The role of non-Muslim physicians in the field of pharmacy in Iraq between the years 132 - 447 AH / 750 - 1055 AD))

Abstract

The role of non-Muslim physicians and pharmacists in the pharmaceutical sciences during the Abbasid Caliphate (132–447 AH / 750–1055 CE) was notably clear and highly influential in the advancement of this field. Many of them earned the trust of the caliphs, becoming their personal physicians. These medical practitioners authored numerous well-known books in both medicine and pharmacy. Furthermore, they translated a vast number of medical texts into Arabic, which had a profound impact on the scientific progress within Islamic civilization. It is noteworthy that some of these physicians maintained their own religious beliefs until their passing, indicating they were not subjected to pressure to convert. The most important sources that have been used in writing this research are Ibn Jaljal, Layers of Physicians and Wisdom and Ibn al-Qafti, News of Scholars, News of Wisdom. and (Ibn Abi Asib'a, Eyes of the Prophets in the Classes of Medicine) and (Kamal al-Samarai, Concise History of Arabic Medicine). This research, presented in five distinct sections, sheds light on physicians from diverse backgrounds, including the Bakhtishu and Ibn Masawayh families, as well as physicians from India and Harran, among others. This research consists of a summary, professional, five main discussions, conclusions and a list of sources Abbasi, the second chapter is about the physicians of the Maswiya family, who had a great influence on the development of medicine and how to use it The fourth explains the role of the physicians of Haran, despite the influence of the pharmaceutical field, they supervised the hospitals, the fifth is devoted to the physicians of different families.