The Impact of Geographical Factors on the Change in the Course of the Tigris River between the Districts of Al-Mada'in and Al-Suwaira Using Geographic Information Systems

Abstract

This study examined the impact of geographical factors on changes in the course of the Tigris River between Al-Mada’in and Al-Suwaira, based on satellite image analysis and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for a comparison between 2014 and 2025. The study focused on identifying the spatial changes that occurred in the channel centerline, bank boundaries, and island areas, as well as analysing the relationship between these changes and the natural and human factors affecting the river.

The study relied on two satellite images from 2014 for a section of the Tigris River within Al-Mada’in District and two additional satellite images from 2026 for a section of the Tigris River within Al-Suwaira District. The images were processed after standardising the geographic projection and undertaking the required image-processing procedures. Changes in channel width, meandering, and river islands were analysed and then linked to the characteristics of the alluvial plain, low gradient, fluctuations in discharge, drought conditions, agricultural activity, and water-control structures.

The study showed that the Tigris River channel in the Al-Mada’in–Al-Suwaira area is characterised by geomorphological activity expressed through the lateral migration of riverbanks, the growth of some point bars and river islands, and changes in channel width at particular locations. The decline in discharge and low flow velocity appear to have contributed to increased sediment deposition within the channel. The findings also indicate that human activities—particularly agriculture, irrigation networks, and structures located near the riverbanks—have contributed to stabilising certain parts of the channel and directing river flow in other sections.

The study concludes that changes in the Tigris River channel in this area do not result from a single factor; rather, they reflect an interaction between natural and human factors. It also highlights the importance of employing remote sensing and GIS for the periodic monitoring of the river channel, identifying areas vulnerable to erosion and sedimentation, supporting water and agricultural planning, and protecting land and infrastructure located near the river.