Head-Initial and Head-Final in Lexical Phrases according to X-bar Sub-Theory

Abstract

This research investigates the syntax of the Kurdish language (specifically the dialect spoken in Duhok city center) through the framework of X-bar Sub-Theory. It aims to determine the central role of the Lexical Head in organizing linguistic units and defining their grammatical identity. The primary objective is to analyze the Head Directionality Parameter within Noun Phrases (NP), Verb Phrases (VP), Adjective Phrases (AP), and Prepositional Phrases (PP) to ascertain the extent to which Kurdish syntax adheres to the principles of Universal Grammar and the laws of syntactic hierarchy. Adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study concludes that the Kurdish language employs a mixed head-directionality system. While it follows a head-final pattern in Verb Phrases (VP), it predominantly functions as head-initial in Noun Phrases (NP) and Adpositional Phrases (PP), though several instances deviate from this general rule. Consequently, the study confirms that the position of the head is not fixed across all structures within the X-bar framework; however, any shift in its position significantly impacts the semantic and syntactic balance of the phrase. Ultimately, this research demonstrates that Kurdish syntax, despite its unique characteristics, is an integral part of the universal logical system of human language. This research consists of two parts besides the introduction and conclusions. The first part is entitled (Cultural Knots and Headings) which discusses the following topics: (Knot Concept), (X-Bare Branch-Theory and Types of Knots), (Cultural Knots: Functional Knots, Nouns, Pronouns, and Clauses). Complement, and Descriptor), (Cultural heading place in the node), (beginning-heading and its characteristics), (end-heading and its characteristics). The second section, entitled (Place of the Head in the Knot), is devoted to practice, initial and final heads based on the X-Bar branch theory.