The effect of biological factors on vegetable crops in Al Zubair district

Abstract

This research aims to study the impact of biological factors on vegetable crops in Al-Zubair district, given the significant role these factors play in agricultural production, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The study encompassed the most important biological factors, namely insect pests, plant diseases (fungal, bacterial, and viral), and soil microorganisms. The research employed a descriptive and analytical approach, utilizing field data collection from farmers, field observations, and the analysis of selected agricultural indicators. The study results showed that biological factors directly contribute to the decline in vegetable crop productivity in Al-Zubair district. Natural conditions also play a significant role in creating an environment conducive to the proliferation of diseases and pests. These include certain climatic conditions such as high temperatures, increased relative humidity, and toxic winds, as well as imbalances in essential soil elements due to inadequate fertilization and failure to follow crop rotation practices. Farmers themselves also contribute to creating an environment conducive to the spread of various diseases and pests. This occurs, for example, through excessive irrigation, which increases soil moisture content and saturates the soil, thus reducing oxygen levels and lowering soil temperature. This creates an ideal environment for diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens, such as seedling death caused by various types of fungi, particularly in the absence of integrated pest management and the limited use of modern preventative methods. The results also indicated variations in the severity of these factors depending on the type of crop and the growing season. The research recommends strengthening agricultural extension services, implementing integrated pest management programs, and using resistant varieties, with the aim of reducing the negative effects of biological factors and improving agricultural production in the district.