The Role of the Mamluk Dynasty in Shaping the History of Islamic India (1206-1290 CE / 603-690 AH)Its Origin, Achievements, and Influence

Abstract

Since the arrival of Islam to the Indian subcontinent in the 13th century CE (7th century AH) through Islamic conquests, the Islamic system of ruling feudal families was adopted, particularly by the Shansbani tribe, starting from the Ghor region in Afghanistan, northern India, and then moving to the center of the country. During the rule of the Ghaznavid state, the personality of Muhammad Ghori emerged as a dominant figure over the scattered Indian tribes. He was able to lead them, especially after taking advantage of the weakness of the Ghaznavid state, removing them from power, and assuming control over the country. However, he did not have a successor to the throne, and thus, power was completely handed over to the Turkic slaves who were with him, entrusting them with the army and leadership. They successfully controlled vast regions such as Bengal, Ajmer, Ranshapur, and Ujjain in South India. After the death of Muhammad Ghori, Qutb al-Din Aibak, one of his prominent slaves, took over and later made the rule hereditary in his state. However, those who followed him did not possess enough power like Qutb al-Din, except for Shams al-Din Iltutmish. Others contributed significantly to the weakening of the state, especially after the rise of Ghiyath al-Din to the throne in 1290 CE (690 AH), when he overthrew the Mamluks in that year. This led to the emergence of the idea of separation in the Indian regions under their control.