Expression disorders in Parkinson's disease

Abstract

     Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder resulting from dysfunction and degeneration of nerve cells in the substantia nigra, which is the main region responsible for the production of dopamine. This disease affects the production of vowel sounds (/a, i, u/) and plosive consonants (/b, k, p/), such as the syllables /pa/, /ka/, and /ba/. From a physical perspective, and using the Praat software, changes in acoustic features (sound waves, whispering, and different pitch patterns) and their effects on speech were explained and analyzed. These sounds were studied from a physical–acoustic point of view (acoustic analysis) of speech production in patients with Parkinson's disease, as the disorder directly affects the muscles of the speech apparatus. The aim of acoustic analysis is to identify speech disorders and determine the physical properties of sound in general, and specifically to highlight the relationship between Parkinson's disease and its effects on phonation, articulation, and prosody.

This research is devoted to (expression disorders in Parkinson's disease), which is a linguistic research (phonetic - neuroanalytical), dedicated to identifying problems in the production of some sounds of Kurdish language, it is estimated (90%) Patients may develop expression disorders.

The research method is functional analysis and the samples are shown according to the Pratt program for the production of certain sounds in several patients and the regularity and irregularity of the sounds.

The importance of this study is that it is the first time in Kurdish language that the consequences of Parkinson's disease are physically analyzed according to the Pratt program Fill in the (phonetic-neural).

The study assumes that Parkinson's disease is a neurological disease, organically, the physical aspects and irregularities of sound waves of patients in a consistent manner, because the disease is directly related You will be on expression. That is, speech disorders and vocal changes in Parkinson's disease can be analyzed with the Pratt program.