رصد التغيرات في تلوث الهواء باستخدام بيانات القمر الصناعي Sentinel-5P في محافظة السليمانية، إقليم كردستان العراق (2019-2024)

الملخص

Climate change, as one of the main elements of the environment, has become a major issue at regional, national and global levels in the past few decades,  Air pollution is a critical factor significantly impacting environmental quality and public health. This study aims to analyze the trends of key air pollutants, including Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Ozone (O₃), in Sulaymaniyah Province using Sentinel-5P data within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) framework. Additionally, the study assesses the influence of climatic parameters, specifically Land Surface Temperature (LST) and precipitation-on these pollutants from 2019 to 2024. The results indicate a consistent annual increase in the concentrations of NO₂, SO₂, CO, and O₃ across the province, highlighting the urgent need for mitigation strategies. Spatial monitoring identifies Chamchamal, Rania, and Kalar as the most polluted districts. Specifically, the highest NO₂ concentrations are centered in Sulaymaniyah city, while the highest shares of CO and SO₂ are found in Chamchamal, and O₃ peaks in Rania. Statistical analysis reveals that LST and precipitation correlate positively and negatively with NO₂ and SO₂, respectively. These findings emphasize the necessity of comprehensive measures, such as reducing urban emissions, improving fuel quality, and promoting sustainable transportation, to mitigate air pollution in Sulaymaniyah Governorate.