Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Road Transport Networks in Erbil City Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Abstract

This study aims to monitor and analyze the historical development of the road transport network in Erbil City for the period 1990–2025 using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), by examining the spatial and temporal changes that occurred in the urban road structure during this period. The study also relies on classifying the road network into primary, secondary, and tertiary roads based on OpenStreetMap (OSM) data, in order to understand the hierarchical structure of the road system and identify its levels of importance and functions within the urban fabric.

The analysis applies a set of advanced spatial methods, including Kernel Density analysis for spatial distribution and pattern analysis, Network Isochrones for transport accessibility analysis, and Morphometric and Structural analysis using Space Syntax techniques, with the aim of evaluating network efficiency in terms of spatial distribution, accessibility, and spatial integration.

The results of the Kernel Density analysis indicate that low-density areas account for 44.6% of the total network area (75 km²), reflecting weak road connectivity in peripheral zones and the expansion of incomplete urban growth areas. The study recommends the development of new ring road systems that directly connect peripheral areas without passing through the city center in order to reduce traffic congestion and improve spatial flow distribution.