Monotheism and Polytheism in Islamic Theological Thought: A Comparative Study of the Imāmī, Sunni, and Wahhābī Schools

Abstract

This research addresses the profound conceptual and methodological problems surrounding the dichotomy of Tawhid (monotheism) and Shirk (polytheism) in contemporary Islamic thought, focusing on a comparative study of the Imamiyyah Shi’i and Wahhabi perspectives. Despite a theoretical consensus on the centrality of Tawhid, disagreements over the practical application and definition of Shirk have led to a sharp divergence, centered on the problematic of “expansion” versus “restriction” of its scope. This study aims to move beyond a traditional description of the dispute to analyze the epistemological and methodological foundations that produce these contrasting views. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, the paper examines how each school constructs its theological framework. The research demonstrates that the Wahhabi perspective, rooted in a literalist hermeneutic, tends to conflate the concepts of worship ('ibadah) and veneration (ta’dhim), thereby expanding the domain of Shirk to include common practices like Tawassul (seeking intercession) and Shafa’ah (intercession). Conversely, the Imamiyyah view is based on a rational-analytical deconstruction of worship, meticulously distinguishing the “intention of divinity,” which constitutes Shirk, from legitimate forms of veneration that do not imply it. The study concludes that the disagreement is not merely jurisprudential but stems from fundamental differences in epistemological foundations and interpretive approaches. Understanding these deep-seated roots provides not only a scholarly explanation for the conflict but also an essential entry point for constructive academic dialogue aimed at addressing the implications of this division within the Muslim world.