Adaptation and rebellion movements in Khorasan in the first part of the third century AH / nineteenth century-Historical study

Abstract

The subject deals with the Khorasan region in the first half of the third century AH / ninth century AD, especially since the Khorasan region formed a center of political and social interaction, a gateway to the Islamic East, a major military base for armies, and a strategic location where tribal, local and religious forces competed, and where centers of influence alternated between the central state and regional leaders. The first half of the third century AH witnessed a marked escalation in rebellions, fueled by the weakness of the Abbasid administration, the growing influence of local leaders, increasing social discontent, and the accumulation of military forces outside the control of the central government. Khorasan, in particular, served as a breeding ground for opposition movements. Studying these rebellions reveals the dynamics of the region and highlights its importance in understanding the nature of political conflict. The social aspect, as the research dealt with the conditions of Khorasan before Islam, the Arab Islamic conquest and the political conditions in the Umayyad and Abbasid eras until the end of the third century AH, with an analysis of the nature of the administration and the frequent disturbances that made the region a permanent arena of tensions. The movements of disobedience and rebellion that the region witnessed are a direct reflection of the conflict between the central authority and the local forces. The rebellion of al-Hasan al-Khuza’i represented a prominent challenge to Abbasid influence, as it was based on broad tribal support and demonstrated the fragility of central control. The rebellion of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Alawi also stood out as a movement with a political and intellectual dimension, linked to the currents opposing Abbasid authority.

The subject deals with the Khorasan region in the first half of the third century AH / ninth century AD, especially since the Khorasan region formed a center of political and social interaction, a gateway to the Islamic East, a major military base for armies, and a strategic location where tribal, local and religious forces competed, and where centers of influence alternated between the central state and regional leaders. The first half of the third century AH witnessed a marked escalation in rebellions, fueled by the weakness of the Abbasid administration, the growing influence of local leaders, increasing social discontent, and the accumulation of military forces outside the control of the central government. Khorasan, in particular, served as a breeding ground for opposition movements. Studying these rebellions reveals the dynamics of the region and highlights its importance in understanding the nature of political conflict. The social aspect, as the research dealt with the conditions of Khorasan before Islam, the Arab Islamic conquest and the political conditions in the Umayyad and Abbasid eras until the end of the third century AH, with an analysis of the nature of the administration and the frequent disturbances that made the region a permanent arena of tensions. The movements of disobedience and rebellion that the region witnessed are a direct reflection of the conflict between the central authority and the local forces. The rebellion of al-Hasan al-Khuza’i represented a prominent challenge to Abbasid influence, as it was based on broad tribal support and demonstrated the fragility of central control. The rebellion of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Alawi also stood out as a movement with a political and intellectual dimension, linked to the currents opposing Abbasid authority.