The Loyalists and the Revolution of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi: From Social Mobilization to Leadership Experience

Abstract

This research examines the role of the mawali (non-Arab Muslims) in the Mukhtar al-Thaqafi revolution that took place in Kufa between 66 and 67 AH. It attempts to trace the transformation of this marginalized social group from mere mobilizable elements into an active leadership force shaping events and making decisions. The research begins by observing the dire conditions of the mawali during the Umayyad era، as they suffered from harsh discriminatory policies that relegated them to a subordinate status to Arab Muslims. This created a massive accumulation of resentment، forming fertile ground for the outbreak of the revolution. The research then analyzes the mobilization discourse crafted by Mukhtar، which relied on a clever strategy of combining the religious symbolism of the tragedy of Karbala and the slogan "Revenge for Hussein!" with tangible promises of equality، justice، and the inclusion of the mawali in decision-making centers. This enabled him to attract them and gain their loyalty. The research delves deeper into the pivotal role played by the mawali in the organizational and military structure of the revolution، by examining prominent examples and highlighting their active participation in decisive battles such as the Battle of Khazir. The research also discusses The book addresses the leadership crisis following the fall of the revolution، analyzing the fragility of the experience due to the absence of alternative leaders and independent organizations capable of enduring. It also traces the profound legacy this experience left in the collective memory of the mawali (non-Arab Muslims)، a legacy that later manifested in their widespread participation in the Abbasid Revolution. The mawali's experience with al-Mukhtar thus represents a unique historical laboratory for testing the possibility of marginalized groups becoming active participants in shaping history.