Combating government crimes through situational and social prevention

Abstract

Situational prevention is a type of crime prevention characterized by the extensive use of technological surveillance within an effective non-criminal prevention model, through the application of measures to prevent and deter crime. Social prevention, unlike situational prevention, focuses on reducing criminal tendencies (rather than reducing the capacity to commit a crime). Zamology is based primarily on "harm" and "social suffering," not necessarily on crime or violations of the law; that is, any situation that produces or reproduces physical, psychological, symbolic, or structural harm—even if it is legal or perfectly legal—is a subject of zamology analysis. From this perspective, zemiology focuses on the harms caused by policies, institutional structures, governance patterns, and organizational inaction, which are often not recognized within the framework of criminal law but have a wide-ranging and profound impact on quality of life.

    Compared to criminal legal analysis, the zealotry analysis of crime adopts a different approach to situational and social crime prevention. Since zealotry is the study of crimes without specific perpetrators or even victims, this article, which employs an analytical approach within the framework of critical rather than classical criminology, classifies crime prevention methods from a zealotry perspective. The study concludes that the problem in Iraq represents a crisis of criminal and legal governance, not merely a technical flaw in identifying perpetrators. This crisis manifests itself in legislative ambiguity, a lack of codification of newly emerging crimes, weak scientific investigation, fragile evidence and its preservation, inadequate protection for witnesses and whistleblowers, as well as political corruption, cover-ups of perpetrators, and selective prosecution. The article also highlights the impact of armed conflicts and the multiplicity of power centers in weakening the evidentiary environment and expanding the scope of impunity. Furthermore, the article addresses the weaknesses in situational and social prevention measures against crimes without a specific perpetrator and proposes solutions to mitigate these weaknesses