Abu Hashim al-Jubba'i's special theological views and al-Sharif al-Murtada attitude on them/ a study and analysis

Abstract

           Abu Hashim al-Jubba'i is considered one of the most prominent Islamic theologians. He succeeded in establishing a significant intellectual current within the Mu'tazila school, which endured until the ninth century AH Although fierce attacks aimed at suppressing free thought within the Mu'tazila. Abu Hashim has developed several theological theories that garnered the attention of theologians from all Islamic sects, who were divided between supporters and opponents. Among these theories is the theory of states, which addresses how the divine essence is characterized by its attributes. He believed that asserting the addition of attributes to the essence leads to the assertion of multiple eternal beings, and that asserting the identity of the essence with the attributes,, necessitates the denial and negation of attributes. Therefore, he devised this theory to eliminate these erroneous implications. As for the balancing of good deeds, this involves placing the actions of a responsible individual—their acts of obedience and the corresponding rewards—on one side of a scale, and their actions of disobedience and the corresponding punishments on the other. If the rewards outweigh the punishments, they receive a corresponding reward; if the punishments outweigh the rewards, they receive a corresponding punishment. Among those who expressed their opinions on this matter.  The theories of Sayyid al-Murtada, one of the greatest Shi'a theologians and one of their most prominent theorists, were inconsistent. His position on the theory of states appears to have wavered, as some of his writings show that he embraced this theory in the later stages of his life, while he rejected the theory of balance, as was the case with other Imami scholars..