Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies
About the Journal The Journal of the Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal issued by the Babylon Center for Cultural and Historical Studies at the University of Babylon. The journal is concerned with studies, research, and research papers in the fields of studies in all the humanities and social sciences, as well as international and political relations, law, and media. The journal is published quarterly (every three months) and has an active, specialized international editorial board that supervises its work. It includes a large group of the best academics from several countries, which supervises the arbitration of research submitted to the journal. The journal is based on an ethical charter for its publishing rules and the relationship between it and researchers. It is also based on an internal bylaw that governs the work of arbitration, and an approved list of arbitrators in all specializations. In selecting the contents of its preparation, the he Journal of the Babylon Center also relies on the formal and objective specifications of international peer-reviewed journals. Aims and Scopes The Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies provides an official academic publishing channel interested in publishing solid scientific research that has not previously been published in the field of various Humanities and linguistic studies. It works to increase publishing awareness among researchers in various specializations in the humanities, especially research in history, the Arabic language, Islamic sciences, educational and psychological sciences, and special education. And geography and the English language, as well as the other fields of human studies, law and political science. This is in order to highlight the efforts of researchers and the product of their intellectual work in a way that meets with the approval of the interested reader and reflects the university’s academic orientations. Publication ethics and research misconduct 1- The research should be in conformity with the UN human rights laws. 2 - The research must be unpublished and not acceptable for publication anywhere else and is not subject to evaluation elsewhere. Scientific honesty in quoting from previous sources and research and attributing it to its original owners. The research provided shall be commensurate with the needs of society in the field of human knowledge. 5 - not to prejudice the scientific or literary figures with an insulting and offensive criticism that there is a constructive criticism based on accurate scientific foundations and constants. 6 - not to be exposed in the search for offensive ideas stemming from personal, religious, ethnic, sectarian or political motives. Confronting new views and ideas may be contrary to the ideas of the persons interviewed in a professional and scientific manner, away from ridicule or abuse. 8 - The researcher must distance himself in writing his research of his personal relations and emotional tendencies and committed to work under the scientific profession. 9 - The researcher must be not response to external pressures in writing research to achieve personal interests or benefits of those parties. 10 - The researcher should be open out to the opinions of other colleagues and accept constructive criticism to improve the image of research and address the mistakes that may be contained in it. If a mistake is discovered in the research after publication, the researcher must cooperate with the editor of the journal to correct the error by the appropriate means (re-publication with correction, withdrawal of the search, apology) and as necessary. Any form of research misconduct as submitting a search that is being published or is being reviewed elsewhere, or already published elsewhere, with the same content or similar content or others' work rates without citing the source of the quotation, plagiarism, forgery or fabrication if discovered at any stage of the editing process, or during printing or even after publication will result in immediate rejection of the search, , And the fees will not be refunded. 13- The journal monitors ethics by the editor-in-chief, assistant editors, members of the editorial board, reviewers, authors, and readers.
Monotheism and Polytheism in Islamic Theological Thought: A Comparative Study of the Imāmī, Sunni, and Wahhābī Schools
This research addresses the profound conceptual and methodological problems surrounding the dichotomy of Tawhid (monotheism) and Shirk (polytheism) in contemporary Islamic thought, focusing on a comparative study of the Imamiyyah Shi’i and Wahhabi perspectives. Despite a theoretical consensus on the centrality of Tawhid, disagreements over the practical application and definition of Shirk have led to a sharp divergence, centered on the problematic of “expansion” versus “restriction” of its scope. This study aims to move beyond a traditional description of the dispute to analyze the epistemological and methodological foundations that produce these contrasting views. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, the paper examines how each school constructs its theological framework. The research demonstrates that the Wahhabi perspective, rooted in a literalist hermeneutic, tends to conflate the concepts of worship ('ibadah) and veneration (ta’dhim), thereby expanding the domain of Shirk to include common practices like Tawassul (seeking intercession) and Shafa’ah (intercession). Conversely, the Imamiyyah view is based on a rational-analytical deconstruction of worship, meticulously distinguishing the “intention of divinity,” which constitutes Shirk, from legitimate forms of veneration that do not imply it. The study concludes that the disagreement is not merely jurisprudential but stems from fundamental differences in epistemological foundations and interpretive approaches. Understanding these deep-seated roots provides not only a scholarly explanation for the conflict but also an essential entry point for constructive academic dialogue aimed at addressing the implications of this division within the Muslim world.
Tawhid, Shirk, Imami Shia, Wahhabism, Takfir, Tawassul, Comparative Theology.
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The extent to which sixth grade students understand the grammar of the Arabic language for non-native speakers from the teachers’ point of view
This research focuses on understanding the extent to which sixth-grade science students understand Arabic grammar rules for non-native speakers. The research addresses understanding teachers' perspectives and their assessment of students' performance. It aims to evaluate teaching methods, identify difficulties and challenges, and enhance teachers' understanding of their methods. The researcher used the descriptive-analytical approach due to the nature of the research and the data sought to be obtained, in addition to describing the educational phenomenon represented by the extent to which students understand the grammatical rules for non-native speakers and expressing it quantitatively and qualitatively to understand the relationships surrounding this research and arrive at conclusions and recommendations. The research sample consisted of (60) male and female Arabic language teachers in middle schools in the center of Kirkuk Governorate. They were selected intentionally, using a questionnaire directed at teachers to collect data on their perspectives. The questionnaire provides quantitative data that can be analyzed and provides a deeper understanding of experiences and opinions. The results revealed that learning outcomes are not achieved due to a variety of factors, including students, teachers, curriculum, learning environment, family circumstances, and school administration. The research also indicates that student learning outcomes may vary and depend on many factors. It recommends achieving learning outcomes by assessing each individual case and providing the necessary support and resources. It also recommends creating a learning environment that encourages curiosity and innovation, ensuring the availability of necessary resources and facilities, and conducting ongoing assessment and review, using evaluation tools to measure progress and identify areas for improvement.
Descriptive, analytical, educational methods, scientific sixth.
Administrative judiciary control over sovereign acts in Iraqi and Egyptian law
As a result of the emergence of the modern state of law, where governance is no longer a right but rather a function exercised by the state in accordance with governing rules, the inoculations of human thought have created what is called the principle of the rule of law, or as it is called in the jurisprudence of administrative and constitutional law. The principle of legitimacy or the principle of submission to the law, a principle that has permeated the legal conscience and become established within it until it became one of the ideals sought by organized societies. It requires the restriction of state authority and the guarantee of its submission to public law. The administration must adhere, in all its actions, to the limits set forth in the set of legal rules established in the state, and its activities must be conducted within the scope of these rules, whether these are codified sources (the constitution, ordinary laws, regulations, treaties, judicial rulings, administrative contracts) or uncodified sources (custom, general legal principles). This is based on their legal hierarchy, whereby the lower rule is subject to the higher rule in terms of form and substance. The actions of public authority must be conducted within the framework of the law, and individuals' obligation to respect its decisions must be based on their respect for this law. These decisions are a dangerous weapon in the hands of the executive authority due to their legal force, which puts the rights and freedoms of individuals at risk. This necessitates the availability of guarantees when resorting to these decisions. The most effective guarantee in this field is judicial oversight, specifically administrative judiciary oversight, which is distinguished by its effectiveness in this regard. What increases the effectiveness of this oversight is the development that constitutions have achieved in regulating these decisions. Iraq is one of the countries whose constitutions include this type of decisions.
oversight, administrative judiciary, acts of sovereignty.
Ahmad Ismail Al-Basri, a claimant of the Imamate in Iraq, criticizes the position and personality of Christ
This study presents a comprehensive critical analysis of the positions and personality of Christ as addressed by the Iraqi writer Ahmad Ismail Al-Basri in his works. Christ, being a central figure in many Abrahamic religions, has sparked significant debate throughout history regarding his actions and character. Al-Basri’s critique offers a unique perspective on Christ, which transcends traditional and theological interpretations, making this study highly significant. The research aims to analyze and deconstruct this critique to understand the underlying motivations and evaluate its impact on contemporary understanding of Christ’s personality. Additionally, the research highlights the importance of this study within the Iraqi religious and cultural context and explores how these critiques have been received by academic and religious circles. The study is divided into two main sections: the first focuses on Al-Basri’s critique of Christ’s position in religious and historical texts, while the second examines his critique of Christ’s personality as a religious and cultural symbol. By utilizing contemporary Arabic sources and references, the research aims to offer a critical perspective on the intellectual and theological aspects of Al-Basri’s propositions. By criticizing Christ's stance on religious corruption, it is shown that Christ did not take radical steps to reform corrupt religious institutions, making his attempts at reform appear ineffective. This criticism reflects the need for a religious vision that combines spirituality with the practical work of reform.
Literary Criticism, Ahmad Ismail Al-Basri, Christ, Personality of Christ, Position of Christ.
Prohibited Constructions in Ibn Malik Al-Andalusi's Sharḥ al-Kafiya al-Shafiya: A Grammatical Study with Focus on the Genitive Case
Arabic scholars have looked into its styles and structures, and criticized it for what the Arabic language is free of errors. Among these was the Imam of Arabic, Ibn Malik Al-Andalusi (d. 672 AH), the owner of the innate talent who composed Arabic grammar in both prose and poetry. In his book Sharh al-Kafiya al-Shafiyya, he provided a comprehensive explanation of the rules of Arabic and criticized its structures, prohibiting, correcting, anomaly, and rarity. He presented many of the opinions of the great grammarians who preceded him, introducing one of the most important works in the Arabic library that is referred to by specialists and others in an easy, simplified style. Among the structures that Ibn Malik ruled as prohibited or impermissible are those in the chapter of majrurāt (the majrur with a preposition and the majrur with an addition). He ruled as impermissible once, and another time as prohibited, or anomalous, or other terms that convey the meaning of prohibition. In this research, I presented a picture of the structures that Ibn Malik prohibited in the genitives with prepositions, and in addition, presenting the structure prohibited by Ibn Malik according to his words in Al-Kafiya Al-Shafiyya, with an explanation of the reason for his prohibition of this structure, indicating the correct structure according to his grammatical rule, then I presented the opinions of grammarians on this issue through their writings or others, discussing and weighing between these opinions, reconciling between them, confirming what the research saw as correct based on the extent of the semantic benefit that came through those grammatical texts, and what is heard from the speech of eloquent Arabs. I have reached an important conclusion, which is that every word in the Arabic language, whether poetry or prose, must have a benefit and meaning. If there is no benefit, then the structure is not valid. Grammarians also built the rules of Arabic on what is heard from the speech of eloquent Arabs, and that what is deviant from that cannot be used as a standard by scholars of the Arabic language. This was the opinion of most grammarians, even those who disagreed with some structures and permitted them. Ibn Malik also had various methods for preventing structure, which means that it is permissible to have various different meanings for one thing. Send feedback Side panels History Saved.
Ibn Malik - Structures - Prohibition - Al-Kafiya Al-Shafia – Grammar.
The effect of teaching according to (logical rules for understanding concepts) in collection concepts and developing logical thinking among Preparatory school students
The current research aims to know: The effect of teaching according to (logical rules for understanding concepts) in collection concepts and developing logical thinking among Preparatory school students. The researcher chose the fifth literary class to conduct the experiment because there are two divisions A and B. So, the sample of the research after exclusion became (72) students. The first semester of the academic year 2023-2022, The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (50) items, and after applying the achievement test and the logical thinking scale, the researcher reached the conclusion that there is a statistically significant difference for the benefit of the students of the experimental group who studied History of Europe and America modern and contempora using the strategy (logical rules for understanding concepts) on the students of the control group who studied the same subject in the traditional way. The researcher concluded the effect of using the strategy of (logical rules for understanding concepts) in developing logical thinking in natural geography for fifth preparatory students. He recommended to emphasize of using of this strategy in teaching geography because of its importance in developing logical thinking.
logical rules for understanding concepts, logical thinking, Fifth literary.
The Connotations of Horses in the Holy Quran: An Analytical Study in the Context of Verses Al Imran (14) and Al-Anfal (60)
This research addresses two Quranic verses that mention horses, analyzing them through an interpretive and analytical approach. The study includes an examination of specific words within the verses, the contextual connection between each verse and what precedes and follows it, as well as an explanation of the overall meaning. Furthermore, rhetorical and grammatical aspects are discussed, along with the different Quranic readings and the lessons and values derived from the verses. The study highlights the esteemed status of horses in Islamic law and Arab culture, as they hold a significant position. The Quran honors horses, and Allah swears by them in Surah Al-‘Adiyat—an indication of the nobility and elevated status of what is sworn by. Horses are mentioned in both of the studied verses. In Surah Aal Imran, they are listed among the worldly pleasures and adornments, while in Surah Al-Anfal, they appear as instruments used in the cause of Allah and in defense of the faith. This reflects the Quran's comprehensive perspective on horses, acknowledging their worldly value and their role in noble causes.
Quranic Studies, Horses, Analytical Tafsir, Aal Imran, Al-Anfal.
Tracking Iraqi newspapers of terrorist operations in Egypt and reading them and their impact on government decisions for the period (January 1, 2011 - September 27, 2011)
The bombing of the Coptic Church in early 2011 in Alexandria led to the outbreak of sectarian strife. These conflicts were among the most important reasons that triggered the demonstrations that became the Egyptian people’s revolution on January 25, 2011, which raised a unified slogan: “Bread, Freedom, Social Justice, Human Dignity.” Due to the heavy repression faced by the protesters, they were determined not to retreat from their revolutionary goal: “The people want the downfall of the regime” . The popular character of the revolution was evident from the very first moments of its outbreak, as it witnessed the participation of many provinces. The masses succeeded in toppling the regime of Hosni Mubarak (1981–2011), holding free elections, and choosing a government that represented the people’s will through the ballot box. The January 25, 2011 Revolution was a turning point in modern Egyptian history and an important milestone in public awareness, reflecting a broad recognition of the corruption of ruling systems politically, economically, and socially across successive periods that culminated in the collapse of the political regime. The Egyptian revolution resonated in the Iraqi press, which monitored and followed its most precise details from the spark of its outbreak until the formation of the military council and the interim government, tasked with completing the stages of democratic transformation in Egypt leading to the establishment of a democratically elected civilian government. This research aims to shed light on the terrorist operations in Egypt whose events led to the Egyptian revolution and those that followed during the outbreak and success of the revolution. It relies on Iraqi newspapers’ monitoring of these operations, their developments, and the associated causes, results, and political, constitutional, and legal treatments. The reader will recognize the importance given by the Iraqi press and its effective and continuous coverage of the events at that time.
Iraqi newspapers, Egyptian revolution, terrorist operations.
A Study of Grammar in Generative Theory (Noun and Verb as a Model)
Abstract In this study, for the first time, a complete analysis of the position and function of the syntax and the method of displaying the element called the Necrale can be demonstrated and can be found in all the structures containing this element, the role of which has a role as the role of the group has a fragmentation Complete in accordance with the generative rules and especially the minimalist program. As mentioned, the naming of this category as an adjective is merely a practical reason, and there are no semantic, discursive, and applied issues in this naming. This category, in particular, solves the problems that have arisen in the analysis of the construction of a wide variety of nominal names with numerous lateral affinities, often left out of previously unpublished research. Accordingly, the role of Nerra as the end-core group selects the nominal group as its complement and the complementary group (syntactic clause) or additional adjective groups and attributes as add-ons.
Transformational transformational theory, Persian grammar, linguistic thought, noun, verb.
Protection right to privacy from technology attacks artificial intelligence
No doubt that artificial intelligence today has become a challenge Clear to the be legislation in many levels, in terms of the delicate balance between benefit from applications to achieve efficiency and ensure its compliance with basic legal principles and texts , Through the development of artificial systems and the spread of their applications in various fields As fateful illegal decisions Or by committing acts that constitute an a crime ,Through these scientific and technological developments, artificial intelligence In the field of communications and information and elsewhere, it has facilitated the violation of the right to privacy of individuals, This requires adopting systems and mechanisms that guarantee individuals, access to their right to this data To correct the errors contained therein, Here firm and appropriate measures must be taken to eliminate the risks resulting from its potential misuse, There is urgent need for new legal frameworks to regulate the use of artificial intelligence technologies , This is in addition to determining criminal liability for illegal acts arising from the use of applications ,Especially since the lack of harmony between law and technology would create a gap between the theoretical legal and the technical application , This is what hinders the wheel of technological development, on the one hand , In addition to the emergence of negative practices that may harm users of this technology on the other hand , Perhaps the best way to achieve harmony is to familiarize the legislator with the legal frameworks relevant to this subject , And the legal scholars Knowledge of the aspects of technological devilment in general , This necessarily requires that legislation keep pace with technological developments represented by artificial intelligence noting that there is no sufficient and comprehensive legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the Iraq legislative system whether in terms of producing its smart applications or ways of importing them , Not even ways to use it in a peaceful and safe manner according to what is known as the ethics of artificial , which is regulated by the legislation of some countries.
Right to privacy, artificial intelligence, legal and constitutional protection, virtual world, national and international mechanisms and legislation.
Endless Tales: Calvino’s Quest for the Infinite Text
Italo Calvino’s If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler (1981) demolishes narrative closure through a labyrinth that privileges the textural potentiality and openness of literature. This paper argues that Calvino constructs an infinite narrative where interruptions, and deferred endings generate proliferating narratives. The novel shadows The Arabian Nights and the combinatorial experiments of the Oulipo group, transforms the reading experience into an open-ended quest. By examining the novel’s use of interruptions, temporal dislocation, and the dialectic between the characters’ desires and narrative quest, this analysis demonstrates how Calvino destabilizes linearity and teleological resolution. Further, it shows the temporal dislocation, arguing that the novel presents time not as a coherent continuum but as a shattered landscape of discontinuous moments, mirroring the fragmented nature of both narrative and life. Moreover, the analysis makes explicit the dialectic between the characters' desires and their narrative quest. The protagonist, the Reader, embodies the Shehryarian desire for order, coherence, and an ending, a desire that is systematically frustrated. In contrast, the Other Reader, Ludmilla, evolves to embrace the allure of uncertainty and potentiality. This paper reveals that through this dialectic and its structural innovations, Calvino presents narrative not as a fixed product but a continuous event thriving on its refusal to conclude. The architectural design of the novel becomes a manifesto for Calvino’s philosophy of literature as an organic boundless space for potentiality. Therefore, meaning is never finite but is perpetually in a state of becoming.
narrative closure, Italo Calvino, narrative labyrinth, narrative temporality, The Arabian Nights.
Structures Denoting Hunger in Bushra Khalfan's Dilshad - A Study in Light of the Grammatical Case Theory –
The research entitled "Structures Indicating Hunger in the Novel 'Dilshad' by Bushra Khalfan - A Study in Light of Case Grammar Theory" is a study of linguistic structures according to the "Case Grammar" theory established by American linguist Charles Fillmore. This is one of the semantic theories that attempts to answer an important question: how meaning is formed in the mind and transformed into spoken structures. It makes the verb the central element in the sentence, requiring the arrangement of specific elements in the structure according to the law of lexical selection, seeking to reveal the semantic roles of basic verbs and their requirements for different grammatical cases including: agentive, objectivity, addition, collocations, direction, locative and time relations, at the deepest level of grammatical analysis, to reach the most precise and clearest meanings. This is not only through inflectional movements, but by examining the deep meanings carried by structures. Since the novel "Dilshad" is one of the distinguished literary texts in which the author used all her linguistic capabilities to highlight aspects of the bitter relationship between hunger and humanity, where she narrated types of physical and metaphorical hunger through various expressions that portray the reality of physical and spiritual life and the impact of hunger's harshness on humans, we worked to highlight the role of verbs as a central and fundamental element in structures indicating hunger, and to discover the semantic relationships between these verbs and the nominal elements that complement them semantically. This was done by following the descriptive-analytical methodology.
Case grammar theory, Material hunger, Moral hunger.
Tal Afar High School for Boys )1952-1986) A Historical Study
The study includes Tal Afar Secondary School 1952-1986 (historical study), which is considered the first secondary school in the western part of Nineveh Governorate (Tal Afar and Sinjar districts). It was initially established as Tal Afar Intermediate School for Boys in 1952, and the circumstances it went through were that it was in a rented building (houses) for about ten years. Despite this, the demand for enrollment was good due to the people of Tal Afar's view that their sons would become members of the (effendi) class, and to improve their economic standard. Until its status was raised to secondary school, and due to the lack of a secondary school for girls, it became a mixed secondary school for a period of time. What distinguishes this school is the presence of a boarding section for students coming from Sinjar district and villages. During the eighties of the last century, the boarding section became the school headquarters and it remains there to this day. We reviewed the admission requirements for secondary school, the curriculum, and the nature of the school day. The activities held at the school included cultural, social, and religious activities, in addition to the sports activity held every year in April, which includes the participation of all schools in Tal Afar district, and is supervised by the school principal and the physical education teacher. The school has a library that accompanied its establishment in 1952. It contains hundreds of books and is still present, preserving its scientific, cultural.
Foundation, education, secondary, district, Tal Afar.
Echoes of Silence: The Unspoken Narratives in Virginia Woolf’s Stream of Consciousness ( Selected Novels)
From old English to postmodern literature, English literature spans different eras and there are different authors in each era. These writers' writing styles vary depending on their own time. In their writings in the 19th century, authors address economic, political, and social issues. Oppositely, Early 20th-century authors put a strong focus on their characters' inner monologues. One of the most significant literary styles of that era is stream of consciousness, which explores the characters' thoughts, feelings, ideas, and sensations at a particular point in time without using logic, or reality. The method of stream of consciousness has been employed by writers such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and Henry James. Virginia Woolf is very prominent in this aspect. This study is a critical analysis of the stream of consciousness in Virginia Woolf’s literary modernism, which relates more to the unsaid, and unheard in her literary pieces. The research analyzes three of Woolf's major novels: Some of them are Mrs. Dalloway published in 1925; To the Lighthouse also published in 1927, and The Waves published in the year 1931. Through analyzing the method of close reading and critical textual analysis the place of elaborated interior monologue and free indirect discourse in the description of the multiple layers of human consciousness, social relations and individual experience in the works of Virginia Woolf is revealed. The study places Woolf’s narrative experiments into the context of the modernist tradition and explores how these changes occurred in these texts. This paper seeks to bring out how Woolf’s works continue to have relevance in narrative theory as well as how she provides deep insight into the human psyche and society of her time.
Virginia Woolf , Stream of Consciousness ,Mrs. Dalloway,To the Lighthouse ,The Waves .
Similarities and Differences Between Al-Tusi and Al-Tabarsi in Using Context in Interpreting the Holy Qur’an
The correct interpretation of the Holy Quran can be achieved using different methods, one of which is the use of “context”. Neglecting this method sometimes makes the interpreter make mistakes in understanding the verses. This research aims to study the uses of context in interpreting verses of the Holy Qur’an on the basis of Tafsir al-Tibyan and compare it with Tafsir Majmil al-Bayan in order to demonstrate the importance of context in interpretation. The verses and the effect of interest and lack of interest in this connection in forming interpretation opinions. In this article, after a brief look at the meaning of context in pronunciation and terminology and the types of its use and conditions, a comparative study of the performance of Sheikh al-Tusi and Allama al-Tabarsi as prominent representatives in the interpretation of the two teams is discussed.
using context, Sheikh Al-Tusi, the scholar Al-Tabarsi, method of interpretation, authentic evidence.
Hussein Faisal Khudhair(Responsible Writer)
Components of the travel discourse in the novel Between Baghdad and My Shadow
In this research paper, we aim to study a new style of writing styles shrouded in the contemporary novel, termed (the nomadic novel) through the novel (Between Baghdad and My Shadow) by the expatriate Iraqi writer (Wafa Abdul Zaraq), and this novel is considered one of the nomadic novels where its hybrid narrative type, which derives its artistic and objective themes from the travel literature, as it - the journey - a narrative category that shows us the conditions of the peoples and peoples to which travelers travel and live with them, and convey with him their history and civilization, and show us the civilization and culture of societies On the contrary, the traveler in this narrative work is not only a narrator, but he is a historian, geographer, sociologist and ethnographer at the same time, in addition to the value of the novel, its aesthetics and its subject, as it presents most of its contents and topics in a literary style that rises to the level of artistic fiction, and diversity in its narrative methods, and its narrative elements, as it is rich in its rhetorical and semantic material, and combines between the folds of its texts fun, imagination and interest for the reader at the same time.
journey, nomadic discourse, nomadic novel, narrative, dialogue, description, knowledge.
Examples of stone tools used in daily life in the temples of ancient Yemen In the pre-Islamic period (Archaeological study)
This study dealt with the stone tools in the pre-Islamic period from the contents of the ancient Yemeni temples that were dedicated to the rituals and ceremonies of the temples. These stone tools that the ancient Yemenis used in their temples were classified into stone incense burners in terms of their importance, uses and description. Stone lamps are lighting tools in temples. Description, type of raw material, and importance for the temple. The study dealt with stone tools for vows and offerings used in temple rituals. They were classified into two types of tools: tools for placing temple offerings, which are offering tables. And the last tables for pouring various liquids, and the study dealt with the tools for the appearance in the temples. These tools were classified into basins for preserving temple water for purification. These stone tools are not devoid of writing or decoration on them. The type of decoration and the emptying of the inscription were studied. The researcher used in Study of these models of stone tools contained in ancient Yemeni temples. The descriptive approach to these artifacts, description through models of artifacts in Yemeni museums, then a conclusion and an appendix of photos followed by a list of references. This study will not allow for comparison between stone tools in other civilizations.
temple, vow, offering, lamp, censer, altar.
(US-Saudi coordination regarding developments in Iraq until August 2, 1990)
The United States of America has employed its legitimacy on the international system to impose its interests, exploiting its position to gain the support of its Western allies on the one hand, and its ability to use its military power to resolve any conflict in which it decides to participate on the other hand, under the pretext of exercising its responsibilities in maintaining international stability and directing global movement. The United States of America has relied to a large extent in imposing its policies on superiority in many components and elements of power, such as superiority of military technology, ideological spread, and the breadth of its international diplomatic, economic and social relations, especially with the major Western powers. Therefore, this has been reflected in US-Saudi political relations, as the latter possesses significant economic components represented by oil, in contrast to its political and military weakness. In any case, it appears that a strike is coming, whether Iraq enters Kuwait or not, because Iraqi and Gulf oil were targeted by the United States. This was a priority of American foreign policy toward Saudi Arabia, as well as the security of Israel and the United States itself. This deepened the obstacle Iraq represented to a settlement between the Palestinians and the Israelis. Not to mention that Iraq benefited from the technologies supplied by the United States, Britain, and the Socialist Bloc. It began to develop a small degree of deterrence, which became a threat to the United States' strategy in the region, to the Gulf states, and to Israel.
Rational approach and its impact on the science of the classes of interpreters
Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon His Prophet Muhammad, the Master of Messengers, and upon his pure and virtuous family. At that moment when the Messenger Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) received the heavenly message in that desolate cave, it was this moment in time that changed the course of humanity from error to guidance, and to the present that we live in, a present bursting with information. This miraculous text has captivated the Arab mind in particular, and the Western mind in general. Those interested in its scope and concerned with its affairs have devoted themselves to reading it and exploring its contents, using whatever tools and methods they have at their disposal to help them do so. In addition to contemplating, reflecting, and applying reason, various approaches and methods have been adopted for interpreting it. The rational approach to interpretation occupies a special place among the approaches to interpretation. It is sometimes called the approach to interpretation by ijtihad (independent reasoning). It may also be mentioned as a subset of the approach to interpretation by opinion, and it may be viewed as equivalent to the philosophical approach to interpretation. Hence, in this research, we wanted to reveal the rational approach and its impact on the classes of interpreters. The nature of the research required that it be divided into an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references. After the study, it became clear that the rational approach is an ancient approach that began with the revelation of the Holy Quran, which urged the use of reason, thought, contemplation, and reflection on its noble verses. The Sunnah of the Prophet, represented by the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his family), and the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), also emphasized it. Despite the impact of the rational approach on the classes of interpreters, the books of classes and biographies did not devote a special section to it, but rather included it within the time periods in which the interpreters were present.
Approach - Reason - Science - Class – Interpreters.
Requirements for employing artificial intelligence in secondary schools from the perspective of social studies teachers
The current research aimed to identify the requirements for employing artificial intelligence in secondary schools in Iraq from the perspective of social studies teachers. A descriptive approach was used to suit the nature of the research, and the tool used was a questionnaire. The research was divided into several axes: First, the legislative requirements for employing artificial intelligence applications; Second, the administrative and organizational requirements for employing artificial intelligence applications; Third, the requirements related to the use of artificial intelligence in schools; Fourth, the requirements related to the use of artificial intelligence in students. The research sample included 200 teachers distributed across secondary schools in the center of Babil Governorate. After presenting and interpreting the results, the current research presented proposals for employing artificial intelligence requirements in secondary education in Iraq. The high cost of AI software and teachers' inability to afford it are among the most significant factors driving teachers away from using modern educational tools. Lack of infrastructure to support AI, and the lack of financial support for implementing AI applications.
Employing artificial intelligence, secondary schools, social studies teachers.
criminal protection for civil contracts against Exploitation
The principle is that a person is only bound by what his free will directs him to. In order for the will to create obligations, it must be free and free from any defect that taints it. The will must also be free from the defect of exploitation, as it is considered a path leading to fraud. If exploitation is a defect of the will in civil law and has its own punishment, we also find in criminal law texts that protect the will from the defect of exploitation by providing the maximum possible balance between the obligations of the contracting parties and preventing fraud between them and achieving contractual justice. When criminal law provides protection for the satisfaction of the contracting parties from the defect of exploitation, it may not allocate criminal protection to only a part of the interest regulated by the rules of civil law, by giving non-criminal situations a narrower or broader scope than their meaning in the civil law to which they belong, or it may be consistent with them, thus agreeing with the subjectivity of criminal law and the reason for criminalization.
civil contracts, exploitation, usury, Job exploitation, criminal protection.
Semantic parallelism in the Dinariyah Maqama of Badī' al-Zaman al-Hamadhānī
Parallelism is a pivotal element in achieving the coherence and internal harmony of a text. It is also an effective tool for persuading and influencing the recipient through repetitive and parallel structures that reinforce the idea and cement it in the reader's mind. Parallelism is not something unique to poetic language. There are patterns of literary prose that constitute the harmonious principle of parallelism. Among these prose patterns are... Subject to the principle of close parallelism or representative with poetry, that distinctive literary art that appeared in the era of weakness when the Arabic language collapsed, and mixed with foreign and Arabized, and the melody in the language became widespread, so its owners called it the Maqamat, and parallelism in the art of prose is distinguished by its reliance on a structure based on the principle of proximity, thus distinguishing it from poetry, whose structure is based on the principle of similarity. In this research paper, the researchers attempt to follow an integrated approach that combines the approach Stylistic and structural approaches, utilizing some mechanisms of pragmatic analysis, study the aesthetics of semantic parallelism in the Dinar Maqama by Badī' al-Zaman al-Hamadhānī. The study reveals the diversity of indicators of semantic parallelism in the Dinar Maqama, where the phenomenon of contrast emerged in opposing pairs and synonymy was manifested in the accumulation of semantically similar vocabulary to emphasize the meaning, as in the description of the dinar. The study also monitored the phenomenon of semantic proportionality in the harmony of lexical fields related to money and social status, in addition to the semantic gradation that appeared in the escalation of descriptions of cases of poverty and wealth. The study also revealed Al-Hamadhani’s use of the phenomenon of semantic inclusion and semantic contrast in constructing the paragraphs of the Maqama, which contributed to the coherence of the text and its semantic richness. The study concluded that the semantic parallelism in the Dinariyah Maqama, It represents a conscious stylistic strategy used by Al-Hamadhani to create a coherent text with multiple semantic layers, combining the beauty of form and the depth of content, and transcending the limits of verbal craftsmanship to the horizons of emotional and intellectual influence in a communicative context governed by the culture of his time and the expectations of its recipients, which makes the Dinariyah Maqama a unique model of literary creativity that employs semantic parallelism at all levels to achieve artistic and persuasive goals.
consistency, semantic parallelism, maqama, Badī’ al-Zaman al-Hamadhānī.
Consideration of Shari'ah Rulings for Psychological Feelings: "Khula (Divorce Initiated by the Wife) Due to the Husband’s Ugliness as a Model"
The research aims to explore the rulings on "Khula" (Divorce Initiated by the Wife) due to the wife's aversion to her husband's ugliness and lack of affection towards him. The study showed that the Islamic Shari'ah aims, in its rulings, to meet the people's interests and lift the burden from them. The study also indicated that the most important feature of Shari'ah rulings is its realism and flexibility, observation of the conditions of the accountable persons, the diversity of the people's capabilities, the constraints and circumstances affect them physically and psychologically, which require deviation from the general rulings to specific rulings suits each individual and meets their physical and psychological needs within the legal controls. The researcher relied on the inductive theoretical approach and descriptive analysis and defined the most important terms used in the research, significance, reasons for selection, and objectives. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which are: 1. The khula (divorce) due to the wife's aversion to her husband's ugliness is permissible according to Islamic Shari'ah. 2. The Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) endorsement of khula in cases where the wife dislikes her husband due to his ugliness—recognizing the impossibility of achieving the optimal purpose of marriage—indicates that the legal ruling addresses the psychological and social dimensions of the accountable persons. 3. The legal ruling is not an abstract concept disconnected from people's lives and realities; thus, its application is not a mechanical action devoid of insight or reflection on the surrounding circumstances. Ignoring this leads to its application in a manner contrary to its legitimate requirements. 4. The danger of overlooking psychological needs, consequences, and social disturbances, highlights the importance of considering these psychological aspects when applying legal rulings to real-life situations. The study provided several recommendations including: 1. Guardians, before marriage, should provide preventive measures to avoid a wife's aversion to her husband's ugliness that is by applying Shari'ah, allowing the suitor to see the fiancée and vice versa. 2. Conduct similar studies regarding the psychological and social dimensions in the legal rulings in specific other issues. 3. Judges should expedite family court cases and draw inspiration from the noble practices of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Consideration - Sharia provisions - Psychological feelings - Khula - Ugliness.
The Turkish-Arab dispute over unity projects 1958-1963 AD (Syria and Iraq as a model)
The research dealt with the Turkish-Arab dispute over the unity projects 1958-1963 AD (Syria)Iraq is an example. The dispute between Turkey on the one hand and Syria and Iraq on the other hand over projects and borders during the period 1958-1963 greatly affected those unity projects on the political nature between Turkey, Syria and Iraq, as those unity projects were considered a threat to Turkish national security and threatened the interests of Western countries in Turkey, especially the United States of America, whose interests in the Middle East were affected by the unity projects, especially with the coincidence of the communist threat that it feared would control Syria and Iraq. Therefore, Turkey tried to pressure Syria and push it from carrying out the unity project with Egypt in 1958, and explicitly threatened Syria and warned it against taking that step. In return, the latter did not respond to Turkey’s warnings, which mobilized its armies on the Syrian border with the aim of pressuring it and making it in constant tension. However, those warnings and mobilizations did not bear fruit in Turkey’s favor, and Syria continued with the unity project with Egypt. These developments led to the occurrence of a tripartite union between Iraq, Syria and Egypt in 1963. Iraq, which was previously a member of a joint defense alliance with Turkey (the Baghdad Pact) that was established in 1955, became in a unionist alliance with Syria, which Turkey feared as it feared the establishment of a unified state on its borders that would threaten its security. Although Turkey tried to prevent this union, it later came to the conviction that this union was just ink on paper after it realized the differences that arose between the union countries and was satisfied with reducing tension. The Syrian side also claimed that its policy was neutral, which is evidence of its good intentions towards Turkey and its government. As for the Iraqi side, it witnessed major political developments that ended with the deterioration of its relationship with Turkey after it had been in a regional alliance with it, and this ultimately led to the implementation of the union that Turkey was afraid of, and it wanted to distance Iraq from any unity projects.
Social media platforms and their role in changing social values among Babylon University students
the communication development that accompanied contemporary societies has overturned the usual stereotype in dealing with thorny issues, and raised the monotony of cultural exchange to a level we have never seen before. Marshall McLuhan was creative in inventing the concept of the global village, in which he predicted the character that human societies would move towards in the field of communication and its techno-media relationship. However, he was unable to determine or anticipate the speed and form of the enormous changes that accompanied those developments witnessed by media societies, if it is permissible to say that the spaces of interactive media and social communication today have become almost universal, covering most regions of the world and circulating the majority of events, making the individual capable of knowing the most minute details that occur in areas thousands of kilometers away from him, and enabling him to communicate with the internal or external audience or others in places that are difficult to reach. This study aims to know the role of social media platforms in changing the social values ​​of the students of the University of Babylon, and to identify the most important basic criteria that form social values ​​and break them down into important categories to know social values ​​​​objectively. To achieve the goal of the study, the student used the survey method, and a questionnaire consisting of (28) paragraphs was prepared, which was distributed to a sample of (400) male and female students at the University of Babylon for the academic year 2023-2024, where the results answered the main question of the study: (What is the role of social media platforms in changing the social values ​​​​of the students of the University of Babylon?), and the researcher relied on the study of the theory of social education regardless of the waste generated by the communication platforms now most students and through the most important results reached by the researcher, as they acquired many cognitive values, cultural awareness and respect for the rights of others, but many of the results we reached through this study will be presented at the end.
Social values, contemporary societies, technological development.
The impact of supplication and seeking forgiveness in preserving the universe according to the Imami Shiites - an analytical study
This research aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the interpretations related to verse 5 of Surah Ash-Shura, with a focus on the role of supplication and seeking forgiveness (du'a and istighfar) in the construction and organization of the universe, according to the Qur'anic concept. This verse is considered one of the Qur'anic texts that reflects an intersection between the spiritual and cosmic dimensions, indicating the sensitive interaction between the heavens and mankind, and how human spiritual actions can affect the stability and order of the universe. The study explores the views of a group of major interpreters, starting from classical interpretations such as those of Imam Al-Tabari and Al-Qurtubi, to contemporary interpretations like that of Sayyid Qutb, in an attempt to understand the various dimensions of this interaction. Also, the study examines the role of seeking forgiveness and supplication as spiritual mechanisms that contribute to the stability of the universe and prevent the disintegration of the cosmic system. The research is based on the hypothesis that seeking forgiveness is not merely an individual act of worship but has cosmic effects that manifest in protecting the universe from annihilation and preventing natural disasters associated with God's wrath. This hypothesis is supported by other Qur'anic texts and prophetic traditions that point to the relationship between human actions and cosmic balance. By dividing the study into several sections under each topic, the research is able to comprehensively review various aspects of the subject. It begins by analyzing the function of supplication and seeking forgiveness in maintaining cosmic balance, then moves on to reviewing the opinions of interpreters on how they understood the relationship between seeking forgiveness and the stability of the universe. This approach seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism through which supplication and seeking forgiveness affect the universe from an Islamic perspective and raises questions about the actual role of these actions in preserving the cosmic order. In conclusion, this study aims to provide recommendations for future research that could enhance the understanding of the relationship between Islamic spirituality and the cosmic system, emphasizing the importance of studying religious texts from a broader cosmic perspective. The study also proposes opening a dialogue between religious interpretations and modern scientific knowledge to offer renewed insights into our understanding of the universe and the role of humanity within it.
Surah Ash-Shura, verse 5, supplication, seeking forgiveness, Qur'anic interpretations, cosmic construction, cosmic balance, divine mercy, human actions, divine punishment.
A Geographical Analysis of the Drug Abuse Problem in Kirkuk Governorate in 2023
: The phenomenon of drug abuse is one of the biggest problems that has cast its shadow over human society. It is a global phenomenon that affects individuals and societies. Drugs are chemical substances that affect the central nervous system and cause changes in the psychological state and mood of the human being. Some drugs are used for medical purposes, while others are used illegally for recreational purposes, which leads to addiction and health and social problems. Studies in this field have proven that drug abuse kills a person, paralyzes his mind, and leads him to commit various types of crimes. The importance of this research stems from the danger involved in drug abuse, which poses a major threat to society if we know that it targets the youth segment, which is relied upon in the renaissance and development of any society. It also provides data that supports the formulation of effective policies to combat the phenomenon of drug abuse. Understanding the phenomenon also contributes to identifying the causes and factors that affect drug abuse, which enhances scientific knowledge in this field. This research addresses the problem of drug abuse in Kirkuk Governorate. The descriptive and analytical approach was used in its completion. The research achieved several results, the most prominent of which is the clear disparity in the distribution of drug abusers among the administrative units in the region. The study revealed that married individuals accounted for the largest share of drug users, representing approximately 45% of the total number of drug users in Kirkuk Governorate. Furthermore, certain age groups emerged with higher rates of drug use, particularly among young people aged 20-49 years. Family disintegration and bad companionship were among the most prominent causes of drug use in Kirkuk Governorate. Crystal meth was found to be the drug whose use accounted for over 90% of all drug use.
Grammatical explanations according to Al-Janqi
This research presents an analytical and investigative study of the book "Kashif al-Niqab 'an Qawa'id al-I'rab" (The Revealer of the Rules of Grammar) by Sa'id ibn Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Janki, Rumi, Uthmani al-Hanafi, Sufi, and grammatical morphologist (d. 1207 AH). He was one of the Ottoman scholars who distinguished himself by his special interest in the Arabic grammatical heritage, particularly the commentaries on the books of Ibn Hisham al-Ansari. This research was taken from a master's thesis in Arabic grammar and represents a contribution to reviving a grammatical heritage that has been marginalized, despite its importance in the history of later grammatical commentaries. The research is divided into two main sections. The first section is devoted to the introductory aspect and includes two requirements: The first covers an introduction to Ibn Hisham al-Ansari, the author of "Qawa'id al-I'rab," highlighting his position among grammarians, his classification method, the characteristics of his style, and his impact on grammatical studies. The second section introduces al-Janki, highlighting his lineage, homeland, religious affiliation, academic background, and participation in the intellectual landscape of the Ottoman Empire. It also highlights his position among later commentators on grammar. The second section examines al-Janki's method in his commentary, in terms of the nature of the grammatical justifications he employed, the level of interaction with the original text, his use of Qur'anic and grammatical evidence, and his analysis of ambiguous expressions in his book "Qawa'id al-I'rab." This section demonstrates al-Janki's reliance on traditional grammatical methods, with a clear effort to organize ideas, explain terminology, and highlight structural causes. His book serves as an important link between earlier commentaries on grammar and commentaries of the Ottoman era, revealing clear efforts to simplify the grammatical material without compromising its scholarly content. The research concluded with a comprehensive list of sources and references that the researcher relied on, in addition to a recommendation on the importance of paying attention to the explanations of late Ottoman grammar, as they contain interpretive additions and detailed explanations that help in understanding the original grammatical texts and the history of their reception.
Ibn Hisham Al-Nahwi - grammatical explanations - Kashif Al-Niqab.
Phonetic prompts for grammatical meaning according to Dr. Fadhel Al-Samarrai
Dr. Fadhel Al-Samarrai is one of the prominent Arabic grammarians in the modern age. He followed the approach of the early Arabic scientists, as their research formed the intellectual basis on which Dr. Fadhel Al-Samarrai relied. However, he charted a new path for himself, which is the search for the grammatical meaning in the expressions of the verbal structure. Since the expressions of that structure were multiple according to the intent and purpose, the meanings of those expressions were also multiple; therefore, we found him researching what the structure includes of tools that help him in directing the grammatical meaning, including sound; realizing its effect in directing that meaning. In this research paper, I wanted to shed light on the effect of sound in directing the grammatical meaning of Dr. Fadhel Al-Samarrai, in addition to other guidelines that supported him in what he sought, depending on the degree of clarity and accuracy of the meaning. Dr. Fadhel Al-Samarrai was able to reach the grammatical significance of the verbal structure through the strong hamza sound, which helped him in differentiating between (الاتي) and (اللاي) which are for the sound feminine plural. The hamza sound had an effect in indicating (اللاي) for the masculine plural, although rarely. It was used for rare and heavy cases in what was mentioned in usage. The long vowel sound included in (الآف) was the grammatical significance according to Dr. Fadhel Al-Samarrai, and that was in: clarifying (ما) and (من) the relative pronouns, so (ما) was more general than (من), and a basis for it in indicating generality and ambiguity in view of the nature of that sound, which is broad in the origin of language usage, and what was proven by modern studies that formed a supporting reference for the sound wave.
Dr. Fadhel Al-Samarrai, grammatical meaning, phonetic prompts, verbal expression.