Human Rights and Cyber security )The Right to Privacy and Freedom of Expression(

Abstract

Iraq is experiencing a rapid digital transformation that has made cyberspace an essential domain for the exercise of human rights, particularly the right to privacy and freedom of expression. The widespread use of the Internet and digital platforms has enhanced access to information, community participation, and free communication. However, this development has also generated increasing challenges, including cybercrime, digital breaches, surveillance, and personal data theft, highlighting the importance of cyber security in protecting individuals and institutions. This research aims to clarify the concept of cyber security and its relationship with human rights, as well as to analyse the relevant legislative and regulatory frameworks at both the international and national levels. It further examines the current situation in Iraq and conducts a comparative study with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia regarding cyber security policies and legislation. The study also discusses the extent to which existing laws and measures can achieve a balance between cyber security requirements and the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. The research concludes that building a secure digital environment requires the development of national legislation, the strengthening of legal and institutional oversight, and the promotion of digital awareness. Such efforts are essential to ensuring the protection of privacy and freedom of expression while effectively combating cyber threats and cybercrime in accordance with international human rights standards. This research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the concept of cybersecurity and its importance, highlighting the nature of fundamental human rights, particularly the right to privacy and freedom of expression in cyberspace. It also seeks to review and analyze the regulatory and legislative frameworks at the international, regional, and national levels related to cybersecurity and its connection to the protection of human rights.