The Impact of Geological and Hydrological Characteristics on the Architectural Heritage of Old Mosul – A Study in Physical Geography

Abstract

Historic cities represent complex urban systems whose architectural heritage is shaped by the continuous interaction between geological, hydrological, and topographical characteristics. Despite the growing interest in preserving architectural heritage, studies integrating natural factors into spatial assessments of historic cities remain limited, particularly in Old Mosul. This research aims to study the impact of geological and hydrological characteristics on the architectural heritage of Old Mosul and to analyze the spatial relationships between natural factors and urban development. The study adopted an integrated methodology based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, geological and hydrological analysis, digital elevation models, and spatial and statistical analysis to assess the impact of rock formations, topographical characteristics, groundwater, the Tigris River, and flood vulnerability on the distribution and level of vulnerability of heritage buildings. The results showed that groundwater, proximity to the Tigris River, and flood vulnerability are the most influential factors on the spatial distribution and vulnerability of heritage buildings, while geological formations affect foundation stability and the choice of traditional building materials. The research provides an integrated spatial framework that supports conservation prioritization, guides post-conflict reconstruction programs, and contributes to integrating environmental considerations into sustainable urban heritage management and planning strategies.