Philosophy as a Science A Comparative Study of the Projects of Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl, and Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr

Abstract

This paper examines the possibility of establishing a methodological unity between the natural sciences and the humanities through a comparison between Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Franz Brentano. While Brentano sought to make philosophy scientific through the methods of natural science and the analysis of consciousness, al-Sadr developed an original theory of induction and probability capable of demonstrating philosophical and metaphysical propositions. The study argues that al-Sadr’s project extends scientific reasoning beyond empirical phenomena and redefines the relationship between philosophy, science, and metaphysics within the framework of rigorous sciences.