The Internal and Foreign Policy of Iraq in the 1950s: The Monarchy, Political Parties, and Democratic Transformations

Abstract

        The study examines the internal and external policies of Iraq during the 1950s under the monarchical system, with a focus on the role of the monarchy, political parties, and the democratic transformations that the country experienced during that period. The research aims to analyze the nature of the Iraqi political system between 1950 and 1958 and to understand the factors that shaped political life domestically and internationally until the July 14, 1958 revolution.

        The study begins with a theoretical framework addressing the concept of the monarchical state and the development of democracy in Iraq, in addition to defining political parties and their functions within the political system. It also discusses the objectives and instruments of Iraqi foreign policy and examines the influence of regional and international factors on shaping these policies during the decade.

The research then explores the political developments in the early 1950s, including the role of King Faisal II, successive governments, and parliament, as well as the economic and social conditions related to oil, agriculture, and urban development. It also examines the activities of political parties and the legal restrictions they faced, along with the early features of Iraqi foreign policy and its relations with Arab states, Iran, and Britain.

          Furthermore, the study focuses on the internal transformations during the mid-1950s, such as government changes, the rise of party political activity, and the influence of education and media on public opinion. It also addresses popular protests and the economic and social pressures that affected the country. Regarding foreign policy, the research analyzes Iraq’s relations with Iran, the Gulf states, Western countries, and the Soviet Union, as well as its role in regional organizations such as the Arab League and the impact of oil policy on its external orientation.

The study concludes with an analysis of the democratic transformations and political crises preceding 1958, evaluating the role of the monarchy and political parties in supporting or weakening the democratic experience, and clarifying the impact of foreign policy on internal stability.