Religious and political terrorism in the Arab Islamic state until 41 AH/ 662AD

Abstract

The emergence of the phenomenon of terrorism has been a serious matter  in the political and intellectual history of the Islamic nation, whose most important characteristics and features have been acceptance of others and discussion of opposing thought without resorting to hostile, offensive methods. One of Islam's priorities has been to reject excommunication, extremism, and terrorism. Even in the course of the Islamic call, we find that the Holy Quran has emphasized the important idea of ​​not declaring others infidels. Similarly, the Noble Messenger (peace and blessings of God be upon him) avoided, in all his dealings, any method that instills fear and terror in the hearts of people, even those who differed with him in thought and politics. In this research, we will shed light on the historical events that occurred before Islam and during the era of the message and the Rightly-Guided Caliphate, as there were events that can be considered the foundation and root of the contemporary phenomenon of terrorism. When reviewing the events that occurred at the beginning of the Rightly-Guided Caliphate, we find some brutal acts committed against groups opposing the government, such as murder and mutilation of the bodies of those killed because they disagreed with the government's viewpoint. An example of this is the incident of Malik ibn Nuwayrah and his companions, as well as what some leaders and soldiers of the conquest did with  The inhabitants of the conquered lands and what the Khawarij did to the companions of Ali bin Abi Talib, as well as the army of the Levant that began launching raids on the Islamic countries under the authority of Imam Ali, peace be upon him. We proceeded to study these events that became a justification for carrying out terrorist acts in the modern era by some groups..