administration, penalties, authority, legitimacy
Women leading men in prayer between those who permit it and those who forbid it (A comparative study)
Women leading men in prayer is a controversial topic in the Islamic scene, where viewpoints and opinions differ on this topic. There is a trend that promotes the permissibility of men leading women in prayer, based on some legal evidence that they consider to support this opinion. They emphasize that legal evidence allows this behavior provided that the man is able to perform it efficiently and politely. On the other hand, there is another trend that contradicts this opinion and considers women leading men in prayer unacceptable, justifying this with religious and cultural traditions that see this act as a contradiction to them. They see prayer as one of the matters that require complete privacy and that the imamate should be reserved for men only. This topic remains the subject of constant controversy and debate, as mutual understanding and respect for the opinions of others are considered essential in dealing with it. This requires a spirit of tolerance and understanding to achieve balance and mutual respect among all individuals in society. Women leading men in prayer is a topic that interests many and calls for comprehensive discussions to learn about the diverse points of view on this matter. This is a sensitive and complex topic, as there are diverse interpretations and opinions that prevent reaching a comprehensive agreement among scholars and jurists. The interpretation that permits men to lead women in prayer is based on the Qur’an and Sunnah, as it believes that men can lead women in prayer provided that they are competent, well-mannered, and able to lead in prayer in a correct and respectful manner. On the other hand, others oppose this view and see men leading women in prayer as contradicting religious and cultural traditions, and they do not find a legitimate justification for this action. This issue remains a topic of ongoing debate and reflection, and people need to explore and understand the opinions of scholars clearly to gain a comprehensive vision. Understanding diversity and respecting different points of view plays an important role in promoting tolerance and peaceful coexistence in society.
Women’s Imamate, Men’s Imamate, Permissible, Prohibitive, Prayer
Saleh Mohammed Abdullah Saleh Abu Khamra Al-Rifai
Linguistic styles and their role in discourse A study of Nizar Qabbani’s speech in light of the implicit theory
The problem of this study is the extent of the ability of the discourse to harmonize different linguistic styles in the same discourse, express them at one performance level, and its impact on the achievement power and the level of the speakers' competence in discourse. The study is interested in effective linguistic methods in Nizar Qabbani’s discourse, based on his collection “Diary of an Indifferent Woman” as an example. The study researches through the pragmatic approach represented by the theory of implicit, the speaker's ability to maintain discourse issues in different linguistic methods with equal influential power, the impact of expressive arts on the interlocutors, and identifying the manifestations of the use of arts and renewing them in the studied discourse, which turned out to be compatible between the beginning and end, emphasizing the ability of the speaker and his linguistic, comprehensive, pragmatic and logical skills. The psychological factor and the performance power of speech acts in the language are used due to the difference in people’s impacts on their senses from one interlocutor to another. Written speech, with its modernity and investment in the typographic space, paralleled the self’s desire for renewing, coexistence, and freedom from old stereotypes. As for the methods of discourse, they equally affected the performance, improvement, and impact on their expression of societal issues.
implicit, discourse, Yawmīyāt imraʼah, Nizar Qabbani, linguistic methods
Lmam Shams al-Din al-Sakhawi (d. 902 AH/1497 CE) and his methodology in his book al-Tuhfah al –Latifahfl AKhbar al-Madinah al – Sharifah
The topic of the research (the nice masterpiece in the news of the honorable city) included news about the people of Thebes since the second century AH until just before the death of the author in the year 902 AH/1497 AD. He mentioned dates related to the year 902 AH، So he mentioned the news of its people، the strangers who entered it and settled there for a year، on the condition that they narrated it، issued fatwas، or studied it. Therefore،this book contains a Iarge number of transIations The author began his book with a brief useful mention of the fragrant prophet،s birth of the Chosen One (may God bless him and grant him peace) until his death. He mentioned his name and lineage، his position among the Quraysh before the mission، and the honors that accompanied him since his childhood، then his work in trade، and his marriage to Mrs. Khadija (may God be pleased with her)، then he mentioned the beginning of the revelation descending upon him and the events that accompanied that until his death (may Gods prawers and peace be uponhim). Then he touched on the conditions of tae honorable city، mentioning the urban builbings there، most notably the Prophet is M0sque، and mentioning important places such as the remembrance of Al- Baqi and the schools in its vicinity. Which were arranged according to the letters of the dictionary، and these translations were not limited to one type of translator، as they included companions، followers، and juists، and among them were kings and princes who held positions of government in Thebes. The author was not content with conveying the news about his translations relying only on those who came before him، but rather he spoke about it on his own initiative. His book mentioned their news، virues، and contributions to… ln the various fields of life، this book، with its information about the righteous Predecessors، was of great importance to researchers predecessors، was of great importance to researchers who selected useful news from it.
Lmam Shams al-Din, al-Sakhawi, methodology, al-Tuhfah al–Latifahfl AKhbar al-Madinah al – Sharifah
The Dominance And Role Of Parliament In Executive Powers
In short, it can be said that Parliament plays a vital role in executive competencies, by exercising oversight and legislation, directing policies and making important decisions. However, there must be an appropriate balance between Parliament and the executive to ensure effective functioning of government. Parliaments face challenges in exercising their role in executive powers, including the balance between legislative responsibility and oversight responsibility. Parliament must be able to balance these two functions to achieve democracy, transparency and governmental accountability. In general, Parliament should seek to strengthen its role in policy formulation, monitoring and ensuring that policies are implemented in a transparent and fair manner. Parliament must work to represent the interests of citizens and society in general, and to ensure that the executive operates in the interests of the people. Achieving this balance requires constructive cooperation between Parliament and the government, and ensuring effective mechanisms for dialogue and consultation between them. Parliament and the government must work together to achieve development, stability and justice in society. Striking a balance between Parliament’s dominance and its role in executive competencies is crucial to strengthening democracy and achieving sustainable development. Parliament must have the capacity to fulfill its oversight and legislative responsibilities independently, while at the same time it must be able to cooperate with the executive to achieve national goals and public interests.
Hegemony, Parliament, Authority, Executive Authority
The poetic and grammatical evidence in the tools in the book Al-Kafi fi Sharh Al-Hadi by Al-Zanjani, d. 655 AH)
This research, tagged with (the poetic and grammatical evidence in the articles in the book Al-Kafi fi Sharh Al-Hadi by Al-Zanjani (d. 655 AH), dealt with some poetic evidence in the articles. The research dealt with five issues. The first issue dealt with: the waw for the absolute plural. Al-Zanjani followed the doctrine of the Basrans and Sibawayh from The waw indicates the absolute plural and does not indicate the order. This is based on the evidence he cited that supports what he argued. He addressed the second issue: it comes or for doubt and ambiguity. Al-Zanjani cited it for illusion only in the words of Labid, and he did not bring a poetic witness in which he clarifies the meaning of (or) for doubt, which is From what is counted on him, he did not diversify in citing the issue, he was limited to a specific aspect only, and he dealt with the third issue: the entry of that after ki. Al-Zanjani followed the doctrine of the Basrans in not renting the entry of that after ki, which is correct, due to the weakness of the witness that he does not know who said it, so when reviewing The researcher of the verse and its narrator in the sources made it clear that Al-Zanjani was correct in what he said, that the verse does not know who said it, and that the inclusion of that after ki is due to poetic necessity, because what was heard of that is of rejected principles, and it is applicable in poetry when necessary, and in the fourth issue Using that in the position of ki and vice versa. It is permissible to use (in) in the position of (if) and vice versa. The difference between them is not clear because of the partnership between them, as is clear from the evidence that will be mentioned, in addition to the fact that Al-Zanjani was alone in the first and second verse is His martyrdom in this place. Regarding the critical issue, there is a disagreement regarding the “lam” in the answer to “Law and Lula.” What is apparent from Al-Zanjani’s statement is that the “L” in the answer to “Law and Lula” is not redundant, and that is through his comment at the end of citing the above evidence by saying: “We have the word “Lam” that is meant in these situations, it was deleted for the sake of knowledge, and the thing if it is known. Its location is permissible. The opinions of scholars on a single grammatical issue were presented, discussed, and Zanjani’s position on it was stated. He relied heavily on poetic evidence in analysis and interpretation. Explaining the meaning of the grammatical issues raised.
Sufficient grammatical evidence in the explanation of Al-Hadi Al-Zanjani, Tools
Letters of meanings in a book in order to nominate the issues of the Elbabeb singer for (Omar bin Abdullah Al-Fassi) (T1188) (if light broken, the light open, the broken is high-non, and the open is tight-non) as a model (study and investigation)
This research deals with the study and investigation of some of the letters of meanings in the book (Baghyat Al-Areeb fi Tawsheeh Issues of Mughni Al-Labib). The commentator (Omar bin Abdullah Al-Fassi) dealt with some issues related to letters in the book (Mughni Al-Labib) by Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari, and explained it in an easy scientific manner. Explaining in it some of the controversial issues in which the forms occurred, showing the correct approach in those issues by conveying the opinions of the ancient grammarians, and it became clear to us through the scientific opinions presented by the commentator, and the mentality that he enjoys without fanaticism towards a particular doctrine at the expense of another.. Sheikh Omar's explanation is one of the important explanations that focused on the Arabic language and is one of the important works in the field of this specialization. Sheikh Omar had some unique opinions in his grammatical choices. Sheikh Omar agreed with Ibn Hisham in most issues, and sometimes we find him disagreeing with him if he found the closest to the truth, and here his personality appeared to us, especially in the issues in which he disagreed with Ibn Hisham. He defended some grammarians who Ibn Hisham attributed to them illusion and weakness. Sheikh Omar relied on grammatical principles to establish his rules and support his choices, so he paid attention to listening and worked with analogy and took consensus. Most of his opinions follow the Basran approach, and sometimes he takes the Kufi opinion.
Alfasi, in order to rip, nominate lip singer issues, tools, letters.
Mechanisms of Linguistics Conversational Implications of Saying in Naguib Mahfouz's Trilogy (Al-Sukkariya) as an option
Communication is one of the means and mechanisms through which communication can take place between the sender and the recipient, in order to achieve what the sender aims to convey his purposes and intentions that may have been in his mind previously or existed during the conversation with the aim of convincing the other of them. There is no doubt that the basic ruler and compass in the accuracy of conveying information is the context, and this communication must be in a connected chain, one of which completes the other to reach the intended purpose. - Two criteria are included within the contents of the statement: the first / the presupposition, and the second: the implicit statement, and both of them communicate to the other, so there is no presupposition unless it is based on an implicit statement, and the opposite is also possible. -Based on this hierarchical relationship between the presupposition and the implicit statement, it can be stated that their work is summarized in two questions: Why does the speaker imply statements? And how does the recipient presuppose this implicit? We say: The speaker implies statements for several reasons, including: the breadth of the expressive space of this speaker, which reflects the effectiveness of his expressive communication and his ability to multiply expressive formulations and systems, in addition to reasons related to the circumstances of speech or external situations, especially those related to speech habits, linguistic norms, religion, politics, and the like, which makes the speaker refrain from declaring some words without others. As for the recipient's assumption, it stems from his understanding and the assistance of the contextual data that limits and reduces the possibilities in a way that is consistent with the speaker's intention and rhetorical interpretation. All of this is supported by representative models that abound in the novel "Al-Sukariyya", in the best embodiment of that. - Both the presupposition and the implied statement are considered mechanisms of communication between the speaker and the recipient and their interaction with the text, in addition to compatibility and purpose. -Verbal or verbal implied statements can be called unspoken communicative implied statements. -The speaker's use of the mechanisms of presupposition and implicit speech proves that their movement can be monitored in a manner consistent with the demonstrative or exploratory function that is diagnosed by rhetorical interpretation. -It also proves the expressive power that the novelist Naguib Mahfouz possessed in light of motivating the recipient to demonstrate the significance and explore the meanings hidden behind the implicit speech.
Linguistic communication - implications of speech - assumption - Naguib Mahfouz- Al-Sukkariya
The importance of studying literary texts, their interlocutors and fundamentals
Research on the multiple dimensions of literary texts, as well as the foundations on which they are based, focused on understanding nature and the literary goals of texts, as these texts act as means of expression. These objectives also vary between Arab literature and Western culture. Arab heritage emphasizes the interdependence of language, culture and religion, while Western culture often highlights individualism and artistic innovation. The research also reviewed the definition of text in Arab heritage and Western culture. The research also explored the basis for the selection of literary texts In addition, the research explained the foundations of the theoretical text study, introducing critical methodologies that enable researchers to decompose texts, Revealing the hidden meanings, interrogating the authoritarian dynamics of the literary narrative, One important aspect of the research was the teaching of modern literary texts at the university level. education ", where teachers can combine theoretical insights with practical educational strategies to develop critical and cultural thinking skills among students. In short, the research "The Nature of Literary Texts, Their Objectives and the Foundations of their Study" provides a comprehensive framework for the understanding, analysis and teaching of literature, and highlights the importance of literary texts as a source of culture and human understanding. Generally speaking, the relevant literary texts must be selected in accordance with the terms and principles agreed upon by the competent authorities. This is essential and important in the field of the importance of studying literary texts.
Texts, literary, teaching objectives, foundations of literary texts.
The Impact Of Quranic Readings In Directing Rhetoricai Meaning In The Interpretation Of Al-Kifaya By Al-Hiri (d. 430 AH)
The research was keen to reveal the goal of good eloquence and the power of influence in the two different aspects of reading, with what is possible in the souls with an acceptable image for the recipient, which is to guide Qur’anic reading and its rhetorical aspect. The research also benefited from the tributaries of the science of rhetoric, and the science of rhetoric in general because it is one of the sciences that is considered one of Tributaries of the science of guidance. The mentor must have knowledge and familiarity with the science of rhetoric in order to be able recitations The research showed that Imam Ismail Al-Hiri has extensive knowledge in all aspects of Qur’anic recitations, and extensive knowledge in the science of directing his easy movement It reveals the rhetorical aspect of the reading hi and This is aiy And seamlessness between the sciences of rhetoric and other linguistic from evident. Ismail Al-Hiri’s keenness to extrapolate rhetorical issues made hi exceptional knowledge of linguistic sciences clearly apparent. This is among the issues that were mentioned that were based on precise foundations in detailing various linguistic issues, including rhetorical issues. His knowledge appeared in the issues he mentioned of the opening words.
the science of rhetoric, Qur’anic readings, directing Qur’anic readings, meaning and Arabi sciences
Geography and the problem of environmental pollution (environment of Baghdad Governorate), reality and prospects
The environment is defined as the space and environment in which a person lives and benefits from the material and social resources that exist in that environment. It is known that the natural environment is the result of the interaction of three elements: water, air, and land. This dynamic interaction provides the basic conditions for the continuation of life, and man has relied on natural resources for the continuation of life, transforming It is converted into materials and manufactured goods, causing an increase in the rates of pollution in the quality of these resources, and thus leading to a threat to the lives of humans, animals and plants in the vital environment of Iraq in general and in Baghdad, the capital, in particular. Based on the necessity of developing and exploiting natural resources in a sound and safe manner, it is necessary to Taking into account proper dealing with the environment and developing thoughtful plans in order to work to stop the deterioration occurring in the environment, as the pollution in Baghdad Governorate has affected all elements of the vital environment in which the Iraqi person lives, such as air, water, and soil, which has disturbed the environmental system due to the wrong practices carried out by the person. While carrying out his activities in this environment. Hence, this study came in order to sound the alarm and raise awareness of the danger facing the environment in Baghdad in particular. It worked to extrapolate the environmental reality from a geographical perspective with the aim of identifying the reality of the environment and identifying methods for treating environmental pollution after identifying the challenges facing this environment.
Environmental pollution - dynamic interaction - environmental reality - biological environment
The legal status of ruqyah at the level of general agreements in international and Iraqi law
Slavery is a subject that falls under the concept of human rights and international humanitarian law. It is internationally prohibited and is a flagrant violation of human dignity. The international legal position should discuss the obligations of member states to international treaties and national legislation that prohibit slavery and punish those involved in it. The Legal Center for Slavery in Iraq: The article must include an analysis of the national laws in Iraq that prohibit and criminalize slavery, highlighting legislative developments and challenges facing the implementation of these laws. National and international initiatives to combat slavery: The initiatives taken by the Iraqi government and the international community to eliminate slavery and protect individuals from this type of violations can be highlighted. The legal status of the new ruqyah in many contexts that determine its legal status, including sovereignty and non-interference under the United Nations Charter and international public law, emphasizes the principle of national sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. The legal status of ruqyah in international and Iraqi law may face a set of challenges that may also be an obstacle in combating ruqyah. Hence, the need to create laws and legislation to criminalize, prohibit and end this phenomenon.
Raqqa Legal Center, agreements, Iraqi law, eliminating slavery.
The Cultural References in Abbas Shakr's Poetry: A Study in the Light of Cultural Criticism
The poet Mohammad Abbas Shukr, known in literary circles as "Abbas Shukr," is one of the contemporary poets who adhered to the classical structure of poetry and its metrical laws while drawing on various types of knowledge to fuel his poetic imagination. This approach enabled him to engage with daily events marked by political and social upheavals, which in turn led to the diversity of his poetic themes and the prolific nature of his work. Abbas Shukr utilized the depth of his cultural heritage to evoke certain religious figures, employing them as a means to express political and societal struggles, aiming to critique the persistently turbulent conditions. This article focuses on the most significant cultural references that Abbas Shukr relied upon to enrich the subjects of his poems. The study analyzes these references using an analytical methodology that helped identify the key cultural patterns interwoven into his poetry. One of the main findings is the intertwining of various cultural elements within a single poem. The same poems that are adorned with Quranic verses also reflect a tumultuous social and political reality, aiming to inspire resolve and motivation by invoking multiple references, particularly political ones, which noticeably blend with others. The poet was deeply concerned with the current situations in Iraq and Palestine and the escalating conditions that reflect the betrayal and complicity of Arabs in serving American and Zionist interests. The political circumstances fueled the poetic fervor of Mohammad Abbas Shukr, yet they failed to stir the stagnant blood of Arab political leaders. This study did not overlook religious references, recognizing their expressive power through symbols embodied by prophets and messengers, including the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his pure family, as well as the symbols contained in Quranic verses that encapsulate profound meanings and interactions, reflecting reality across ages with their descriptive and connotative vocabulary. The poet also acknowledged the familial role in shaping his personality, making him a person imbued with humanity and a desire to give, filled with gratitude. This familial influence is reflected in his poems that immortalize his noble family members, particularly his father and mother.
Cultural Criticism - Political Conditions- Religious References - Muhammad Abbas Shukr - Turmoil
International methods to combat the crime of bribery
Combating the crime of bribery is an essential part of the international community's efforts to enhance integrity and transparency in governments and companies alike. Bribery is considered one of the most dangerous phenomena that negatively affects economic and social development, as it increases inequality, impoverishes countries, and hinders opportunities for sustainable growth. Many countries today have strict anti-bribery legislation at the national and international levels, and are also adopting international agreements that promote international cooperation in this regard. For example, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), adopted in 2003, includes an international legal framework to combat corruption and bribery through international cooperation and strengthening judicial systems. In addition, many international organizations such as the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are committed to strengthening integrity and anti-bribery standards in the private and public sector, by developing guiding frameworks and providing technical support to member states. At the national level, governments strengthen anti-bribery legislation and strengthen judicial and administrative systems to ensure adherence to law enforcement and hold violators accountable. It also encourages enhancing transparency and disclosure of information, and enhances the role of civil society and the media in monitoring public and private activity The exchange of information and experiences between countries has been shown to contribute to strengthening international efforts to combat bribery. Legislation that strictly criminalizes bribery and imposes deterrent penalties plays a fundamental role in reducing this phenomenon. Raising individual and institutional awareness of work ethics and the risks associated with bribery can contribute to reducing corruption cases. Strengthening systems and mechanisms that enhance transparency in the public and private sectors is a cornerstone for preventing bribery. Using technology to improve integrity and simplify financial operations can contribute to enhancing efficiency and transparency. Establishing strong and independent oversight bodies enhances effective verification and accountability. The role of civil society in monitoring and reporting suspected cases and pressuring for reforms is essential in combating bribery..
Crime, crime control, bribery, punishment
The right and mechanisms of popular oversight of government performance within the framework of the international human rights system
Popular oversight of government performance is a cornerstone of democracy and human rights, enabling citizens to hold officials accountable and ensure that policies are consistent with the interests of the people. This oversight is based on international legal frameworks including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Popular oversight mechanisms include free and fair elections, freedom of expression and the press, the right to peaceful assembly and demonstration, the role of civil society and non-governmental organizations, participation in decision-making, and complaints and grievance mechanisms. This oversight faces challenges such as political repression, lack of transparency, and corruption, but modern technology and social media provide opportunities to enhance it by disseminating information and organizing campaigns easily. Effective popular oversight contributes to enhancing transparency and accountability, which enhances stability and sustainable development in society. Individual responsibility is consistent with the nature of the parliamentary system, because this system grants the minister broad powers to manage the affairs of his ministry, and does not make the Council of Ministers a presidential authority above the minister. It is natural for the minister alone to bear the errors attributed to him personally or to his subordinate employees, in application of the rule of correlation between authority and responsibility. Popular oversight is based on international legal frameworks such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee citizens' rights to participation and accountability. There are multiple mechanisms for popular oversight, including free and fair elections, freedom of expression and the press, the right to peaceful assembly, and the role of civil society, which provide citizens with multiple means to exercise oversight. Despite the importance of popular oversight, it faces major challenges such as political repression, lack of transparency, and corruption, which requires continuous efforts to enhance transparency and accountability.
Right, mechanisms, popular oversight, government, human rights.
Cartographic representation of entertainment services in Babil Governorate for the year 2022
The research seeks to use geographic information systems methods for the purpose of adopting them in the cartographic representation of entertainment services in terms of the number of archaeological sites, casinos, parks, forums, and sports stadiums. The map is one of the most prominent methods of visual analysis in our current era, as it is possible to analyze the phenomena with high accuracy and scientific accuracy, with a reduction in effort. And time, through the study it is possible to clarify the best ways to represent each characteristic, as one of the most prominent findings of the study is that the largest number of stadiums and archaeological sites are in the district centers. The spatial distribution of archaeological sites is irregular, as they vary between the administrative units of the governorate. It is clear to us that the total number reached (387) sites, with Al-Mashrou' and Al-Kifl sub-districts coming first with (42) sites each. It is clear from the numerical data that the total number reached (388) parks, with Al-Hillah and Al-Musayyib sub-districts coming first with (58, 44) parks, while the lowest presence of parks was recorded in Al-Imam and Al-Shomli with about (12, 9) parks. The total number reached (518) casinos, with Al-Hillah, Al-Musayyib and Abi Ghraq sub-districts coming first with (153, 44, 42) casinos, while the lowest presence of casinos was recorded in Al-Saddah, Al-Nil and Jurf Al-Nasr with about (14, 12, 9) casinos. The spatial distribution of sports forums is irregular, as they vary between the administrative units of the governorate. From the data in Table (13) and Map (2), it becomes clear to us that the total number reached (13) forums, and Hillah District came first with (2) forums, while no presence of sports forums was recorded in the areas of Al-Mashrou’, Al-Kifl, Jurf Al-Nasr and Al-Tali’ah.
cartographic representation, archaeological sites, stadiums, casinos, entertainment services
The Elamite threats and their negative effects on the political stability of the Sumerian city-states
The Elamites were waiting for opportunities to attack, plunder and destroy the civilized centers of Iraq. There is a clear indication through the course of historical events that any weakness or dislocation of internal authority in Mesopotamia was accompanied by an attack by the Elamites, who worked to create strife and support rebellion movements among the Sumerian city-states. The Elamites exploited the alluvial region in the south of ancient Iraq adjacent to their borders and used it as an easy military route to attack the Sumerian cities. This region witnessed fierce battles in ancient times. The Elamite military campaigns against the lands of ancient Iraq were characterized by excessive brutality and destructive instinct, and this fact was proven by the ancient Iraqis in their cuneiform writings and the annals. Their kings: the Elamites were intent on killing the inhabitants of the Sumerian cities, burning houses, entering the temples, and plundering everything in them. The oldest indication of relations with Elam has reached us from the era of the dawn of the second dynasties (2750 - 2600 BC), as it was stated in the evidence of the Sumerian kings that King Enmepragisi (Enmbaragesi) He invaded Elam and took its weapons as spoils, and that was around 2700 BC. About 150 years after this reference, we read in the same Sumerian king list that kingship transferred from the first dynasty of Ur to the Elamite city of Awan, to which the list attributes three Elamite kings whose names are unclear. According to what was stated in the Sumerian king list, kingship transferred after that. By force of arms from Awan to the city of Kish, where a dynasty known as the Second Dynasty of Kish was established. It seems that a weakness befell the Kish dynasty in the end, which encouraged Elam to lead an attack that led to the end of its rule and its transfer to the Elamite city of Khumazi, to which the list attributes only one king called Khadanesh (ḪADANS). Eannatum I, the ruler of Lagash, was mentioned to us (he ruled around 2460 BC). In one of his texts, there is a statement in which he describes the Elamites as: (mountains that spread terror), which clearly indicates the ongoing Elamite attacks against the Sumerian cities.
external dangers, Elamites, Sumerian city-states, external economic and political impact.
Representations of the incoming culture and its impact on the Arabic prose poem "Adonis as a model"
Poetic representation is one of the most important issues that poets have been concerned with throughout the ages, especially in the modern era, because of its importance in revealing what the self contains, so it enables the writer, whether he is a poet or a prose writer, to take the appropriate mask to pass his critical discourse, this is what we try to stand With him, we show how the modern poet employed this artistic technique in shaping his poetic Contemporary Arabic poetry has derived its modernity, its style, and the issues it is working on, in addition to its meeting with many of the mechanisms, elements, and techniques of modernity that Western poetry has worked on in general, including the techniques of the symbol, the mask, the intersection of genres, the flash poem, the emphasis on compositional shifts, the care for spontaneity, and the use of Heritage In its broad sense, all of this came in varying proportions from one poet to another based on each poet’s awareness of his experiences and tools and his possession of horizontal and vertical intellectual backgrounds that qualify him to work according to a certain level of Western modernity. It seems that the reason that prompted poets to do all of this is because modernity has made the present and the real actor in the self first, and society second, in comparison to the past and the future together, the standard and effective element of poetic practice. Western poetic culture had the largest share in most of the prose or poetic production that was written. Western culture entered into shaping the artistic and thematic structure of Arabic poetry and contributed to developing it and giving it semantic values. This is what we find clearly evident in free poetry. texts, then we reveal the impact of the incoming culture on the formation of the Arabic prose poemofitspioneerandfounder,Adonis.
culture, poem, expatriate, poetry, prose
Preserving the sale contract and restricting the right to rescind it is one of the goals that international legislation sought to consolidate. For his right to rescind to be valid, it is required that the debtor has committed a fundamental violation. If not, the contract remains valid and productive of its effects. The offense committed here amounts to a fundamental violation that allows the creditor to rescind the contract, and if a violation has begun, it is not considered as such. International legislation has limited the granting of additional time to contracting parties only, but it is a rule that is not considered a matter of public order as it is subject to agreement on what contradicts it, by assigning it to the arbitrator or judge examining the dispute or who agreed to intervene in it. Granting it has important effects and two periods of time, the first of which is during It is granted by the fact that it restrains the creditor from doing any work until its completion and he reserves his right to compensation only. As for the second period, it is represented by its expiration and the return of the suspended powers to the creditor, so he has the right to use it for all the prescribed penalties. International legislation dealt with granting the additional grace period as a matter of permissibility and not obligatory, in the sense that the matter is entirely left to the creditor with it, as he is not held accountable in the event of his refraining from granting it, which is something that violated the internal legislation, including, where the German system deals with it as an obligatory matter at the extreme It is obligatory for the injured person if he wishes to preserve his right to compensation, and the Egyptian and French laws are similar in that. The granting of the additional grace period was general and for all cases in which the debtor fails to implement the obligation, as long as it is his responsibility to perform it, even if it is mentioned in cases in which the legislation dealt with what is considered a fundamental violation. The Iraqi internal legislation came to regulate the additional grace period, but under another name, which is (Nazra al-Misira), but it was brief in terms of the authority to grant it, as it was limited to the judicial authority only and without stating any details. It is a matter in which misuse may occur, whether in the face of the debtor or the creditor, as they are texts that need radical intervention and real treatment by the Iraqi legislator in order to be commensurate with the impact of them.
The case in Kamar al-Bedour's book is to explain enough evidence to Dastari Mustafa Avendizadeh. Study and investigation:(C after 1179H)
This research investigates the poetic evidence (shāhid) cited by Ibn al-Hajib regarding the grammatical case of hāl (circumstantial qualifier), specifically the usage of the definite form. The commentator Dastarī, in his explication of Ibn al-Hajib's "Shawāhid Kāfiyah," elucidates this evidence in a didactic manner, presenting the views of grammarians and detailing their disputes. Additionally, he explicates the lexical meanings, touches upon morphological and phonological issues, and provides a biographical account of the poet cited. Dastarī was an obscure Ottoman scholar, with this work being the only known book attributed to him mentioned in biographical sources. He lived in the 12th century AH (18th century CE). The research delves into the scholarly discourse surrounding this specific grammatical evidence, shedding light on Dastarī's instructive approach and his contribution to preserving this aspect of the Arabic linguistic heritage. The scholarly knowledge of the commentator and his linguistic and literary culture, as his book was comprehensive of all issues, whether grammatical, morphological, phonetic, semantic, literary, etc. Covering the poetic evidence from all linguistic aspects. Paying attention to the parsing of the poetic evidence and the poems that he explains to the poet (the owner of the evidence). The author’s interest in translating the poet who is the owner of the evidence and discussing all of his biography. What is noticeable in his method of presenting the scientific material is that he followed the method of Abdul Qadir Al-Baghdadi in his two books (Khazanat Al-Adab and Sharh Abyat Al-Mughni), as Al-Baghdadi explained the evidence from all linguistic aspects, clarifying the opinions and disagreements in the position of the evidence, after which he provides a comprehensive translation of the poet who is the owner of the evidence.
sufficient evidences, Dastari، Avendi zadeh، in Kamar al-Bedour's، Al mansoobs.
Calling historical figures in the poetry of Ibn Daraj al-Qastali (d. 421 AH) as a cultural reference
References began to address researchers as an important tool in the fields of poetry, and it is known that every society fragmented by the customs and practices of a variety of linguistic, social, religious, historical, and other practices represented a record of knowledge full of them through their inheritance through generations, in line with the time and the vicisscies of life that portrayed references mixed with ideas and values, through the memory of the poet, whether individual or collective, in order to frame the framework of cultural references. As it formed a prominent phenomenon in the poetry of Ibn Daraj Qastali and that belonging to the Andalusian era, which was full of events witnessed in the Andalusian era, as Ibn Daraj showed his skills in linking his historical and cultural references in the texts of his poetry, making his historical references a way to reveal his pains and delights, and put them in a sophisticated poetic character. It seems that the poet's influence on history reflects the idea of the authenticity of the roots and his attachment to the past, and indicates an epistemological approach that made him accept the interrogation of the historical event, whether he used the city for an understanding purpose or used the historical figure for a comparative purpose, or resorted to a literary figure influential in it. Which opens the door to research on the concept of (influence and influence) when the poet with his past, which made him the pillar of the present .
references, cultural, Ibn Daraj, Arabic poetry, characters
Divorce and its consequences in ancient Iraqi society
The Divorce in ancient Iraqi society is part of the personal status that was legally legislated in most ancient Iraqi laws because of its importance in evaluating family structure in Mesopotamian society. The Sumerians expressed divorce with the term (tag4), which means abandonment, while the Akkadian-Babylonian expressed it with the term (uzubbu). Or uzubbum) and this term is derived from the verb root (ezebu), which gives the same meaning. Divorce had several legal procedures regulating the process of separation between a man and a woman, including oral procedures without documentation on clay tablets and others procedures written on those tablets. The Babylonians used a number of phrases or Actions that indicate the husband’s desire to separate from his wife, and among these phrases are “You are not my wife,” as the divorce occurred after the man most of the time. If the wife filed for divorce from her husband, her rights would be forfeited and she would leave empty-handed. Old Iraqi laws required both parties to bring witnesses when the divorce occurred between them. Document this, and it is preferable for the witnesses to include a priest or priestess. This is because the status of priests in ancient Iraqi society was high and important, and there are two types of divorce in ancient Iraq. The first type is unfair divorce, in which the husband divorces his wife without a legitimate excuse, and in this type he is required to give the wife her full rights, and even some ancient Iraqi laws Severe penalties were imposed on the husband in such cases, but the Assyrian laws did not impose anything on the man, and thus the man became unrestrained and had priority in the matter of divorce. As for the second type, it is fair or just divorce, and in this type there must be a convincing reason for the divorce to occur, and he was not neglected. The ancient Iraqi legislator recognized the rights of children after divorce and even established legislation to guarantee their rights.
Divorce, fair , Treason , the disease , disappearance
Educational counseling and its role in achieving psychological security Social -field study for students of internal departments Babylon University
The main research problem revolves around the following question: What is the role of educational guidance in achieving stability and psychological security among internal department students? The objectives of the study focus on the role of educational guidance in achieving psychological security, as well as the difficulties that the counselor faces in his work, through which psychological security can be achieved for the students of the internal departments at the University of Babylon. In order to achieve the importance of the research, the researcher built a five-point Likert scale for educational guidance, as it included. (20) paragraphs, and for the purpose of statistical analysis, (101) action form were distributed on a random sample of students of the internal departments at the University of Babylon. The researcher also used a number of statistical methods such as the percentage, T -tested for one sample, the two independent samples test, the alpha coloring equalizer to ensure the sincerity and stability of the scale, and statistical analysis on the electronic calculator was carried out using the statistical package (SPSS.28) and laziness programs. The most important results that this research concluded: Educational counseling at the university is an important service that helps students succeed in their studies and achieve their personal and professional goals. Educational counseling is an effective tool for enhancing the psychological security of the individual, especially during the university study period. The individual educational guidance helps to understand itself, deal with his feelings, solve problems, form relationships, and a sense of social support. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which are: Educational institutions must provide a safe and supportive university environment for students that help them feel comfortable and safe. Educational institutions must spread awareness about the importance of educational counseling and psychological security for students and parents. Educational institutions must train educational counselors with skills and experiences that help them enhance the psychological security of students.
Guidance, Educational Guide, Security, Psychological, Psychological Security, University, Students