The Educational System in Rawanduz (1958–1975(

Abstract

The Education System in Rwandoz (1958–1975)remained significant through both religious and formal education, contributing to the graduation of many religious scholars (mullahs) and intellectuals. The July 14 Revolution of 1958 brought important educational reforms, including the adoption of Kurdish as the language of instruction in Kurdish areas, the appointment of teachers, and the establishment of new schools.

However, the Kurdish Revolution and the subsequent conflict had a major impact on education in Rawanduz and surrounding areas. The educational process experienced periods of progress and decline. Many teachers were arrested or removed from their positions, while some students joined the Peshmerga forces and were unable to complete their studies. Despite these challenges, formal education continued, whereas the religious schools (Hujra schools) were closed following the death of Abdul Karim Afandi.

The study consists of an introduction, a summary, three chapters, and a bibliography:

• Chapter One examines religious education in Rawanduz, its stages, the mullahs who obtained religious certification, and the lives of religious students.
• Chapter Two focuses on formal education between 1958 and 1969, discussing the impact of the July 14 Revolution, the Kurdish-language education law, the establishment of the General Directorate of Kurdish Education, teachers’ conferences in Shaqlawa, and the effects of the February 8, 1963 coup. It also analyzes official statistics on students, teachers, and schools in Rawanduz.
• Chapter Three examines formal education between 1970 and 1975, highlighting the impact of the March 11, 1970 Agreement, the reopening and rehabilitation of schools, teacher appointments, and literacy campaigns. The war of 1974–1975 and the evacuation of Rawanduz disrupted education, although some students continued studying in caves, while others who moved to Iran pursued their education there, though their years of study were not recognized after their return.