The confrontation between the Peshmerga forces of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Iraqi army during the Anfal campaign, phase two, is an example.

Abstract

The Anfal campaign was a military operation planned by the Iraqi government to eliminate Kurdish identity and the Kurdish liberation movement in southern Kurdistan, particularly after the resumption of armed struggle in 1975. After the Peshmerga forces, led by the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), liberated most of southern Kurdistan, the Iraqi government launched the Anfal campaign on February 23, 1988, and it ended on September 6, 1988. The operation was carried out in eight phases across six different regions. In the second phase of the Anfal campaign, the Iraqi government attacked the Karadag region. To prevent the destruction of this region and protect the lives of its inhabitants, PUK Peshmerga forces clashed with the Iraqi army. Casualties were reported on both sides.

Our research consists of an introduction, two separate discussions, conclusions, a bibliography, and an appendix of documents. The first discussion, entitled "Anfal - Phase Two," examines the reasons for and the manner in which the Iraqi government initiated the Anfal campaign in the Karadag region. The second discussion, titled "The Confrontation Between the Peshmerga (PKK) and the Iraqi Army in Anfal," examined, for example, the role of the Peshmerga (PUK) in confronting the Iraqi army through planning and mapping to protect the region. The number of casualties on both sides should also be presented.

 The method and approach relied upon in this study is the method (praise/analysis), based on the principle of excitement. For research on the confrontation between the Peshmerga forces of the Kurdistan People's Party (PKK) and the Iraqi army forces in the Anfal process, the second phase, for example, we rely on the use of several other sources in the form of memoirs, books and letters We have also tried to interpret the events in a scientific and concise manner impartially and away from any influence.